جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « روایی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

In order to improve the psychological and academic status of students, having an authentic tool for their cognitive evaluation seems to be one of the essential factors. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a cognitive assessment test for junior high school students in Tehran.

The research was conducted using a descriptive-survey design and an instrument validation method. The research population consisted of all junior high school students in Tehran. The research sample consisted of 300 randomly selected junior high school students who completed the researcher-made test and the Stanford-Binet test. Linear factor analysis, internal consistency, criterion validity, and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data.

The findings obtained from the nonlinear factor analysis using the NOHARM software showed that the cognitive components were formed by five factors: knowledge, fluid reasoning, working memory, visuospatial processing, and quantitative memory. The results of KR20 confirmed the overall internal consistency in the three age groups 13 to 15. To assess the test's validity, a concurrent criterion validity method was used, employing the Pearson correlation coefficient, which showed a correlation coefficient above 0.58 in each age group (p<0.01). Content validity was assessed using the judgment of experts, yielding a value of 0.79. The overall reliability coefficient of the test ranged from 0.73 to 0.80 in all three age groups.

Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the researcher-made cognitive assessment questionnaire has acceptable psychometric properties among junior high school students.

Thirst distress is a common complication in the final stage of kidney disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the network and psychometric properties of the thirst distress scale in the Iranian hemodialysis patients.

In this cross-sectional study in 2023, 411 hemodialysis patients in Mazandaran were selected using the convenience sampling method. After translating the scale, its psychometric properties were evaluated through exploratory factor analysis, network analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis, and the structural validity (convergent and divergent validity) was assessed. Internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald's omega, and composite reliability.

The results of exploratory factor analysis showed two factors of distress due to thirst and dry mouth were extracted, explaining 80.46% of the variance in thirst distress among hemodialysis patients. Additionally, confirmatory factor analysis showed that the assumed model had a good fit (CFI = 0.971, IFI = 0.971, RFI = 0.923, NFI = 0.969). The extracted factors demonstrated good convergent validity (AVE above 0.50 for both factors) and high reliability (composite reliability above 0.70), and were appropriately divergent (HTMT ratio of 0.512). Finally, the internal stability of the thirst distress scale was deemed acceptable (Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability above 0.70).

The psychometric results of the thirst distress scale indicated that chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis experience and perceive distress with two concepts of thirst and dry mouth. This study confirmed the psychometric properties (appropriate validity and reliability) and suitable factor structure for the Persian version of the thirst distress scale in hemodialysis patients. It can be stated that healthcare providers can utilize it in future studies.

This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Adaptive Coping with Disease (AKU) questionnaire for Iranian patients with chronic diseases.

In this psychometrics study, participants were 477 patients with chronic diseases aged 16-79 years referred to medical centers in Tehran, Iran, who were selected using a convenience sampling method in 2022. They completed the Persian versions of the AKU, Lazarus’ Ways of Coping questionnaire (WCQ), and the 36-item short form health survey (SF-36). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) used for assessing the construct validity, while Pearson correlation test was used for determining the convergent validity. Reliability was determined using Cronbach’s alpha. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS software, version 27 and R package Laavan 4.3.2.

The CFA confirmed the six-factor structure of the AKU including Trust to Divine Help, Trust to Medical Help, Search Information and Alternative Help, Conscious Ways of Living, Positive Attitude, and Reappraisal, after excluding items 6 and 19. The fit indices showed the good fit of the CFA model (χ2/df= 2.32, RMSEA= 0.053, and CFI=0.949). The questionnaire had acceptable internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.82 for the overall scale and 0.59-0.81 for the six factors. The average variance extracted (AVE) was 0.53 and the composite reliability coefficient was 0.94, indicating the fit of the model for convergent validity. A significant correlation was found between the Persian AKU score and the scores of WCQ and SF-36, indicating a good convergent validity.

The Persian AKU questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool that can be used in research and clinics on Iranian patients with chronic diseases.

Sexual aggression and rape is one of the most challenging concepts in the current era; so the aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of The Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression (AMMSA) Scale in the Iranian population. For this purpose, factor structure, validity and reliability of the scale was examined.

