جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "سی تی اسکن" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

 Iterative reconstruction algorithms have been suggested to reduce the dose in CT scans, but their effect on image quality needs more investigation. This study evaluates the impact of the Iterative Reconstruction in Image Space (IRIS) algorithm on image quality in contrast-enhanced abdominal-pelvic CT.

Port phase images of 200 patients were reconstructed with IRIS and Filtered Back Projection algorithms (FBP). CT number, noise, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) were measured for the liver, kidney, spleen, lumbar muscles, vertebral bone, spinal cord, and abdominal aorta. Two experienced radiologists scored the images.

There was no significant difference in CT numbers of the organs under study between FBP and IRIS algorithms (P ˃ 0.05), but the noise difference was significant for all organs (P ˂ 0.05).  The SNR of the aorta and spleen for IRIS was higher than FBP (P ˂ 0.05). The average score of images for FBP and IRIS was 4.12 ± 1.35 and 3.91 ± 0.84, respectively. The Kappa coefficient was reported to be 0.73 with P ˂ 0.01.

The IRIS algorithm does not change the CT number of tissue but reduces the image noise. However, the subjective score of IRIS is less compared to FBP. Optimal use of IRIS in different CT scan protocols requires the collaboration between radiologists and CT technologists.

Influenza remains a significant global health concern, necessitating continuous research to understand its clinical manifestations and prognostic indicators. While the accurate diagnosis of pneumonia etiology is based on microbiological tests, clinical and radiological data can help narrow the differential diagnosis. This study, conducted at the Razi Educational and Medical Center in Ghaemshahr, aimed to comprehensively evaluate the radiological findings among patients diagnosed with influenza. Additionally, it sought to explore potential correlations between these radiological manifestations and various demographic and clinical characteristics.

Using a prospective cohort design, the study enrolled individuals who were admitted to Razi Hospital in Ghaemshahr with symptoms indicative of influenza from 2018 to 2019. Upon admission, all patients underwent comprehensive CT scans within 24 hours to assess the extent and nature of pulmonary involvement. The data collected from these evaluations were analyzed statistically using SPSS software, with a significance level set at P<0.05.

The cohort consisted of 52 patients diagnosed with influenza, confirmed through both clinical assessments and laboratory tests. Among them, 30 were male (57.7%) and 22 were female (42.3%). Notably, 9 patients (17.3%) required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to the severity of their condition. Of these ICU patients, 7 (77.8%) unfortunately succumbed to the influenza infection, highlighting the seriousness of this viral illness.Regarding the radiological assessments, the study found that while 13 patients (25%) showed normal findings on imaging studies, a significant majority of 39 patients (75%) exhibited varying degrees of pulmonary abnormalities. These abnormalities were characterized by a range of radiological manifestations, with alveolar infiltration, ground-glass opacities, and consolidation being the most common findings. Alveolar infiltration, observed in 14 patients (26.9%), emerged as a notable indicator of poorer prognosis among the influenza-infected cohort. The findings of this study underscore a significant correlation between abnormal lung imaging—particularly alveolar infiltration—and an unfavorable prognosis in patients with influenza. These radiological patterns serve as valuable prognostic markers, providing critical insights into the clinical course of the illness and potentially aiding in the formulation of strategic interventions.

The study highlights the pivotal role of radiological assessments, particularly the identification of alveolar infiltration, in predicting outcomes among individuals with influenza. These findings emphasize the importance of using radiological evaluations as essential tools in clinical decision-making, enabling timely interventions and improving patient care in influenza management protocols.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the changes in chest CT scans of COVID-19 patients 3-6 months after discharge.

The current study is a descriptive-analytical one that was conducted in a cross-sectional manner. Samples from patients with COVID-19 were randomly selected, and the necessary information was extracted from the patients' files. Then, the findings of CT scans were reviewed upon admission and 3-6 months after discharge. The data was analyzed using SPSS 23 software.

101 patients were investigated, with 60 of them being women and 41 being men. The samples were aged from 20 to 89 years, with an average age of 10.55 ± 14.347. In the CT scans, 65 had GGO appearance, 12 had Consolidation, 3 had Fibrosis, 2 had Crazy Paving, and 2 had Interstitial Thickening. In the CT scans 3-6 months after discharge, 33 had GGO views, 20 had Consolidation, 17 had Fibrosis, 3 had Crazy Paving, and 9 had Interstitial Thickening.

