جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « عصاره گیاهی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Dental caries is the most widespread chronic disease ,in which bacterial plaque plays a major role in their occurrence. Considering the importance of dental plaque control, side effects of chemical products, availability of medicinal plants in the ecosystem of our country, therefore this study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effects of Ferula gummosa plant and chlorhexidine on cariogenic bacteria.

In this laboratory study, the aerial parts of the plant were collected from Tarom/Zanjan region. Herbarium sample identification was done by Zanjan Faculty of Pharmacy.The essential oil of Ferula gummosa was obtained by Clevenger apparatus and prepared by distillation with water. Serial dilutions of essential oils were prepared and the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum lethal concentration were determined. Disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial effects of essential oilon the tested bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, subrinus, salivarius and Lactobacillus acidophilus). In order to evaluate bacterial sensitivity to essential oil and chlorhexidine, well plate method was used. The dates were entered the computer by the SPSS 22 software aand analyzed by independent Ttest.

In some samples, the antibacterial properties of Ferula gummosa were similar to chlorhexidine. Ferula gummosa plant extract had the most effect on Streptococcus subrinus and Salivarius. The diameter of the inhibitory zone in Streptococcus subrinus bacteria was non-significantly greater than that of chlorhexidine.

The antimicrobial effect of Ferula gummos essential oil on cariogenic bacteria was similar to chlorhexidine. It is recommended to use the compounds of this plant as an alternative to other chemical products (mouthwash and toothpaste).

 Dental caries is the most widespread chronic disease.There are several medical procedures to prevent and control its extension.Based on side effects of chemical products and effectiveness of nanoparticles, this study done inorder to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles produced by green synthesis using diospyros extract on oral bacteria.

 In this experimental study the diospyros extract was produced by Maceration procedures at Zanjan university of medical sciences in 2019 .The effect of silver nanoparticles produced by green synthesis was determined on various concentrations of Enterococcus, Streptococcus Mutans, Streptococcus Subrinus, Streptococcus Salivarius, Lactobacillus micro organisms by cap plate method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC) factors was determined. The datas was imported to the SPSS 24 program and analysed by Wilcoxan , Mann-Withny, Kruskal-wallis tests.

.the MIC factor for streptococcus mutans, enterococcus, streptococcus salivarius was determined 1024 μgr⁄mL  and for streptococcus subrinus and lactobacillus 512 μgr⁄Ml. Although the antimicrobial resistance due to MBC factor is decreased from Enterococcus  to, streptococcus mutans, lactobacillus, streptococcus salivarius, streptococcus subrinus sequentially (P=0.014). The finding showed that the antimicrobial resistance of streptococcus mutans, enterococcus, streptococcus salivarius due to MIC factor is more than streptococcus subrinus and lactobacillus.

 The results showed the bacteriostatic effect of silver nanoparticles produced by green synthesis using Diospyros extract on oral pathogens.due to herbal source an being native, maybe this plant can be useful to produce mouthwashes and toothpastes.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram - negative bacterium and one of the most important opportunity seeker pathogens in hospital infections that are typically obtained simultaneously. This study was carried out with the aim of examining the synergistic effects of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin and extracts of Morus nigra in the control of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm.

In this study, synergistic effects of ciprofloxacin antibiotic and Morus nigra extracts were used to inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of the 10 isolates of multi drug resistant P.  aeruginosa. Disc diffusion method has been used to determine antibiotic resistance. To examine the synergistic antimicrobial activities between Morus nigra extract and ciprofloxacin, Checker titration method was used to calculate the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC). The effect of Morus nigra extract, ciprofloxacin antibiotics and the combination of both of them on the expression level of pslA gene was investigated by Real time PCR.

Morus nigra extract showed antimicrobial effect against MDR P.  aeruginosa strains. The use of this extract in combination with ciprofloxacin had an additive effect on inhibition of growth of P. aeruginosa and at least 60% reduction in biofilm formation of test isolates was achieved (P˂0.05). Also, Morus nigra extract alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin antibiotic decreased the pslA gene expression levels.