Methods and Materials: 

A sample group of 937 Iranian people living in Iran who were between 20 and 50 years old, were selected by convenience sampling method; Then they completed the scale of The Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate the factor structure of the scale, Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the validity, and Cronbach's alpha method was used to determine the internal consistency of the components of this scale. Intra-class correlation coefficient was also used to evaluate the reliability of the retest.

Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the AMMSA scale has an acceptable factor structure. Cronbach's alpha coefficients obtained from all components (above 0.9) also showed that this scale has a good internal consistency and also the correlation coefficients of Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) confirmed divergent and convergent validity of the scale, respectively (P<0.001).

The results showed that The Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression (AMMSA) Scale has appropriate validity and reliability in Iranian population.

The maximum aerobic capacity (VO2max) is the most important indicator of physical fitness, which is closely related to the general health of the body. Considering the problems of laboratory measurement of VO2max, estimating VO2max by non-exercise equations will be one of the alternative solutions. This study aims to evaluate the validity of the native non-exercise equation in estimating VO2max of healthy adolescent boys.

The variables of age, height, weight, and body mass index were measured in 248 healthy boys aged 15 to 18. The subjects' VO2max was measured and predicted by exercise test and non-exercise native equation respectively. To evaluate the validity of the native non-exercise equation, Pearson's correlation, paired t-test, and Bland-Altman's agreement were used.

There is a significant correlation between measured and predicted VO2max (R = 0.76, p<0.05). Also, no significant difference was observed between predicted and measured VO2max (43.10 ml/kg/min and 43.38 ml/kg/min respectively) (mean difference=0.28 ml/kg/min, P>0.05). Also, the Bland-Altman graphic diagram indicated agreement between the methods of measuring and estimating VO2max.

In the present study, the native non-sports equation had a high validity in estimating VO2max of adolescent boys. It seems that the use of non-sports VO2max equations can be used as a simple, safe, and low-cost tool to evaluate the maximum aerobic capacity of students at a wide level.

Changes in mental workload are related to performance and level of fatigue, stress, human error, and job dissatisfaction. Questionnaires are simple, accessible, and valid tools for the assessment of mental workload. Therefore, the present study aimed at translation, cultural adaptation, and evaluation of psychometric properties of the Carmen-Q mental workload questionnaire.

This study was conducted on 296 subjects  (100 women and 196 men) with a mean age of 38.59±7.61 years, working in industrial and administrative sectors in several centers in Saveh. The process of translation and cultural adaptation was carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and included the stages of forward and backward translation, synthesizing and preparing a final version, piloting, and then final approval of the Persian version. Psychometric properties, including face validity (simplicity and readability), content validity (through content validity index), convergent validity (through correlation with NASA-TLX questionnaire), and internal consistency (using Cronbach's alpha coefficient) were assessed.

The translation, cultural adaptation, and face validity assessment were carried out according to related guidelines, and the text underwent some minor changes. The Content Validity Index values for each of the items and its total (0.914) were acceptable. Cronbach's alpha value was acceptable for all items (0.91) and each subscale (above 0.8). Pearson's correlation coefficient displayed a moderate to good relationship between Carmen-Q and NASA task load index.

The Persian version of the Carmen-Q questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating mental workload in Iranian society.

The ability to solve social problems is one of the skills and capabilities related to culture in today's world, where group cooperation and presence in a collective context are highly emphasized. The aim of this study was designing and validating a tool tomeasure social problem solving based on the stories of Kalileh and Demeneh.

The research method was a mixed exploratory type based on the integration of the Thematic analysismethod in the first stage (qualitative) and the tool development model in the second stage. In the qualitative section the Kalileh and Demaneh book were evalited. The quantitative part was conducted with the participation of 336 teenage students in the agerange of 12 to 20 years and targeted sampling. The data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 43 questions. Data was analyzed using MAXQUDA software, LISREL-8.8, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis method and SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill. Coding reliability was calculated using Kappa method equal to 0.95. The content validity of the scale was confirmed using experts' opinions.