The findings showed that GGO and Consolidation were more prevalent than other findings, while these findings were reduced in the follow-up CT scans of the patients. Fibrosis and Interstitial Thickening were also increased in the CT scans 3-6 months after discharge compared to the first CT scans, and the GGO view was significantly reduced in people with underlying disease in the follow-up CT scans. Fibrosis and Interstitial Thickening were significantly increased in patients with underlying disease in the follow-up CT scans. Interstitial Thickening was also more common in men than women in the follow-up CT scans. Crazy Paving and Fibrosis were more prevalent in older age groups. Consolidation was also higher in patients with diabetes and hypertension in the second CT scans. Additionally, fibrosis was more prevalent in patients with high blood pressure. The appearance of Interstitial Thickening was significantly higher in diabetic patients.

Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is one of the well-known consequences of COVID-19 infection. We aim to evaluate the relationship between pulmonary thromboembolism and the severity of parenchymal involvement in patients with COVID-19 infection.

In this retrospective study, we evaluated 238 COVID-19 patients who underwent CT angiography of the lung between April and October 2021. Background diseases, laboratory parameters, clinical outcomes, and venous thrombosis of the patients were recorded. A radiologist assessed the severity of pulmonary thromboembolism on pulmonary CT angiography using the Mastora system. Factors associated with PTE and severity of arterial occlusion were evaluated using statistical analysis. A P-value of 0.05 was considered significant.

The average age of the patients was 53 ± 16.4. 47.1% (112) of patients were female and 51.7% (123) were male. The rate of lung involvement in patients was not affected by age (P = 0.4). In 26.5% of patients, PTE was positive, which had almost the same distribution in both sexes, and no difference was seen between male and female patients. The incidence of PTE was not affected by the age of the patients (P = 0.7). The severity of lung involvement was an average of 56% ± 24.1 in patients, which was significantly higher in men (P = 0.007). Also, lung involvement was significantly higher in patients who had PTE (P = 0.02).

The severity of lung involvement following COVID-19 infection is higher in men than women. The incidence of PTE is higher in patients with more severe pulmonary involvement.

The parameters of image quality depend on the radiation dose and the CT scanner type. This study aimed to simultaneously compare the image quality and the risk of carcinogenesis caused by radiation in the CT scan of the brain in different scanners.

The present descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 patients who had been referred to hospitals of Isfahan city including Kashani (Siemens (scanner 1) and Canon (scanner 2)), Al-Zahra (General Electric (scanner 3)), Isa bin Maryam (Neusoft (Scanner 4)) for brain CT scan. Organ doses and effective doses of patients were obtained with a calculating program, Impact dose, and risk of exposure-induced death (REID) values estimated by the PCXMC program. The image quality was evaluated by examining the parameters of image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). To compare different scanners, the CNR to REID ratio was introduced as the C criterion.

The average values of REID for scanners 1 to 4 were obtained at 2.98, 4.46, 5.07, and 4.65 per 100,000 men and 3.22, 6.16, 6.53, and 6.26 per 100,000 women, respectively. The average CNR values for scanners 1 to 4 were 1.24, 1.05, 1.66 and 2.08, respectively. Scanners 1 and 2 had the highest and lowest C criteria, respectively.

The results of this study showed that the radiation dose and the risk caused by radiation in the brain CT scan test should always be evaluated considering the image quality parameters, and a scanner with a higher CNR to REID ratio is more suitable.

The measurement of renal size is of utmost importance in patients with renal failure, especially azotemia. The present study aimed to assess and compare kidney size using ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) scans.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on subjects over 18 years of age who were referred to Hajar Hospital of Shahrekord for an ultrasound and CT scan of the kidney or abdomen with a time interval of less than one week. Kidney dimensions were measured by transabdominal ultrasound model Mindray DC-60Exp with 2-5 MHz probe in supine position and oblique if needed. After less than a week, the dimensions of the kidneys were determined by a Siemens 16-slice CT scan machine (with reconstruction at different stages). Data were analyzed in SPSS software using statistical tests.

