جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سلامت انسان » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Potentially toxic elements are part of dangerous environmental pollutants and are carcinogenic to humans. This research was conducted in 2019 with the aim of estimating and evaluating human health risks and environmental ecology of potentially toxic elements in the surface soils of Mansouri oil field.

In this research, soil samples were prepared from seven study areas. In each station, five random samples from an area of 5 square meters were mixed in a composite sample and 1 kg of surface soil (depth 0 to 20 cm) was collected in polyethylene bags, thus 105 soil samples were prepared.

The average concentration of cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium, vanadium, copper and zinc in the surface soils of Mansouri oil field were obtained 1.05, 69.11, 86.79, 99.14, 23.76, 34.05, 65 and 118.22 mg/kg respectively. The highest and lowest values of the potential ecological risk index were related to cadmium (157.50) and vanadium (0.34). The carcinogenic risk index for chromium element was higher than cadmium, lead, nickel and vanadium for adults (5.25×10-5) and children (3.91×10-4).

The pollution indices of potentially toxic elements such as the values of the pollution factor, enrichment factor and land accumulation index showed that lead and cadmium had the greatest impact on soil pollution and the levels of potentially toxic elements were high in concentration compared to the background values and had a global average, which indicates that crude oil spills, light and heavy vehicle traffic, and related human activities in this area have significantly contributed to the increase in the levels of potentially toxic elements in these soils. It seems that there are potentially toxic elements that do not threaten human health and do not cause health problems or pathogenicity.

Today, with the increasing behavior of behaviors that endanger human health, some penal systems, including Iran, with the aim of increasing the preventive function of regulations in society, have declared behaviors criminal and punishable, which are still the result of They do not happen and they are only likely to be dangerous to the health of the community and the environment, but these criminal law responses must be bound by principles and criteria so that while being appropriate to risky behaviors against human health, they can also be effective in practice. In this regard, while addressing the basic questions regarding the principles, policies and types of appropriate criminal response, the pathology of Iranian criminal law in various health-related regulations will be addressed. Accordingly, in order to create safe societies, the response attitude can by prioritizing non-criminal responses to risky behaviors towards health, meaning trying to compensate the victims, restoring the status quo and also observing the proportion between the severities of the crime. A crime against health with a criminal or non-criminal response, to anticipate differential punishments for these behaviors. Obviously, the importance of human health requires comprehensiveness and central rationality in determining the criminal response, and in the light of this proposal, health-oriented regulations should be selected in the selection of types of punishment, the probability of harm to health and accordingly the differential punishment in Propose regulations and these punishments should have a compensatory and preventive aspect.

The method used in the present research is descriptive-analytical and data collection was done with library documentation tools.

In all stages of the current research, the authors have tried to observe scientific honesty and original references.

In order to create safe societies, the attitude of response can be given priority to non-criminal responses to risky behaviors towards health, which means paying attention to compensation for the victims, restoring the situation to the previous state, and also respecting the proportionality between the severity of the crime committed against health and the criminal response. or non-criminal, to predict differential punishments for these behaviors

It is obvious that the importance of human health requires comprehensiveness and rationality in determining the criminal response, and in the light of this proposal, health-oriented regulations should be used in the selection of types of punishment.Please cite this article as:Irani A, Gholamrezaei Azad H. The Requirements of Health-Oriented Criminal Law Responses to Potentially Risky Behaviors. Medical Law Journal. 2022; 16(57): e14.

The value of proteins in human health as the main source of amino acids has been proven. In addition to nutritional value, proteins also have biological functions that are expressed by bioactive peptides. Production methods of bioactive peptides affect their function. This article aims to investigate sources and production methods of bioactive peptides effective on human health. 

For gathering information in this review, English articles between 1988 and 2018 containing one of the keywords "bioactive peptides, enzymatic hydrolysis, anti-cancer and anti-hypertensive agents" were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and the Islamic World Science Citation Database (ISC). Among 643 papers found, 28 articles related to the subject were selected. 