The questionnaire for measuring social problemsolving skills based on the stories of Kalila and Demeneh included the components of emotions and their management, thinking and decision-making, interpersonal communication, consultation, the way of dealing with problems and the attitude towards problem solving. Criterion validity of this questionnaire was confirmed based on Pearson's correlation coefficient equal to 0.63, for solving the social problem of D’Zurilla at the level of 0.001. The reliability of the tool was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the overall scale and the six dimensions identified as 0.92, 0.75, 0.72, 0.87, 0.72, 0.90 and 0.83 respectively.

The study showed that the social problem solving skill measurement scale based on the stories of Kalila and Demenehhas acceptable reliability and validity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Body Awareness Rating Scale (BARQ) among the Iranian sample.

The present study is a descriptive study in terms of the nature of data and data collection method and a fundamental study in terms of purpose. Among female students of Azad University, North Tehran Branch, 100 people were selected as a statistical sample using available sampling method. The research instruments were body awareness and body awareness questionnaires (BAQ). To analyze the results, correlation coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis were used.

The results showed that Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the performance component was 0.79; Mood, 0.74; Emotions are 0.80 and awareness is 0.82. The total alpha coefficient was 0.81. In the content validity test, the values related to the mean extracted variance (AVE) were also higher than 0.5, which confirms that the content validity of the body awareness ranking scale is acceptable and appropriate. Finally, the results showed that the reliability, divergent and convergent validity of this scale is desirable and acceptable.

Using the tools made and identifying the body's awareness in individuals, it is possible to support many people through educational measures, counseling and interventions.

A suitable organizational climate play a pivotal role in achieving the organization's goals. A valid questionnaire is needed to evaluate the organizational climate. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the validity and reliability of the Persian edition of Halpin and Kraft's Organizational Climate Questionnaire among the employees of emergency medical centers.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted among 270 employees of emergency medical centers in Ahvaz between January and May 2021. Data collection was done by census method and using organizational climate questionnaire by Halpin and Croft. Validity of form, content, and translation of the questionnaire was checked by experts. Validity (convergent and divergent) and reliability were evaluated using factors loadings, average variance extracted (AVE), reciprocal factor loadings, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability in SMART-PLS 3 software.Compliance with ethical considerations was considered in all stages of the study implementation. Ethical considerations were observed in all stages of the study.

The validity of the form, content and translation of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts according to the Iranian society. All factor loadings of questionnaire items and AVE index for all constructs were higher than 0.4. AVE index for the whole questionnaire was 0.518. Examining reciprocal factor loadings confirmed divergent validity. Cronbach's alpha index and composite reliability for all questionnaire constructs were higher than 0.7. Likewise, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability for the whole questionnaire were 0.966 and 0.968, respectively.

Validity and reliability of this questionnaire according to the Iranian society was confirmed at a high level. Therefore, this questionnaire can be used to evaluate the organizational climate in organizations, especially health care organizations and centers

The psychological contract of safety can be conceptualized as the beliefs of individuals about mutual safety obligations that are inferred from implicit or explicit promises. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the psychological contract of safety questionnaire.

After forward-backward translation of Walker's safety psychological contract questionnaire (2010), face and content validity assessments were conducted, including the content validity ratio and content validity index with participation of 20 occupational health and safety experts. Its reliability was evaluated using the test-retest method involving 30 participants, and construct validity was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis with 320 participants from the target population. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 22) and AMOS software (version 24). A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered.

In terms of face and content validity, one item related to the safety obligations of the employer was removed due to a low impact score and content validity index. The Cronbach's alpha values for the employer and employee safety obligations questionnaires indicated excellent (<0.90) and good (0.75-0.90) reliability, respectively. Additionally, their intraclass correlation coefficient was considered acceptable. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit index for the employee and employer safety obligations questionnaires, which consisted of 15 and 11 items, respectively.

The psychological contract of safety questionnaire, consisting of two indicators, namely employee safety obligations with the dimensions of "communication and reporting behavior" and "adaptive behavior" as well as the employer safety obligations with the dimensions of "employee safety benefits" and "supply of resources" demonstrated acceptale validity and reliability.

 Experiencing any traumatic event in any form such as emotional abuse, physical and physical abuse, sexual abuse in childhood can affect people's well-being. The aim of this study is to determine the validity of the educational package based on motivational interviewing and mentalizing approaches in order to achieve its effectiveness on experiential avoidance and the sense of agency of students with childhood trauma.