Right and left kidney dimensions using ultrasonography were obtained at 103.46±13.53 and 107.44±12.15 mm, respectively. These dimensions were 103.10±15.76 and 108.81±14.77 mm, respectively, using a CT scan. The agreement between the ultrasonography and CT scan in determining right and left kidney dimensions was higher than 95% in 96.7% and 95% of all cases, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, false positive value, negative-positive value, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for right kidneys were reported as 82.4%, 92.6%, 7.4%, 17.6%, 73.7%, and 95.4% using ultrasonography. These values for the left kidney were 88, 88.6, 11.4, 11, 45.8, and 98.5%, respectively.

Regarding the importance of kidney size in determining renal failure, it seems that in some cases, reliance on ultrasonography is unclear, and it is recommended that kidney size be determined using a CT scan in patients with suspected kidney failure

Several typical and atypical findings have been observed in Covid-19 high-resolution computer tomography (HRCT). To our knowledge, there is no study investigating the relationship between the presence of nodules in Covid-19 patients and the patient's condition. Therefore, the present study assessed the frequency of pulmonary nodules in Covid-19 patients according to their condition.

This cross-sectional study assessed the medical images of the patients referred to three university-affiliated centers (Nemazi, Ali Asghar and Shahid Faghihi Hospital) to perform Covid-19 HRCT from April to September 2020. The centers have been named H1, H2, and H3. Patients who were referred to these centers had good, poor, and fair conditions, respectively. The history of patients was assessed carefully. Patients' demographic information, nodule shape, number, size, location, presence of cavitation, and GGO around the nodule were assessed and recorded.

Overall, 20576 patients (mean age=46.75±16.64 years old) were included in the study. Only 2.1% of cases had solid nodules. Most of them (96.76%) were accompanied by a GGO (halo sign), and only 10.42% were associated with a cavity. The good condition, patients showed significantly more solid nodules (3.46%) than others. In size of the nodules in good-condition patients (1.8 cm) is significantly larger than in fair-condition (1.22 cm) or poor condition patients (1.15 cm). 79.86%, 12.5%, and 7.64% of nodules were multiple, dual/triple, and single, respectively.

The frequency of nodules in the HRCTs of good-condition patients was significantly higher than in fair- or poor-conditionpatients; they also had more multiple and larger-sized nodules. The Pearson-coefficient test also revealed a small negative correlation between the presence of nodules and the patient's condition. It seems the presence of nodules indicates higher immunity to viral infections. In the follow-up, it was revealed that people who had nodules were not hospitalized in the ICU. Further study is needed to prove this point.

Ultrasound is widely used to detect renal stones. A no-contrast CT scan is the most accurate modality for stone examination. Considering that determining the size of a stone is the main criterion in treatment planning, the purpose of this study was to compare ultrasound and non-contrast CT scans in determining renal stone size.

In this cross-sectional study, 140 patients were assessed from June to October 2017 at Namazi Hospital of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. A radiologist compared the CT scans of patients with their ultrasound images. The ultrasound and CT scan results in terms of stone size were assessed. The correlation rate of stone size in ultrasound and CT scans in different subgroups was assessed by categorizing the stone size into three subgroups. The impact of stone location and the CT window on measuring stone size were evaluated.

The mean stone size measured by ultrasound and CT scan was 11.23±5.26 and 9.48±4.7mm, respectively, which was significantly different. The highest rate of correlation was observed in the stones>10mm (81%) and then in 5-10mm (69.3%). The lowest agreement was observed in stones <5mm (37.5%).

Using ultrasonography as a screening test or a primary test for detecting the renal stones is recommended. However, considering the importance of a precise assessment of stone size in choosing the treatment method and the limitations of sonography in the evaluation of small stones, a CT scan should be considered as a standard diagnostic tool if there is no contraindication. In CT images, the application of BW might underestimate the stone size in comparison to SW. Considering the results of previous studies, it is better to use magnified BW to assess the stone size on CT scan images. Although the axial view in a CT scan is more routine, for measuring the stone size it is better to use coronal or sagittal views together with axial views.

