جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ذهنی سازی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Comparing the characteristics of normal and disordered people is one of the topics of interest to researchers. In this regard, the aim of the research was to compare mentalization, fear of compassion and attachment styles in people with non-clinical borderline and normal personality syndromes.

Methods and Materials:

 A comparative study and statistical population were all students of Salman Farsi University of Kazeroon in the academic year 1401-1402 of both sexes. With available sampling, 136 people in the group of borderline and normal personality syndromes were selected as a sample by matching age, gender and education. Data were collected with borderline personality questionnaire, mentalization, fear of compassion and adult attachment scale and analyzed with multivariate variance by SPSS 24.

The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in self-related mentalization (F=25.745, p<0.05), but there was no difference in mentalization related to others and motivation for mentalization. Also, two groups in terms of fear of self-compassion (F=10.391, p<0.05), fear of others (F=24.365, p<0.05) and fear of receiving compassion (p<0.05, F=15.027) had a significant difference. Other findings showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in avoidant attachment style (F=17.367, p<0.05) and ambivalent (F=47.657, p<0.05).
Conclusions Therefore, it can be said that people with borderline personality symptoms are different from normal people in mentalization, attachment styles, and fear of compassion.

Psychological problems in children are a significant public health concern. These problems can affect the well-being of children, their families, and peers and negatively impact the quality of their lives in adulthood. The present research aims to assess the relationship between mothers’ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the internalizing and externalizing problems of children mediated by mothers’ emotional dysregulation and mental capacity.

This is a correlational study using structural equation modeling. The study population consists of all married women with children aged 6-12 in Bushehr Province, Iran, who had registered information in the electronic comprehensive health services system in 2022. Utilizing a random cluster sampling method, 700 women were selected, of whom 632 completed the online questionnaires, including the child behavior checklist, the ACE questionnaire, the difficulties in emotion regulation scale, and the parental reflective functioning questionnaire. All analyses were performed in SPSS Software, version 26 and AMOS version 24 software.

The ACE of mothers had a direct and significant relationship with their emotion regulation difficulties (β=0.363, P<0.001) and internalizing (β=0.182, P<0.001) and externalizing problems (β=0.201, P<0.001) of children. Additionally, the ACE in mothers had an indirect and significant relationship with their mental capacity (β=-0.125, P=0.006). The ACE of mothers also had an indirect and significant relationship with internalizing (β=0.126, P<0.001) and externalizing (β=0.134, P<0.001) problems of children through emotion dysregulation. The ACE of mothers also had an indirect and significant relationship with externalizing problems of children (β=0.011, P=0.039) through mental capacity.

Mothers’ ACEs have a direct impact on their children’s internalizing and externalizing problems. This relationship can also be mediated by their emotional dysregulation and mental capacity.

One of the most destructive effects of addiction is the addiction of the head of the family, which leaves many negative effects on all family members, and most importantly, the spouse of the addicted person. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of modeling the Codependency of the spouses of drug users undergoing maintenance treatment based on the experience of childhood trauma and insecure attachment with the mediation of mentalization. 

The present study was a cross-sectional correlational study. The statistical population of the research included all married women with addicted spouses who referred to addiction treatment clinics Qazvin city in the second half of 2023, out of which 220 people were selected using the available non-random sampling method. And they answered the Codependency Questionnaire, childhood trauma questionnaire, adult attachment styles questionnaire and reflective Functioning Questionnaire. For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling was used in SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software.

The results showed that the research model has a good fit (RMSEA=0.06; CFI=0.91; IFI=0.92; GFI=0.95 and NFI=0.96). In addition, the results showed the effect of the direct path of childhood trauma (P=0.001), anxious attachment (P=0.001), mentalization (certainty component) (P=0.001) and mentalization (uncertainty component) (P=0.002) were significant on Codependency. Also, mentalization had a mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma and insecure attachment with Codependency (P=0.001). The results also showed that the research variables explained a total of 59% of the variance of Codependency.

Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that despite traumatic experiences and insecure attachment style, if people acquire high psychological capacity and understanding and insight into their own mental processes and self-control over internal processes, instead of focusing too much on the needs and behaviors of others, They focus on themselves. Therefore, it is suggested to pay special attention to treatments based on emotion regulation and mentalization with the aim of reducing codependency.

Adolescent students are one of the groups at risk of suicide, and suicidal thoughts are an important predictive factor for committing suicide and completing it. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of modeling suicidal thoughts based on insecure attachment style, mentalizing ability and alexithymia in female students of the high school.
 

The descriptive-correlation research method was structural equations. The statistical population of the research included secondary school female students in Tehran city who had suicidal thoughts. The statistical sample included 220 students who were selected by purposive sampling. In this research, questionnaires of attachment styles, reflective functioning, alexithymia scale, and Beck suicidal thoughts were used. The research data was analyzed using Spss and Amos software and with the help of structural equation modeling method.
 

The results showed the direct effect of the variable of ambivalent insecure attachment (T = 0.39, β = 2.80), avoidant insecure attachment (β = 0.68, T = 3.01), confidence (T = 53.7 - 16). β = 0.68), uncertainty (T = 0.92, β = 0.68) and alexithymia (β = 0.43, T = 3.91) were significant on suicidal thoughts. Also, the indirect effect of the insecure avoidant attachment style variable on suicidal thoughts through the role of alexithymia (p < 0.05, b = 0.56) and the indirect effect of the confidence variable (mentalizing component) on suicidal thoughts through the mediating role of alexithymia (05 p < 0.42, b = -0.42) and the indirect effect of uncertainty variable (mentalization component) on suicidal thoughts through the mediator role of alexithymia is significant (p < 0.05, b = 0.61). The results also showed that the research variables explained a total of 53% of the variance of suicidal thoughts.

Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that a better clinical understanding of alexithymia in the pathology of suicidal thoughts is a key element in the evaluation and clinical work with female students. Therefore, it is suggested to pay special attention to treatments based on emotion regulation and alexithymia with the aim of reducing suicidal thoughts in female students.

Among patients with hypothyroidism, psychological problems and quality of life are two important variables. Therefore, the present research has investigated the effectiveness of mentalization-based therapy on mental status (depression and anxiety) and quality of life in women with hypothyroidism.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test & follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all women aged 20 to 60 with hypothyroidism who were referred to the Isfahan Mahdiyeh Center in 2022. Using the available sampling method, 100 people were selected. The participants’ mental states and quality of life were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Short-Form  World Health Organization‏ Quality-Of-Life‎ (WHO-QoL-BREF). Among the remaining 65 people based on the entry criteria, 30 people were selected and their depression and anxiety were confirmed by a psychiatrist, and they were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups of 15 people. Then the participants of the experimental group received MBT in 12 sessions of 90 minutes. In data analysis, analysis of variance with repeated measurement and LSD post hoc test were used.

The findings of the research showed that the average pre-test depression and anxiety scores of the experimental group decreased from 32-35 to 24-31, respectively, in the post-test stage. Also, comparing before and after the intervention, the average scores of the quality-of-life dimensions of the experimental group, including physical health, mental health, social relations, and environmental health, increased from 39, 44, 32, and 45 to 44, 50, 36, and 49, respectively. This situation has remained constant in the follow-up stage. Therefore, MBT is effective in reducing depression and anxiety and increasing the quality of life in women with hypothyroidism (p≤0.01).

Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that one of the effective educational approaches for women with hypothyroidism who are experiencing mood disturbances and a decreased quality of life is Mindfulness-Based Therapy (MBT). MBT can serve as a beneficial therapeutic model for prevention, helping to alleviate psychological disorders and enhance overall quality of life.

The prevalence of Self-injury in adolescents is increasing and therefore it has become a widespread public health problem, and adolescents who self-harm are significantly at risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of formulation the model of self-injurious behaviors based on the experience of childhood trauma and alexithymia with the mediation of mentalization in adolescents.