The articles show that utilizing the enzymatic hydrolysis method for therapeutic applications causes them to be more stable in comparison with fermentation and solvent extraction methods and is safer than the other two methods. Also, the positive health effects of these compounds include reducing the risk of chronic diseases, increasing immune function, reducing cholesterol, antimicrobial activity, as well as antioxidant, anti-clotting, antihypertensive, and anticancer properties.

In recent years, the role of bioactive peptides as therapeutic compounds has been highlighted. Bioactive peptides can play an effective role in human health. Therefore, investment and planning in this area can affect the future health of the country.

Environmental standards are quantitative criteria for protecting the environment from pollution and degradation. One of the solutions to improve air quality status is to use reasonable limits to prevent excessive release of airborne contaminants from their various sources. On the other hand, these standards are effective in evaluating air pollution reduction strategies.

In this study, we reviewed different standard setting frameworks using a theoretical analysis. First of all, we studied the ambient air quality guidelines and standards which developed by the World Health Organization(WHO), the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the European Air Quality Management Agency, the Australian National Council for Medical and Health Research and the Canadian federal government. In addition, a framework to set the national air quality standards in Iran was proposed according to international efforts and national-specific conditions.

By investigating the status of standards and guidelines in some parts of the world, it was found that all of them have reasonable and rational methods for standards setting, despite some different in standard setting methods across organizations. All these standards were set on epidemiologic studies and the effects of air pollutants on human health. Except WHO, other organizations had used a quantitative risk assessment methodology to develop their own standards. Also, for developing national standards based on its guideline, WHO has recommended considering the economic, social, and health conditions.

The results of this study indicate that for developing ambient air quality standards in Iran, a rational and scientific framework is needed.

 the present study was done to investigate the role of respiration in human health from the perspective of the verses and narrations of the infallibles (AS).

This research wasdone using a descriptive-analytical method and collecting materials from the narrative and authoritative sources of Shiite and Sunni that have been written about how breathing plays a role in human health. Discovery: The Holy Qur'an explicitly considers the life of the human being to breathe and expresses the benefit of the flow of air. Also, the way of breathing, purity, abundance and flow of air, changes in body temperature with hot and cold air are gradually included, which is expressed in the traditions of the infallibles (As).

Deep breathing, and exposure to free and clean air, and body temperature modification, as a natural need, play an important role in the health of the body. Therefore, according to Islamic narrations, any type of action to pollute the air in any way, such as dust, smoke, dispersing pollutants from factories, unpleasant smells and smells of chemicals such as cosmetic products and torture by restricting breathing, is considered inappropriate and harmful and damages human health.

Emission of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has an important role in increasing temperatures and, its higher concentration can effect on human health. Due to this issue, this study is aimed to measure the amount of the released carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in different part of Yadavaran Oil field and compare with international standards in 2017.
Material & The present investigation was accomplished in Yadavaran oil field of Khuzestan province of Iran in 2017. In this study measurement of parameters including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen, relative humidity and temperature was done in 64 stations with 3 replications using ALTAIR 4X and Trotec BZ30. Data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests. Moreover, Correlation analysis was performed using Pearson and Spearman coefficients.
The results showed that concentration range of carbon dioxide and oxygen was 490-590 and 19-208ppm respectively. Also, the highest and lowest levels of carbon dioxide were 584.56±6.36 and 453.94±77.7 ppm in wet water camp and S10 wells (P 0.05) in the same order.
Pearson and Spearman coefficient analysis showed no significant correlation between temperature, humidity, oxygen and carbon dioxide. According to the results, the concentration of carbon dioxide in different areas of the oil field of Yadavaran was acceptable.