Abdominal trauma is one of the most common causes of death in trauma patients, occurring in 20% of cases. Kidney damage is the most common complication of non-penetrating abdominal trauma. In patients with abdominal trauma, it is important to diagnose and treat possible abdominal injuries. The presence of hematuria and clinical examinations often have little sensitivity and specificity to diagnose the intra-abdominal injury. Although Computed Tomography (CT) scan is the standard diagnostic method for abdominal trauma, it has its own drawbacks, including radiation. On the contrary, ultrasound is a cheaper, more repetitive, and non-invasive procedure. The present study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) scan and ultrasound by a radiologist in comparison with abdomen and pelvis CT scan with intravenous (IV) contrast in determining the severity of kidney damage in patients with microscopic hematuria due to non-penetrating abdominal and pelvic trauma.

This forward-looking study was conducted on patients with blunt abdominal trauma with hematuria in Hamadan Besat Educational and Medical Center in 2018 and 2019. The sampling was performed by census method based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patient demographic information, as well as accident information that led to abdominal trauma, were recorded in a checklist. All participants were trained by a third-year emergency medicine assistant and then by a third- or fourth-year radiology assistant via FAST ultrasound to diagnose free abdominal fluid. In the next step, all participants were examined after IV contrast injection using a CT scan device. Finally, the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using appropriate statistical methods.

In this study, 60 eligible patients, including 47 males (78.4%) and 13 females (21.6%), with a mean age of 36.75±17.81 years, were examined. The percentage of agreement between the FAST ultrasound findings performed in the emergency and radiology departments was 93.3%. The agreement between the two methods was significant, with a coefficient of 0.837 (P<0.001). Sensitivity (75 and 80), specificity (100 and 92.5), positive (100 and 84.2) and negative (88.8 and 90.2) predictive values, as well as the accuracy (91.6 and 88.3) of FAST ultrasound, in both emergency and radiology groups were acceptable in comparison with CT scan.

As evidenced by the obtained results, it can be concluded that ultrasound is a reliable tool for examining patients with abdominal trauma with suspected kidney damage.

Sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis (S-LAM) is a rare disease that generally affects young women and involves the abnormal proliferation of smooth muscle cells (LAM cells) in the lungs (pulmonary LAM). There are two types of LAM, sporadic and LAM with tuberous sclerosis, which is an autosomal dominant genetic disease caused by mutations in the Tsc1 and Tsc2 genes. The most common manifestation of this disease is pneumothorax due to cyst rupture. Median transplant-free survival for pulmonary LAM is 23 years from diagnosis. Factors associated with a poor prognosis are often those associated with a more rapid decline in lung function.

The patient was a 24-year-old woman who presented with pneumothorax and multiple bullae in both lungs. The patient had no family history of respiratory disease, and the patient herself had no symptoms other than mild shortness of breath following activity from a year ago. A lung CT scan was performed for the patient and multiple bullae were evident in both lungs, which confirmed the diagnosis. There was no evidence of involvement of other organs but the lung. For the patient in the ICU with the diagnosis of left pneumothorax, a chest tube was inserted and she underwent mechanical ventilation. Finally, after 24 days of hospitalization, oxygen therapy of the patient was performed with a normal mask, and she underwent left lung pleurodesis with talcum powder, and a few days later, right lung pleurodesis was performed on the patient. On the 36th day of hospitalization, her general condition improved and she was discharged from the ICU. The patient was discharged in good general condition and had no problem on her four months follow-up.

Fortunately, with the diagnosis of LAM for the patient according to the CT scan of the patient's lung, she was treated with insertion of a chest tube and by performing pleurodesis, the recurrence of pneumothorax was prevented. In a young woman with spontaneous pneumothorax, sporadic LAM is one of the differential diagnoses.

Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa that can significantly affect the patient's daily life. Therefore, the present study was designed and conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of cellulose powder and Cromolyn sodium in controlling the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and the quality of life of patients, as well as its relationship with CT scan findings.

The present study is a clinical trial that was conducted on patients with allergic rhinitis who were referred to the ENT clinic of Baghiy A. (Aj). The study was conducted as a random and single-phase study in two groups (50 people for each group) using Cromolyn spray with a dose of 3 puffs per day and nasal spray with a dose of 3 puffs per day for 6 weeks in patients. RQLQ quality of life questionnaire, nasal endoscopy score based on Lund criteria, Kennedy score, and visual analog scale (VAS) was completed. Also, in this study, patients with a clinical diagnosis of allergic rhinitis were selected for a CT scan of the Paranasal sinuses without medical treatment. They were referred to the CT scan departments of Baqiyatullah University of Medical Sciences and underwent a Paranasal CT scan and indicators such as polyps, mild mucosal thickening without obstruction, increased bone density of the sinus wall, septal deviation, inferior corneal hypertrophy, and Conca Bellaza were investigated. Then, the findings of the CT scan were reported blindly by only one radiologist. The data collected from both study groups were compared by the respective statistical tests. The significance level for data difference was considered 0.05.