The present research was correlation based on structural equations. The statistical population of the research was all teenagers in Tehran in 2023, among them 230 people were available for selection and Self-Harm Inventory (SHI), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ). For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software were used.

The results showed the direct effect of childhood trauma (T = 0.55, β = 2.20), alexithymia (β = 0.46, T = 2.55), mentalization (confidence component) (T = -9.58 β = -0.88) and mentalization (uncertainty component) (T = -0.6, β = 0.53) were significant on self-injurious behaviors. In addition, the indirect effect of childhood trauma on self-injurious behaviors through mentalization (confidence component) (P < 0.05, β = -0.41). Moreover, mentalization played a mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma and alexithymia with self-injurious behaviors. The results also showed that the research variables explained a total of 71% of the variance of self-injurious behaviors.

Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that despite traumatic experiences in childhood and emotional dyslexia, teenagers will have the ability to regulate emotions if they acquire high psychological capacity and understanding and insight into their mental processes and self-control over internal processes. and they engage in self-harm behaviors less. Therefore, it is suggested to pay special attention to treatments based on emotion regulation and mentalization with the aim of reducing self-harm behaviors in teenagers.

Mental retardation in children is a source of stress for the family and caregivers, which can lead to significant impairment in social-occupational functioning and damage to the caregivers' quality of life. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of positive resilience training and metalization-based training in improving emotional self-regulation and parent-child interactions in mothers of children with intellectual disabilities.

The study population included all mothers of children with intellectual disabilities in Tabriz in 2022. Out of the study population, 45 individuals were selected using purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups (15 individuals per group). The data collection tools included the the Emotion Self-Regulation Questionnaire by Hofmann and Kashdan (2010), and the Parent-Child Interaction Questionnaire by Pianta (1994). Positive resilience training and metalization-based training were implemented in 8 sessions, each lasting 90 minutes. Data analysis was done using SPSS.v21 software and multivariate covariance analysis and post hoc test of least significant difference.

The results showed that positive resilience training has an effect on emotional self-regulation (MD=2.391; P=0.014) and parent-child interaction (MD=4.683; P=0.026). Also, metalization-based training was effective on emotional self-regulation (MD=4.257; P=0.001) and parent-child interaction (MD=9.955; P=0.001). The comparison of the effectiveness of the interventions also showed that, apart from emotional self-regulation (P<0.05), metalization-based training in the parent-child interaction was more effective compared to positive resilience training (P<0.05).

Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to prioritize metalization-based training in intervention programs aimed at improving the mental health of mothers of children with intellectual disabilities.

Self-harm is one of the strongest predictors of suicide. Students are known as one of the populations that have the highest rate of self-harm. Therefore, it is vital to understand why and the mechanisms that are important in this context. The present study was also conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of mentalization and negative emotional dysregulation in the relationship between traumatic life events and self-injurious behaviors in college students.

The present research is a descriptive-correlation type of structural equations. The statistical population of this research was all undergraduate students of Karaj University, of which 290 people were selected by simple random sampling. The research tools are: Life Events Scale, Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, Diffiiculties in Emotion Regulation Scale- Short Form and Self-Harm Inventory. The research data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software and with the help of structural equation modeling method.

The results of the findings show the fit of the assumed model. Also, the direct path coefficients of traumatic life events on negative emotional dysregulation (T = 14.169, β = 0.683) and Uncertainty mentalization component (T = 21.61, β = 0.782) were positively significant. The coefficient of the direct path of traumatic life events on confidence (T = -24.650, β = -0.823) were negatively significant. The direct path of traumatic life events on self-injurious behaviors was not significant. Also, the analysis of research findings indicated the mediating role of mentalization and negative emotional dysregulation in the relationship between traumatic life events and self-injurious behaviors.

Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that targeted interventions that are used to increase mentalizing capacity and reduce negative emotional dysregulation, can probably be effective in preventing and reducing self-harming behaviors of people.

Objectives:

 Interpersonal trust between couples is the most important component of long-lasting and happy marriage. In this study, we aim to investigating the relationship of mentalizing capacity in Iranian couples with their interpersonal trust, considering the mediating role of conflict resolution styles and the moderating role of internal working model of attachment. 

Methods:

 This is an applied descriptive study using the structural equation modeling method. participants were 349 couples aged 18-45 living in Tehran, Iran, with at least one year of marriage and at least a high school diploma, who were selected using a convenience sampling method. The data collection tools were the interpersonal relationship scale, the reflective functioning questionnaire, the Rahim organizational conflict inventory-part two, and the relationship scales questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done in SPSS software, version 22 and PLS version 3.

Results:

 The values of fit indices showed a good fit of the initial model. After the removal of non-significant paths, the results showed a good fit of the final model (standardized root mean squared residual index=0.017, normalized fit index=0.985, goodness-of-fit index=0.386). 

Conclusion:

 The mentalizing capacity of couples has a direct relationship with their conflict resolution styles. Their conflict resolution styles have a direct relationship with their interpersonal trust. The mentalizing capacity of couples has both direct and indirect relationships (mediated by conflict resolution style) with their interpersonal trust. Only the preoccupied internal working model of attachment has a moderating role in the relationship between the mentalizing capacity and conflict resolution styles of Iranian couples.

Health and mental health of the medical staff is one of the social needs, because taking care of patients requires medical personnel who are in a favorable state in terms of mental and physical health. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of attachment styles and alexithymia on psychological distress with the mediation of mentalization in nurses.

The present research is a descriptive-correlation type of structural equations. The research community included all the nurses working in hospitals and medical centers in Tehran in 2023, and 210 of them were selected by available sampling method. In order to collect data, adult attachment inventory, reflective functioning questionnaire, Toronto Alexithymia Scale and Kessler's psychological distress questionnaire were used. For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software were used.

The findings indicate the fit of the assumed model. The direct effect of secure attachment (β = -0.28, T=-4.04) and mentalization (confidence component) (β = -0.26, T=-2.93) on psychological distress was significant and negative. Also, the direct path of ambivalent insecure attachment (T = 0.38, β = 3.63), avoidant insecure attachment (β = 0.32, T = 6.24), alexithymia (T = 0.44, 10.80) β) and mentalization (uncertainty component) (T = 4.04, β = 0.45) were significant and positive on psychological distress. The analysis of research findings indicated the mediating role of mentalization in the relationship between attachment styles and alexithymia with psychological distress. The results also showed that the research variables explained a total of 78% of the variance of psychological distress.

Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that one of the important structures that is obtained through interpersonal relationships in childhood, especially attachment relationships, is the capacity for mentalization. Caregivers who develop secure attachment usually have a good capacity for mentalizing. On the other hand, improving the mentalizing capacity, reducing interpersonal stress, and increasing confidence as a result of secure attachment relationships make people use more mature mechanisms in stressful situations; Therefore, the existence of mentalizing capacity increases people's resilience and protects them from psychological distress, including depression.

Despite the increasing importance of emotion regulation, there are limited scales for its assessment. Mentalized affectivity theory proposes a novel perspective on emotion regulation. This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of briefmentalized affectivity scale (B-MAS).  

This is a descriptive psychometrics study. Participants were 414 students from Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran University, and Shahid Beheshti University in the academic year 2022-2023, who were selected by a convenience sampling method. They completed the Persian versions of B-MAS, ten-item personality inventory (TIPI), satisfaction with life scale (SWLS), Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), and difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS). Construct validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent and divergent validity were assessed by the Pearson correlation test. Internal consistency (using Cronbach’s α), test re-test reliability, and composite reliability were also evaluated.