 This study was carried out with the participation of five specialized PhDs in psychology. A group training package based on motivational interviewing and mentalization was developed by holding 11 sessions and based on references and principles of educational and therapeutic methods based on motivational interviewing and mentalization. Content validity was obtained using a 33-question questionnaire.

 The face validity of the educational package based on motivational interviewing and mentalization was confirmed. The content validity ratio for all training sessions except the second, fifth and tenth session was higher than 0.99 and approved. Also, the content validity index of all 33 questions is higher than 0.79.

 The educational package based on motivational interviewing and mentalization has favorable validity in terms of both form and content dimensions.

This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the “resilience assessment questionnaire” in patients with multiple sclerosis.

The statistical population of the present study included all multiple sclerosis patients living in Tehran City in 2022. Of them, 250 people were selected through available sampling. The participants completed the questionnaires of Gromis et al. resilience and the hospital anxiety and depression scales. The validity of the questionnaire was investigated using the formal, content, construct, and predictor methods. Also, the reliability of the test was checked through the Cronbach α method and retesting. Data analysis was done using SPSS software, version 26.

The face validity was confirmed by checking the content and solving the appearance problems. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed after correcting the questions. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the resilience questionnaire includes 5 components: Emotional and cognitive strategies, physical activity and diet, family and friends support, peer support, and spirituality. Also, the Cronbach α values of these components were 0.88, 0.79, 0.62, 0.76, 0.50, and 0.89, respectively. The eigenvalues of these components explained 47.49% of the variance. There was a significant relationship between the resilience and anxiety/depression questionnaire components. The correlation value between the first and second stages confirmed the retest validity of the resilience questionnaire.

The Persian version of the “multiple sclerosis resilience” scale is a valid and reliable tool for assessing resilience features in Iranian MS patients, which can be used in policymaking and research studies.

The development of the mental health scale among students requires the use of efficient screening tools that are compatible with the society's culture. Since every evaluation tool such as a questionnaire must have adequate validity and reliability, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the validity and reliability of the questionnaire used to determine suicidal thoughts and actions among the students of an Iranian university of technology in 2021.

This descriptive study was conducted in 2021 on 8440 students of an Iranian university of technology. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose content validity was checked using the content validity ratio (CVR) and the content validity index (CVI). The internal reliability of the questionnaire was checked by Cronbach's alpha and Kuder-Richardson method.

Since 10 experts checked the questions, the acceptable CVR for this questionnaire was 0.62, and 39 questions were within the acceptable range. In examining the CVI of the questions, 40 questions had an acceptable CVI (higher than 0.79). Cronbach's alpha and kuder-Richardson's coefficients in measuring the internal reliability of this questionnaire were calculated as 0.93 and 0.87, respectively, indicating that this questionnaire has good reliability.

Based on the results of the current study, the students’ mental and social health questionnaire has relatively appropriate validity and reliability, but it seems necessary to change and replace some questions that did not have favorable content validity ratio and content validity index.

Paying attention to the health issues in beauty salons is effective in improving community health and disease control. To collect information with minimal error, it is necessary to have a valid and reliable instrument. This study aims to develop and determine the validity and reliability of a tool for measuring preventive behaviors against blood-borne diseases based on the health belief model (HBM) in Iranian female hairdressers.

In this psychometrics study, participants were 40 female hairdressers in Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2019. After reviewing the related articles and questionnaires based on the HBM, the initial draft was designed. To determine content validity using a qualitative method, the questionnaire was given to 13 experts. To determine the content validity quantitatively, the content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were used. The reliability was determined using Cronbach’s α coefficient.

Ten experts completed and returned the questionnaire in full. The CVR was between 0.62 and 1 and the CVI of items were more than 0.79 , indicating an acceptable validity. The reliability using Cronbach’s α coefficient was more than 0.7 for all constructs.

The HBM-based questionnaire for measuring the preventive behaviors of female hairdressers against blood-borne diseases has acceptable validity and reliability and can be used by other researchers in Iran.

Attention deficient-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent psychiatric diagnosis in preschool children. The present study aimed to translate and determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Conners Early Childhood Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Questionnaire–Parents’ Form in Iranian children aged 3-6 years.