The severity of nasal congestion after 6 weeks of treatment was 2.27 ± 0.97 in the sodium Cromolyn group and 4.61 ± 1.1 in the cellulose powder group. There was a significant difference in the mean severity of nasal congestion after treatment between the two groups. (P=0.03). Statistical analysis showed that the intensity of sneezing and also the intensity of runny noses in both groups improved significantly after the completion of the treatment. (P=0.00). The mean RQLQ score after treatment was 22.525 ± 5.71 in the sodium Cromolyn group and 25.85 ± 2.91 in the cellulose powder group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the average RQLQ score after treatment. (P=0.073). In this study, the relationship between CT scan findings in both groups of patients before and after the use of both drug categories was investigated. In this study, both groups of patients underwent CT scans before starting the treatment, and the most common findings in both groups in the CT scan were polyps, mild mucosal thickening without obstruction, increased bone density of the sinus wall, and septal deviation. hypertrophy of the inferior cornea and Conca Blesa, also according to the obtained results, no statistically significant difference was found between the findings of the CT scan in both groups (P-value<0.05).

Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that nasal decongestant can be used as an effective drug without complications in the treatment of allergic rhinitis patients due to the improvement of symptoms and quality of life. But in terms of effectiveness, it is not more effective than Cromolyn. On the other hand, there is no correlation between CT scan findings among patients with allergic rhinitis, and it can be said that the use of radiology and especially CT scans is not recommended for allergic rhinitis.

Background & Aim:

Determining the sex is the first and most important step in determining biological and anthropological characteristics of everyone. Sometimes, Forensic medicine and cognitive archeology encounter cadavers that have several parts lost or unusable due to environmental conditions or corruption. Therefore, in order to determine the sex and some other characteristics, the parts of the body skeleton like sternum that are more durable and resistant are selected and examined. The purpose of this study was to review and determine the correlation between sternum and its parameters with the characteristics of individuals like age.

Materials & Methods:

 This applied study was performed on 61 three-dimensional CT-Scan images of the sternum of 38 male (62%) and 23 female (38%) cadavers. All tissues, fats and other bones except the sternum were removed. Eight parameters of sternum were measured with electronic caliper and then the obtained data were analyzed statistically. For data analysis, SPSS version 23 software and linear regression were used for statistical analyses.

We found in this study that sternal body width (R =0.373) and manobrium width (R=0.334) had the most correlation with people's age.

According to the results of this study, we can find the relationship between the parameters of the sternum with the age of individuals and use these findings in forensic medicine and anthropology.

Otosclerosis is caused by abnormal bone remodeling in the middle ear, which is associated with dizziness and lightheadedness. An underlying cause of dizziness in this disease can be the presence of an enlarged vestibular aqueduct. In this study, the prevalence of enlarged vestibular aqueduct in these patients compared to the normal population has been investigated.

In this cross-sectional study, 26 people with bilateral otosclerosis and 26 people with at least one healthy ear requiring a CT scan were compared. Vestibular aqueduct was tested by evaluating the two factors of the midpoint width between the external diaphragm and the common crus, and its width in the external diaphragm region and comparing the two groups. Bone conduction, speech detection threshold, and gap between bone conduction and air conduction were calculated and compared in otosclerosis patients with enlarged versus normal vestibular duct.

The median width of the vestibular aqueduct in the area of the external aperture in patients with otosclerosis (1.2 mm) was significantly greater than that of healthy subjects (1 mm) (p=0.046). Regarding the size of the vestibular aqueduct in otosclerosis patients, 5 patients (9.6%) were found with enlarged vestibular aqueduct in radiological findings. However, this difference was not statistically significant. In otosclerosis patients, bone conduction threshold in all frequencies was significantly higher in people with enlarged vestibular aqueduct compared to other patients (p<0.001).