The CFA results confirmed the three-factor solution (identifying, processing, and expressing) and showed the good fit of the model. The significant correlation of the Persian B-MAS score with the BAI, TIPI, SWLS, and DER scores confirmed its convergent and divergent validity. Cronbach’s α for the three factors was from 0.86 to 0.88. Test re-test reliability for the three factors was from 0.75 to 0.80. Composite reliability was from 0.79 to 0.82.

The Persian version of B-MAS with three subscales has acceptable validity (construct, convergent, divergent) and reliability for psychological studies on the Iranian population.

As one of the most important members of the health care team, nurses play a vital role in the care-treatment system. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of attachment styles on the symptoms of depression and emotional dysregulation with the mediation of mentalization in nurses.

The present research is a descriptive-correlation type of structural equations. The research community included all the nurses working in hospitals and medical centers in Tehran, and 220 of them were selected by available sampling method. in order to collect data, beck depression inventory-II, adult attachment inventory, reflective functioning questionnaire, and difficulties in emotion regulation Scale were used. For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 software were used.

The results of the findings show the fit of the assumed model. Also, the coefficients of the direct paths of secure attachment style (β = -0.19, T = -2.301), avoidant (β = 0.46, T = 3.39) and ambivalent (T = 0.61, 3.09) = β) was significant to depression. Direct paths of attachment style - secure (T = -0.40, β = -0.28), avoidant (T = β = 0.65, 13) and ambivalent (β = 0.52, T = 3.79) ) was significant to emotional dysregulation. Also, the analysis of research findings indicated the mediating role of mentalization in the relationship between attachment styles and symptoms of depression and emotional dysregulation.

According to the findings of the current research, mentalization has an important effect on the symptoms of depression and emotional dysregulation. Therefore, targeted interventions that are used in order to increase the capacity of mentalization, can probably have better clinical outcomes for nurses.

Mentalization capacity is necessary for empowering students in interpersonal interactions and consequently obtaining future success, and for this reason, it is necessary to know its correlates, Therefore The purpose of the current research was to investigate the mentalization based on attachment styles, Ego strength, Object relations and Pattern of anxiety manifestation in students.

Methods and Materials: 

The research community was formed by the students of Isfahan National University and Azad University in 2022, according to the latest reports, their number is 35161. Based on Cochran's formula, 380 students were selected as available. The research tools were Attachment Styles Questionnaire (ASQ), Psychosocial Inventory of Ego Strengths (PIES), Bell Object Relations Inventory (BORI), Anxiety Manifestation Patterns Questionnaire and Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ) which were completed individually by students. Data analysis was done by multiple regression analysis using the twenty-sixth version of SPSS software.

The results showed that secure and ambivalent attachment styles as well as ego strength can significantly predict students' mentalization capacity. (p<0.05).

Therefore, in order to improve students' mentalization, it is necessary to pay attention to secure and ambivalent attachment styles as well as ego strength.

In addition to causing psychological problems, traumatic events can also bring positive changes. Therefore, in order to investigate the significant difference in people's reactions to traumatic life experiences, it is very important to know the important psychological mechanisms; therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of resilience, mentalization and alexia in predicting the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth in in COVID-19 Survivors.

The method of this research is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this research included people who survived the corona disease in Kermanshah city. For this purpose, 380 of these people were selected by convenience sampling method and answered the post-traumatic growth questionnaire (PTGI), PCL-C questionnaire, resilience scale, Reflective Functioning Questionnaire and Toronto alexithymia Scale.

The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between resilience, the confidence component of mentalization and post-traumatic stress disorder (P<0.01). There is a positive and significant relationship between resilience, the confidence component of mentalization and post-traumatic growth (P<0.01). There is a positive and significant relationship between Alexithymia and post-traumatic stress disorder (P<0.01). There is a negative and significant relationship between Alexithymia and post-traumatic growth (P<0.01). The results of multiple regression analysis also revealed that 683.9% of the variance of post-traumatic disorder and 74.8% of the variance of post-traumatic growth are explained by resilience, mentalization and Alexithymia.