The present results are promising in regard to the possibility of using Morus nigra extract to increase the effect of sinus for antibiotics infections. The use of this extract, or instead of antibiotics, may be a way of reducing the use of antibiotics, thus reducing the side effects and treatment costs of infectious diseases.

Considering the antibacterial effects of medicinal plants and the side effects of chemical drugs, replacing chemical drugs with herbal drugs is of particular importance. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the chemical compounds in the extracts of Uritica dioica L., Mentha longifolia L., and Tragopogon collinus collected from the vegetative regions of Meshgin Shahr and compare the therapeutic effect of their combination with that of ciprofloxacin against common bacteria of urinary tract infection.

The main phenolic compounds of the desired medicinal plants were identified using HPLC after collecting from the original habitat and extraction by the maceration method. Then, the antimicrobial properties of the combination of extracts against common urinary tract infection bacteria were investigated and compared with those of the ciprofloxacin drug using the disk diffusion method. In addition, the MIC values of the combination of extracts at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml against the studied bacteria were determined in 3 replicates.

The main phenolic compounds identified from the hydroalcoholic extract of Uritica dioica L,. including catechin and rutin, Mentha longifolia L., including gallic acid and quercetin, and Tragopogon collinus including ursolic acid and caffeic acid. According to the obtained results, it was found that the mixture of plant extracts shows relatively similar antimicrobial properties   to ciprofloxacin.

According to the obtained results, it can be said that the mixture of extract of Uritica dioica L., Mentha longifolia L., and Tragopogon collinus medicinal plants by conducting more studies, especially at the in vivo conditions, can be a suitable product for treatment of urinary tract infection.

Hydatid cyst disease (Echinococcosis) is caused by species of the parasite genus Echinococcus. The infection is present in many countries where animal husbandry is common. The treatment of the disease was based on surgery, which was accompanied by an adjunctive drug treatment. It is harmful to use the protoscolicidal effect of parasites during surgery to reduce the recurrence of the disease. The aim of this study was to confirm the protoscolicidal effect of nanoparticles of silver oxide, methanolic and acetonic extracts of Gal Ghalghaf due to the antimicrobial effects of plant in vitro on hydatid cyst protoscolices.

Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices were collected from 60 liver of sheep infected with hydatid cyst. The hydatid cyst fluid was drained using a syringe and concentrated after centrifugation. The lethal effect of normal saline group of 0.9% and the first, second and third groups with concentrations of 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001% of silver oxide nanoparticles and methanolic and acetone Gal Ghalghaf extracts and their integration on protoscolices, respectively. Hydatid cysts are determined at exposure times of 1, 5, 10, and 20 minutes. After data collection, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software.

Among the examined extracts, the concentration of 0.1% nanoparticles of silver oxide in 20 minutes and the combination of nanoparticles of silver oxide and methanolic extract of Gal Ghalghaf in 20 minutes had the most protoscolicidal effects, respectively. Also, the lowest lethal effect was obtained at a concentration of 0.001 nanoparticles of acetonic extracts of Gal Ghalghaf at 1 minute.

The findings of the present study showed that methanolic and acetonic extracts of Gal Ghalghaf after combining with silver oxide nanoparticles, especially methanolic extract, can be used as a suitable protoscolicidal agent during hydatid cyst surgery using PAIR (Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, and Re-aspiration of protoscolices).

The first step to oral health is the prevention and treatment of the disease in its early stages, which affects the quality of life, self-confidence and social relationships. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of Propolis, Miswak and Rosa damascene on oral pathogens.

The medicinal plants Miswak, Rosa damascene and Propolis, after preparation and drying, were extracted by ethanol solvent by maceration method and its antimicrobial properties were investigated by disk diffusion, well diffusion and determination of minimum inhibitory and lethal concentration.