We included 1,013 pediatrics aged <6 years in 2017-18 in Tabriz, Iran. In the first step, the questionnaire was translated into Persian using the re-translation method. Then, the content validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by ten specialists. Finally, the concurrent validity of the questionnaire was simultaneously compared with the children’s Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). ROC curve was used to determine the best cut-off point, and sensitivity and specificity were measured to determine the questionnaire’s diagnostic value compared to the clinical psychiatric interview. The test-retest method was used to determine reproducibility using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). The internal consistency was also evaluated with Cronbach’s alpha test.

Of all the 1,013 participants, 569 (56.2%) were female. The overall modified kappa agreement and concurrent validity coefficients were 0.76 and 0.70, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaire was estimated 86.8% and 79.4%, respectively. The ICC was calculated at 0.90, and the questionnaire’s internal consistency was calculated at an overall Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.88.

The Persian version of Conners Early Childhood Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Questionnaire–Parents’ Form exhibited proper reliability and validity for screening the Iranian pediatric population.

The emerged validated tool from the present study can be used in the first-line health system in the public and private sectors for physician and non-physician healthcare providers, especially family physicians in primary health care.

Acceptance of Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) rules plays a crucial role in determining the performance of employees in HSE-related areas at the workplace. This study aimed to design a questionnaire to investigate influential factors on acceptance of HSE rules among employees.

The face validity of the survey was assessed by ten individuals from the target population, while content validity was evaluated by ten HSE experts using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The impact scores were calculated for the quantitative assessment of face validity, and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) values were used to assess content validity. Construct validity was determined through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) involving 506 participants. The reliability of the survey was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC).

All items in the survey showed satisfactory levels of impact score (>1.5), CVR (>0.69), and CVI (>0.79). The mean values for the Impact score, CVI, CVR, and S-CVI-UA were 4.26, 0.963, 0.944, and 0.62, respectively. The survey and its dimensions demonstrated strong reliability, as indicated by Cronbach’s alpha and ICC values exceeding 0.70. Additionally, EFA successfully identified the structure of the questionnaire, and CFA confirmed its goodness of fit.

The Persian version of the questionnaire demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability. This instrument can be effectively used to assess the factors that influence the acceptance of HSE rules among employees in various workplace settings.

Today, identifying the factors affecting the preventive behaviors and control of the Covid-19 disease as a global crisis is the main need of all societies.  But in order to achieve this goal, a valid and reliable tool is needed to measure people's performance to prevent Corona .As a result, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing and psychometrically analyzing the questionnaire of preventive behaviors against Corona.

This descriptive study was conducted in 1400 and 1401.  First, a questionnaire of preventive behaviors against corona was designed with 48 questions, and then two quantitative and qualitative methods were used to determine the face validity of the questionnaire. Also, content validity was examined in both quantitative and qualitative ways. Then factor analysis was conducted with a sample of 220 people. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the internal consistency of the questionnaire, and the test and retest method was used to evaluate the stability. The data was analyzed based on SPSS software and statistical tests.

The total face validity score was 5/75. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for all constructs was reported to be higher than 0/7 and the intragroup correlation coefficient (ICC) value of the questionnaire obtained from the test-retest with a two-week interval, with a 95% confidence interval, was 0/812, which indicates the reliability of the instrument.  In total, based on exploratory factor analysis, 6 factors were extracted. As a result, this scale has 6 subscales: regulation of leaving home and shopping, respiratory transmission cycle, social responsibility, principles of hand hygiene, nutritional hygiene and social distancing regulations; which explain 64/98% of the total variance.

The results of the study showed that the desired face validity of the questionnaire indicates the ease of understanding the items and their existential necessity from the point of view of the target community. The appropriate values of content validity, including the content validity index and the content validity ratio, also show that, from the point of view of experts, the questionnaire can measure what it should measure. Factor analysis also confirmed the correlation of the subscales with the whole instrument and the appropriate construct validity of the instrument. It also showed high values of internal homogeneity and stability of the designed questionnaire. In the Corona crisis and the period after it, as well as the possible outbreak of similar diseases in the future health service providers as well as policy makers in this area can use this questionnaire to check people's health behaviors and use its results in the design and implementation of preventive and care protocols.