Based on the results of this study, the prevalence of enlarged vestibular aqueduct in patients with otosclerosis is considerable, and it is better to pay enough attention to the CT scan of patients before surgery to prevent possible complications.

The use of Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) in blunt abdominal trauma has various advantages and disadvantages. Considering the importance of timely diagnosis of blunt abdominal traumas, the question is whether it is possible to manage these patients only by performing FAST in the emergency room? Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of comparing the diagnostic accuracy of FAST with CT-Scan in patients with blunt abdominal trauma.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 patients with blunt abdominal trauma referred to the emergency department of affiliated teaching hospitals of Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Data were obtained by examining the medical records of the patients. The results of FAST were compared with the results of abdominal and pelvic CT scan (as a gold standard), diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) and laparotomy results (as a gold standard in case of unclear CT-Scan results) and the sensitivity, specificity, the positive and negative predictive value and its accuracy were determined.

The mean age of the participants was 36.27±10.44 years. 72.5% of them were men. The most common organ involved was the liver (73%). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of FAST were equal to 75.1 (73.4-79.6), 91.7 (89.4-94.7), 94.1 (92.7-96.3), 77.2 (75.7-79.6) and 83.7 (80.3-85.5), respectively. Also, the odds ratio of FAST in detecting free fluid was 1335.3, injury to intra-abdominal organs was 7.53 and it was 28.9 for all cases.

The results of the study showed that FAST sonography in the emergency room is a suitable method for diagnosing free intra-abdominal fluid following blunt trauma, but it cannot properly diagnose the location of the injury.

The increasing frequency of pediatric chest CT scans has raised concerns regarding the radiation-induced cancer risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate image quality, organ doses, effective dose, and radiation-induced cancer risk from pediatric chest CT scans.

This is a cross- sectional study that was conducted on 128 children under 15 years old (52 girls and 76 boys) who underwent non-contrast chest CT scans. Patients were classified into four age groups of ≤1, 1-5, 5-10, and 10-15 years old. ImpactDose software was used to calculate organ doses, and risk of exposure-induced death (REID) values were estimated according to the BEIR VII report. In addition, image quality criteria including image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were also investigated.

The mean values of REID in pediatric chest CT scans were 129.43 per 100,000 women and 49.59 per 100,000 men. REID values decreased with the increasing age of patients and were higher for girls than for boys. The SNR values for the descending aorta, subcutaneous fat, and back muscle were 3.14, 12.14, and 5.42, respectively. In addition, CNRaorto-fat and CNRmuscle-fat values were equal to 15.41 and 17.53, respectively.

Chest CT scan in pediatrics is related to an increased potential risk of cancer. Therefore, chest CT in children should only be requested if the diagnostic benefits outweigh the radiation-related risks.

Lung involvement is crucial in patients with Covid-19. The CT scan plays a key role in diagnosing of this disease. This study aimed to survey CT scan involvement patterns in patients with suspected Covid-19 symptoms.

The present study was cross-sectional,analytical in which the statistical population was patients with typical clinical symptoms of Covid-19 who were referred to the hospital imaging center from March 2019 to May 2019. A total of 301 patients were randomly selected as a sample. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26 at a significance level of 0.05.

The average age of the participants in the study was 54.6±17.6. 151 patients (50.2%) were male. 255 patients (84.7%) were treated on an outpatient basis, 37 patients (12.3%) were treated in the Non ICU ward and nine patients (3%) were treated in the intensive care unit(ICU). One hundred sixty eight patients (55.8%) with grand glass conflict, 25 patients (8.3%) with consolidation conflict, 49 patients (16.3%) with linear turbidity were identified while 44 patients (14.6%) had crazy paving, 7 patients (2.3%) had small nodules and 45 patients (15%) had round opacities on contrast-free CT scan. The pattern of conflict in the form of linear turbidity was directly and significantly related to the severity of the disease.

Imaging findings in patients with Covid-19 have a wide range. Despite these findings, attention should be paid to less common and rare signs and symptoms that can help make the right decision and more definitive diagnosis of the disease.

COVID-19 is an emerging viral disease that has led to many deaths worldwide over the past 2 years. However, due to the lower incidence of the disease in children, the information available to compare children and adults with COVID-19 is still limited. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the paraclinical findings of children and adults with COVID-19.