The results of the research showed that it is important to focus on two dimensions of negative and positive reactions to the corona disease and the role of important mechanisms involved in it. In other words, the findings showed that resilience, mentalization and alexithymia can predict symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth in in COVID-19 Survivors

Children usually do not have a clear understanding of their parents' divorce; Sometimes they feel responsible for their parents ' divorce and do not hope to have a better life after their parents' divorce. Therefore, it is necessary to make a lot of effort to achieve the necessary adaptation and mental health. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mentalization-based treatment for children (MBT-C) on parental reflective functioning of divorced parents with children aged 5 to 12 in Isfahan.

The research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population included all divorced parents with children aged 5 to 12 in Isfahan in the spring of 1401. For this purpose, by posting a call on social networks and inviting them to participate in the research, by available sampling method and considering the entry and exit criteria, 30 people were selected and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 experimental and 15 Control) were assigned. The experimental group participated in 12 sessions of MBT-C based on 12 sessions of 60 minutes; But for the control group, no intervention was made. The research instrument included the parental reflective functioning questionnaire of Luyten et al, (2017). Research data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance in SPSS-26 software.

The results showed that MBT-C intervention had a significant effect on parental reflective functioning and its dimensions including prementalizing modes (PM), certainty of mental states (CMS), and interest and curiosity in mental states (IC) of divorced parents with children 5 to 12 years in two stages of post-test and follow-up. And the effects of treatment remained constant over time (p <0.01).

Considering the effectiveness of mentalization-based treatment for children (MBT-C) on parental reflective functioning of divorced parents with children aged 5 to 12, it is suggested that effective measures be taken by educational and medical specialists to develop parental education and treatment programs.

As the maternal role is critical, it is necessary to identify the psychological mechanisms related to this role. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the mother’s attachment style and mother-infant bonding in the first pregnancy considering the mediating role of mentalization.

This was a descriptive-correlational study. The sample population included the women who had gone through their first pregnancy and were referred to the health centers in Neyshabur, Iran in 2021-2022. In total, 330 women were selected by convenience sampling. To collect data, we used a demographic questionnaire, the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), the Mother-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS), and the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ). Data analysis was conducted using descriptive indices, correlation coefficients, and structural equation modeling in Spss-24 and Amos-24.

Overall, the findings showed that the studied model adequately fits the data. Further, the obtained results confirmed the mediating role of mentalization in the relationship between the mother’s attachment style and mother-infant bonding. A significant correlation was also observed between attachment styles, and mother-infant bonding (p<0.01).

Mother-infant bonding is correlated with the mother’s attachment style and mentalization. Thus, we can help vulnerable mothers by improving the quality of psychological care before the first pregnancy or during pregnancy.

The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of schema therapy on Ambivalence in emotional expression and Mentalization in Patients with borderline personality disorder in Shiraz city in 2019.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with control and follow-up groups. The statistical population of the research was made up of all people with borderline personality disorder who referred to counseling centers in Shiraz, and among them, 50 people were randomly selected in the experimental group (25 people in each group) and the control group ( 25 people) were appointed. The experimental group received 12 sessions of 60 minutes using schema therapy and the control group remained on the waiting list. The tools used in this research include borderline personality questionnaire (Claridge and Brooks, 1984), ambivalence in emotional expression (King and Emmons, 1990) and mentalization (Fonagy, 1991) to were rejected (Downey and Feldman, 1996). The analysis of the information obtained from the implementation of the questionnaire was carried out in two descriptive and inferential parts (variance analysis with repeated measurements).

The results showed that schema therapy training has an effect on the components of ambivalence in emotional expression (positive emotion expression, intimacy expression and negative emotion expression) of people with borderline personality disorder. Schema therapy training has an effect on the mentalization of people with borderline personality disorder.

According to the findings of the present study, schema therapy can be suggested as an effective method to improve ambivalence in emotional expression and mentalization of patients with borderline personality disorder.