Expanding urbanization and increasing the number of vehicles have led to adverse effects on both the environment and human health. The propose of this study is to evaluate the concentration of CO2, CO, HC, O2, NOX in the exhaust outlet of vehicles tested in technical examination center, and to determine the relationships between their variation and lambda coefficient, type of fuel injection system as well as vehicle type.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1000 vehicles tested in technical examination centers in Hamadan city. To do this, the concentrations of CO2, CO, HC, O2, NOX gases emission were obtained, and then the relations between variation of these gases and lambda coefficient, type of fuel injection system and vehicle type were investigated. The statistical analysis that used in this study include one-way ANOVA and independent t-test (SPSS 16).
The results of this study showed a significant relationship between the concentration of emitted gases and the lambda coefficient, the vehicle type and the type of fuel injection system (p In the current study, it was observed that personal vehicles due to lower depreciations than the taxis, and the injector systems due to better distribution of the fuel than the carburetor ones, have better conditions in term of pollutants emissions.

Air pollution in is one of the main difficulties in Megacities that have harmful effects on humans and the environment and cause various diseases including cardiovascular disease. So, present study with aim of Study the number of cases cardiovascular mortality Attributed to CO in Tehran in during a five-years were performed.
This Study was a descriptive–analytic. At first, hourly data of pollutants were taken from the environmental protection agency Tehran and Air Quality Control Company and validated according to the WHO guidelines. Required statistical parameters calculated for health effect quantifying and finally processed data converted to input and requirements AirQ model data and health effects quantifying were performed using this model. Finally, results on deaths due to cardiovascular disease were presented in tables and graphs format.
Results showed annual average concentration of CO in Tehran in 2005-2010 are 5, 4, 4, 3 and 4 mg/m3 respectively. In addition, the number of cardiovascular mortality in 2005-2010 is 82, 73, 67, 58 and 57 respectively
According to the results, CO as well as other pollutants can adversely affect human health. Due to high levels of air pollution and its related health consequences, particularly cardiovascular disease, should take appropriate measures to reduce air pollution.

According to the estimates of W.H.O., approximately 150000 persons are annually affected by early death of cardiovascular, respiratory disease, and lung cancer resulted from air pollution in south Asia. The short-term and long-term effects are reported as hospital admission, consulting with a physician, number of special disease, death and years of life lost (YOLL). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of PM10 pollution on human health. AirQ 2.2.3 (Air Quality Health Impact Assessment) Model was used to evaluate adverse health effects caused by PM10 exposure in Ahvaz during 2009. Long-term exposure with suspended particulates are expressed as decreasing personal life. The prevalence of bronchitis and reduced lung function in children and adults, even at annual average concentrations of particulate matter below 20 μg/m3 (PM2.5) and 30 μg/m3 (PM10) have been observed. Major sources of emissions resulting from human intervention in particulate matter are road traffic (25-10%), stationary combustion (55-40%), and industrial processes (30-15%). First, PM10 data was collected from Ahvaz Environment Protection Organization and Meteorological Organization. Then, raw data were processed by Excel software.. Finally, data processed were inputted to AirQ model. This model proved to be a valid and reliable tool to estimate the potential short-term effects of air pollution. This software is provided by the World Health Organization and is used to quantify the health effects of air pollution. This model consists of four input screens (Supplier, AQ data, Location, Parameter) and two output screens (Table, Graph). The highest and lowest PM10 concentration was reported for Headquarter and Naderi stations respectively. Moreover, the annual, summer, and winter means and 98 decimal of this pollutant in Ahvaz City was measured as 261, 376, 170, and 1268 μg/m3 respectively. Total death toll contributed to PM10 was estimated as 1165 cases in 2009. Using data processing in Excel, AirQ software calculates relative risks, attributable proportion, and baseline incidence and the final output would be displayed in the form of death toll. It is noteworthy that there is no model that can estimate the effect of all pollutants together and simultaneously. In addition, it was found that the annual PM10 emission mean, the summer mean, winter mean, and 98 percentile were 261, 376, 170, and 1268 μg/m3 in Ahvaz City. Cumulative number of persons for total number of deaths attributed to PM10 exposure was 1165 in 2009; Out of which, 44% has occurred in the days with concentrations lower than 250 μg/m3. It should be noted that 62% of this value is corresponded to the days with concentrations below 350 μg/m3. The total cumulative number of cardiovascular death attributed to the exposure with PM10 during one year of monitoring was 612 persons. On the other hand, 52% of these cases have occurred in days with PM10 levels not exceeding 300 μg/m3. Cumulative number of Hospital Admissions Respiratory Disease attributed to exposure with PM10 during one year of monitoring was 1551 persons; Out of which, 36 % occurred in days with PM10 levels not exceeding 200 μg/m3.