After extracting laboratory findings, CT scan and outcome of hospitalization of children and adults hospitalized due to COVID-19 in Shahid Beheshti hospital in Kashan from March 2020 to March 2021 through HIS and PACS systems, all this information were compared between children and adults.

After analyzing the data of 15 children and 66 adults, it was observed that increased CRP (P=0.030), LDH (P=0.002) and lymphopenia (P<0.001) and hyponatremia (P=0.030) were higher in adults but increased creatinine (P<0.001) was observed more in children. Also, ground-glass opacity (P=0.020) was observed more in children than adults, but Halo sign (P=0.001) and lung severity score (P<0.001) was higher in adults.

Children and adults with COVID-19 differ in many ways, including CRP, LDH, lymphocyte, sodium, and creatinine laboratory tests. This difference is seen in some radiological findings, and the lung severity score on CT scans of adults is higher than children, also.

CT is the gold standard method for diagnosing kidney and urinary tract stones. This imaging technique delivers radiation dose to patients, which increases the risk of cancer, especially in patients who need frequent assessment. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic ability of ultrasound in Iran compared to CT for diagnosing kidney stones in patients with colic pain.

The data of this cross-sectional retrospective study was gathered from the patients who were admitted to a University-affiliated hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from March 2019 to September 2019 suspected of nephrolithiasis and performed CT were collected along with their ultrasound reports. To compare sonography and CT, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated and the diagnostic percentage difference between the two modalities was evaluated. The diagnostic efficiency of ultrasound in stones of different sizes and locations was also evaluated.

The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of ultrasound in the initial diagnosis of stones were 83.47%, 62.15%, 85.94% and 57.58%, respectively. Ultrasound diagnosis was not significantly different from CT p=23 actually ultrasound diagnoses were different from CT in only 2.11% of cases. Ultrasound was the most successful in detecting bladder and urethra stones larger than 10 mm.

The results of this study showed that although ultrasound is less sensitive than CT in the diagnosis of nephrolithiasis, the use of ultrasound could be useful as a primary diagnostic test in patients with suspected nephrolithiasis. The important point is that the strategy of starting the evaluation with ultrasound, and performing additional imaging if necessary, leads to a reduction in the radiation dose of patients with nephrolithiasis. These patients have to do this procedure many times to diagnose and follow up the disease and clearly the offered method leads to reduction of the radiation absorbed dose and the possible effects of radiation, which is in line with the principle of ALARA, the basic principle of radiation protection.

Along with laboratory testing, chest CT scans may be helpful to diagnose COVID-19 in individuals with a high clinical suspicion of infection. Due to their availability and rapid turnaround time, the role of chest computed tomography (CT) scan is growing for early diagnosis of patients with COVID-19. However, due to the low efficiency of viral nucleic acid detection as well as low specificity of chest CT scan for detecting COVID-19 pneumonia, this method shows incomplete clinical performance for proper COVID-19 disease diagnosis. Due to the highly contagious nature of the  Coronavirus 2019 and the importance of early detection of the disease, a limited number of nucleic acid test kits, such as rRT-PCR and the possibility of false-negative rRT-PCR results, chest CT scan as a non-invasive method, it can be a highly accurate tool for early detection of suspected COVID-19 cases. The purpose of this study was the Interpretation of chest CT scan of patints with COVID-19 in Imam Khomeini Hospital of Jiroft University of Medical Sciences from December to March 2019

This research is a retrospective study that was conducted with the aim of interpreting CT scans of the chest in patients with covid-19 in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences from March 2018 to June 2019. After obtaining permission from the ethics committee of the university, the researcher appeared in the research environment according to the pre-determined schedule for sampling. The desired data were extracted from the patients' files and recorded in a questionnaire form that was designed for this purpose. The criteria for entering the study included cases whose demographic information, clinical and laboratory data were complete and the positive PCR test along with chest CT imaging findings were available in the file, the exclusion criterion was the presence of low quality chest images.The data were extracted from the hospital information system based on clinical electronic medical records. including demographic information including age, sex, level of education and data related to the underlying disease, disease symptoms (cough, fever, phlegm, shortness of breath, chest pain, etc.) and the frequency of imaging findings in the chest CT scan that They were examined and evaluated according to age, gender, level of education, clinical symptoms, underlying disease and based on lymphopenia and lymphocytosis. and chest CT scan report of patients with COVID-19, which was available in the PACS system of this hospital, were evaluated. In this way, all the CT images of the chest by a radiologist as well as a lung specialist who were not aware of the clinical and laboratory data of the patients, in terms of the types of findings include, Patchy ground glass opcification, diffuse ground glass opacification, Air space opacity, Consolidation, pleural effusion, Atelectasis, Bronchiectasis, Fibrotic change, Cavitation, Lymphadenopathy. And the distribution of conflict was investigated as peripheral, central, bilateral, and unilateral.