Psychological load such as workload not only disrupts work performance, but can also have a direct effect on employee safety through accidents. However, despite this issue, many efforts have not been made to develop an assessment tool to measure psychological burden related to occupational safety and health of employees. Therefore, the present study was designed with the aim of validating the psychological burden scale of workers by Kim et al. (2018) from the perspective of occupational health and safety. 

The statistical population of the research consists of all the workers working in the Eastern Alborz Company of Shahroud city, and 349 workers participated in the research using a simple random sampling method. In the present study, the mental load scale of Kim et al. (2018), the Copenhagen psychosocial scale (COPSOQ) and the occupational stress scale (HSE) were used. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient tests and confirmatory factor analysis using SPSS-22 statistical software and Lisrel version 8.5.

Resalts: 

The results showed that all the components of workers' psychological burden with the overall score and Psycho-social scale and occupational stress scale have a positive and significant relationship. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis also showed the good fit of the model in determining the factors in the initial form expressed by Kim et al. (2018). To determine the reliability of the scale, the value of Pearson's correlation coefficient was obtained at 0.82 in the test and retest phases. Also, the results of this study showed that 26.1 percent of workers experience low psychological burden, 49.6 percent of workers experience moderate psychological burden, and 24.4 percent experience severe psychological burden.

Based on the results of the current research, the workers' mental burden scale (Kim et al., 2018) is a valid and reliable scale and can be used to evaluate the psychological burden of workers in research and intervention studies.

One of the assessment methods of service quality in organizations is the gap analysis tool. The current research was conducted with the aim of designing and evaluating validity and reliability of the service quality assessment tool in libraries and medical information centers in universities of medical sciences according to the gap analysis models.

A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the service quality assessment tool of libraries. It is considered as a tool development study that was carried out between July and September 2023. The statistical population included the users of the central library and document center of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (students, faculty members, and staff). First, the desired tool was designed through reviewing gap analysis studies and models (LibQUAL, DigiQUAL, and LibQUAL), which are service quality assessment models from the customers' point of view, and assessing services that can be provided in the libraries of medical sciences universities. Afterwards, it was sent to 15 librarians and library staff to estimate the validity of its content (CVI & CVR). To estimate its reliability (internal consistency), Cronbach's alpha was calculated. 

The study tool included eight main domains and 76 items. According to the results obtained in the validity study of the questions, the CVR score was 72items higher than the number of the Lawshe’s table (0.49), and all these items were confirmed. The scores of four items were lower than the number of Lawshe’s table, so they were excluded from the questionnaire. In the CVI assessment, all components scored above 0.79. The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the items with a reliability of over 0.90 revealed that all eight main domains and 72 questions had the necessary validity.

The results demonstrated that the service quality assessment tool of libraries in medical sciences universities has the necessary validity and reliability properties. Therefore, it can be used as a suitable tool for measuring the quality of library services.

Data collection is a crucial step in any study, requiring access to a valid and reliable tool. The health belief model has long been utilized to promote preventive behaviors across various domains. Therefore, this study aims to develop a valid and reliable tool for assessing preventive behaviors in individuals with type II diabetes, based on the constructs of the health belief model.

This methodological study, conducted from 2017 to 2018, involved extracting instrument items from two sources: 1) a review of relevant texts and articles, and 2) an examination of existing questionnaires. The tool's psychometrics were evaluated using classical test theory. To establish the tool's validity, face and content validity were assessed, while Cronbach's alpha coefficient was employed to determine internal consistency. The findings were analyzed using SPSS 24 software.

During the content validity stage, the average CVR and CVI were found to be 0.91 and 0.98, respectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the constructs were as follows: perceived sensitivity 0.56, perceived intensity 0.83, perceived barriers 0.71, perceived benefits 0.86, self-efficacy 0.82, and cues to action 0.79. The overall internal consistency, measured by Cronbach's alpha, was 0.82.

This study's findings demonstrate that the preventive behaviors questionnaire, based on the health belief model's constructs, exhibits good validity and reliability for use in individuals with type II diabetes.