Intruduction:

 Marital relations are one of the most important elements of strengthening the family foundation. Cognitive flexibility can be one of the important variables in preventing marital discord, and on the other hand, getting involved in it will cause turmoil and crisis in marital relationships. The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of self-compassion training and mentalization on cognitive flexibility among married women involved in couple boredom.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all married women suffering from Couple Boredom.who referred to the counseling centers of the west of Tehran in 2021. Using the purposeful sampling method, according to the entry and exit criteria, 60 married women were randomly selected into two groups of 20. experimental and a group of 20 people were included as control. Then the participants of experimental group one and two received self-compassion and mindfulness training in 12 separate 90-minute sessions. Couple boredom and cognitive flexibility questionnaires were used to collect information in three measurement stages. In data analysis, analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used.

The findings of the research showed that self-improvement and mentalization training is effective in improving the cognitive flexibility of married women involved in couple boredom (P≤0.01); So that it has affected all aspects of cognitive flexibility, including perception of controllability, justification of behavior and different options. Also, comparing the results of the effects of the two mentioned educational methods on improving cognitive flexibility and its dimensions in married women involved in couple boredom, no significant difference was found (P>0.01).

Therefore, from the findings of this research, it can be concluded that self-compassion and mentalization training can be used in tense couple relationships caused by couple boredom in order to increase relaxation and mental health.

Betrayal In recent years, it has become one of the most problematic and traumatic marital conflicts. In addition, this phenomenon brings with it various psychological problems; therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of traumatic childhood experiences, mentalization and alexithymia in predicting depression and suicidal thoughts in women suffering from the trauma of marital betrayal.

The method of this research is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this research included all women suffering from the trauma of marital betrayal in Tehran in 2022. For this purpose, 220 of these people were selected by convenience sampling method and they responded to the short form of Bernstein et al.'s Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (2003), Fonagy et al.'s Reflective Function Questionnaire (2016), Toronto alexithymia Scale (1994), Revised Beck Depression Inventory (1996) and Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale (1991). The collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis in SPSS-24 software.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between traumatic childhood experiences, mentalization (uncertainty component) and alexithymia with depression and suicidal thoughts (P<0.01). Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between mentalization (confidence component) and depression and suicidal thoughts (P<0.01). The results of multiple regression analysis also revealed that 76.9% of the variance of depression and 55.2% of the variance of suicidal thoughts are explained by traumatic childhood experiences, mentalization and alexithymia.

According to the results, it is possible to use mentalizing interventions, alexithymia and training based on childhood trauma treatment in adulthood to reduce depression symptoms and suicidal thoughts in women suffering from marital infidelity.

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterized by impulsivity, distraction, and hyperactivity and have high comorbidity with sluggish cognitive tempo. This study aimed to investigate the effect of mentalization-based treatment (MBT) on slow cognitive tempo and clinical symptoms (symptoms) of children with ADHD.

The study method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group design. The statistical population in this study were 7-9 years old students with ADHD studying in public schools in the six districts of Isfahan. To select the sample, 28 mothers of students who met the inclusion criteria were assigned and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (14 students in each group). The research instruments were the sluggish cognitive tempo questionnaire and the connors parent form questionnaire. The sessions of this treatment were 8 sessions of 60 minutes that were presented to the mothers of the experimental group and were not provided to the educational control group. After examining the assumptions of statistical tests, repeated measures analysis of variance was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 21.

Comparing the experimental group with the control group showed that the SCT and symptoms of ADHD in the experimental group compared to the control group were significantly reduced (P<0.01). Also, the comparison of mean scores showed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test and follow-up scores in both variables. Still, there was no significant difference between post-test and follow-up stage scores. There is a significant difference between the mean scores of SCT and the ADHD symptoms in the experimental and control groups and pre-test, post-test, and follow-up.

Considering the effectiveness of mentalization-based therapy on sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD symptoms, this approach can be used as an effective treatment method in Iran.