The highest number of people with Covid-19 were in the age range of 30 to 59 years and men. In CT scan findings, the highest CT scan imaging findings as well as the highest mortality rate in patients were PGGO view (63.3%) and peripheral and bilateral involvement and the lowest frequency was related to Cavitation findings. In the examination of CT scan findings, PGGO and peripheral and bilateral involvement were the most frequent and Cavitation was the least frequent. Also, the findings of PGGO, Peripheral and Bilateral in the CT scan of the people who died had the highest frequency.In none of the imaging findings of the chest scan, there was no statistically significant relationship with the level of education, the level of education and death of patients due to COVID-19 . There was no significant difference between gender and the findings of PGGO  and Cavitation and peripheral involvement and Bilateral , but between the findings of DGGO and gender and there was a significant relationship between Bronchiectasis and gender. In general, the results showed that there is no significant relationship between gender and death of patients due to COVID-19. In terms of symptoms, the findings showed that there is no significant relationship between the symptoms of myalgia, chest pain, loss of sense of smell and taste, and digestive symptoms and CT scan findings, but between the feeling of weakness and Peripheral involvement, there was a statistically significant difference between the decrease in level of consciousness and the finding of Pleural effusion and the finding of CavitationP, and in general, a statistically significant relationship was observed between the death of patients and myalgia and the decrease in level of consciousness.

Among findings of this research, the symptoms of cough, fever, shortness of breath, and headache were present in most of the patients. In line with this finding, Kazemini and colleagues also concluded in their study that fever and cough are two important factors in identifying patients with Covid-19 is high . In this study, CT scan findings in the form of PGGO, Peripheral and Bilateral had the most frequency, which was also reported in a study that at the time of the onset of the disease, the findings of PGGO and Bilateral distribution were the most frequent in CT scans of patients . The reason that the lesions have a marginal distribution and are not limited to certain parts of the lung lobes can probably be due to the small size of the virus, which has a greater tendency to deposit in the peripheral lobes of the lung and thus cause damage to the epi The telium becomes alveolar and affects several adjacent lobules . Also, according to Wei li et al.'s study, GGO is the most common chest CT imaging manifestation in pneumonia caused by the corona virus, which indicates that the pneumonia of COVID-19 mainly includes interstitial secretions. This means that the pathological mechanism of the disease is secondary to the expansion and congestion of alveolar capillaries and interstitial edema in the interlobular septum . unlike COVID-19, in SARS, most cases of lung involvement are unilateral.In the present study, the findings of Air space opacity and Consolidation imaging were also found to be of high frequency compared to other findings, in the study of SONG et al., it was also reported that GGO image is more frequent in young people and Consolidation image is more frequent with increasing age. This issue is also evident in the present study, so that Consolidation was less frequent at ages less than 30 years compared to ages 30-59 years. Consolidation is one of the characteristics of CT in patients with COVID-19, which is a sign of disease progression, Pan et al. found that consolidation is rare in the early stages of the disease. Consolidation begins to appear with the progress of the disease and gradually becomes the main imaging feature. Therefore, the analysis of chest CT imaging can help the doctor in identifying the early stages or the progress of the disease. By identifying the common findings in chest CT scan in people with coronavirus, based on appropriate epidemiological and demographic characteristics, COVID-19 cases can be identified in a timely manner and immediate preventive measures can be taken. Therefore, due to the accuracy of this diagnostic tool and its rapid results, CT imaging should be at the forefront of COVID-19 screening tools and easy access to it in different areas compared to rRT-PCR kits should be provided.