According to the WHO estimates، air pollution is accounted for about 800000 premature death of cardiovascular and respiratory disease and lung cancer resulted from air pollution throughout the world; approximately 150000 cases of those deaths occur in south Asia. The studies conducting on short-term and long-term effects are reported in terms of admission rate، consulting with a physician، number of a particular disease، death، and years of the lost life (YOLL). We used Air Q2. 2. 3 (Air Quality Health Impact Assessment) Model to evaluate adverse health effects caused by NO2 exposure in Ahvaz City during 2009. NO2 reacts with ammonia، moisture، and other compounds to form small particles. These small particles penetrate deeply into sensitive parts of the lungs and can cause or worsen respiratory disease، such as emphysema and bronchitis، and can aggravate existing heart disease، leading to increased hospital admissions and premature death. First the data required was collected from Ahvaz Environment Organization and Meteorological Organization. Then، this data were processed by Excel software through correcting temperature and pressure، coding، averaging and filtering. Finally، the data processed were entered to Air Q model. This model is a valid and reliable WHO-proved tool to estimate the potential short term effects of air pollution. This model includes four screen inputs (Supplier، AQ data، Location، Parameter) and two output screens (Table and Graph). It was found that the Meteorological and Environment Organization stations have had the maximum and minimum NO2 concentration respectively. Moreover، the annual، summer، and winter average and 98cile of this pollutant was 27، 6، 43، and 115 µg/m3 respectively. The cumulative number of myocardial infarction resulted from NO2 exposure was estimated to be nine persons per year. This value for the cardiovascular death was found to be 19 cases. Finally، the COPD cases was estimated to be seven per year. Air Q software calculated relative risks، attributable proportion، and baseline incidence using data processed by Excel and presents the output as the cause specific deaths. It is noteworthy that there is no model that can estimate all of the pollutants health effects simultaneously. Cumulative number of persons for acute MI attributed to NO2 exposure was 9 in 2009. Moreover، 51% of this number occurred in the days with concentrations lower than 60 µg/m3. It should be noted that 72% of this value are corresponded to the days with concentrations below 90 µg/m3. The total cumulative number of cardiovascular death attributed to exposure with NO2 during one year of monitoring was 19 persons. 60% of these cases have occurred in days with NO2 levels not exceeding 90 µg/m3. Cumulative number of hospital admission of COPD attributed to exposure with NO2 during one year of monitoring was 7 persons. 87 % of these cases have occurred in days with NO2 levels not exceeding 110 µg/m3.

Pharmaceutical pollution of the eco-system is a life-threatening problem cuasing great concerns for health researchers. Pharmaceutical pollution of drinking waters and its adverse side-effects on public health has been recently reported in the developed countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the different aspects of bio-environmental side effects of pharmaceutical pollutions mentioned in online resources and websites. For this review study, the main key words of "Pharmaceutical" and "pollution" were searched through; Google scholar search engine, Springer and Elsevier sites. By altering the research strategy, the most up-to-date references, articles, books and related subjects focusing on different cities of our country, Iran, were retrieved. The findings of this search showed that large amounts of chemical sewage is released into the environment by pharmaceutical factories. The other sources of contamination are as folows: expired and unused drugs, and excreted pharmaceutical metabolites formed during drug metabolism in humans and animals. Unfortunately many researches confirmed that the conventional water treatment processes are not effective for reasonable purification of drinking waters. Additionally, due to the long half-life of some drugs especially antibiotics, the risks of drug resistance, mutagenic effects on microorganisms and other cells, and their environmental accumulation are high and may lead to hazardous consequences. So more studies in this field are warranted.