The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Rosa damasce compared to Miswak and Propolis showed highest diameter of no growth in the disk and well methods on the bacteria and fungi studied and its antifungal effects was better than antibacterial effects. It was higher and the extract of this plant had a stronger inhibitory effect on Streptococcus mutans than Lactobacillus acidophilus and in some cases with the inhibitory effect of 0.2% fluoride was observed to be somewhat equal. Ethanolic extract of Rosa damascena with the lowest MIC showed the highest growth inhibitory effect after antibiotics and 0.2% fluoride.

Ethanolic extract of Rosa damascena had a higher antimicrobial effect and with better MIC and MFC / MBC had a better inhibitory effect on oral pathogens.

In the recent century, the improper use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of resistant isolates that pose a serious threat to the health of human populations. In order to deal with this phenomenon, various approaches have been used, including the use of natural herbal extracts to treat infectious diseases. Ghalghaf Gall is caused by abnormal growth of plant tissues under the influence of living factors such as bees on various organs of the oak tree. Laboratory findings obtained from the evaluation of this plant indicate its high potential for antimicrobial properties. In the present study, the antimicrobial effect of Ghalghaf Gall extract on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated.

This study was performed on standard strains of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Aqueous extract of Ghalghaf Gall was obtained by Soxhlet method. To evaluate the antibacterial activity, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by broth-macrodilution method.

The MIC value of the extracts of Ghalghaf Gall obtained for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 3125 µg/ml and 98 µg/ml respectively. Also The MBC value of the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus obtained 50000 µg/ml and 1562 µg/ml respectively.

The results of this study showed that the herbal extract of Ghalghaf Gall has a very good antimicrobial effect on the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus compared to the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Also, although relatively strong bacteriostatic function of the above extract was observed on Staphylococcus aureus, but there was a significant difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic concentrations.

Natural and herbal ingredients have long been used to treat burns. Care, treatment and rehabilitation in burns, as a challenge, poses huge costs on people, family and health system. The current study aimed at assessment of saffron petal extract in the treatment of heat-induced burn wounds in rats.  

The ethanol extract of saffron petal was examined on 24 Wistar rats in four groups including control, SSD 1%, saffron 8%, and saffron 5%. Burns were created on the back of all rats according to the standard method. During 21 days, the average wound size in all groups was recorded daily.

The highest healing effect was observed in 5%, 8% saffron, SSD 1% ointment and control groups, respectively. Furthermore, no burning scar was observed in saffron groups.

The saffron petal extract at a dose of 5% showed a significant effect on the healing of second degree burn wounds in rats. Further complementary studies on other extracts and doses are recommended.

Today, because of the spread of drug resistance and the prevalence of infectious diseases, the use of medicinal plants has increased. So, in this study, the antibacterial effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Oak jaft and Echium amoenum was investigated on Shigella flexneri.

In this study, hydroalcoholic extracts were extracted by maceration method and concentrated by rotary evaporator then dried immediately. Next, the antimicrobial effect of different dilutions of extracts on Shigella flexneri was investigated by disk diffusion and micro broth dilution methods and compared with two antibiotics, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

The results showed that in proportion to the increase in the concentration of oak jaft extract, its antibacterial effect on Shigella flexneri also increased and 3.9 and 7.8 mg/ml of the extract were obtained by MIC and MBC dilution micro broth method, respectively. In the case of Echium amoenum extract, bacteria were grown at all dilutions (except the main stock of the extract (250 mg/ml)) and the extract had no antimicrobial effect on Shigella flexneri.

According to the results of this study, oak jaft extract had a good inhibitory effect on Shigella flexneri and in comparison, with ciprofloxacin antibiotic, a similar inhibitory effect was observed and in comparison, with trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, more inhibitory effect was observed.

Infections caused by bacterial agents with antibiotic resistance are expanding so that the effectiveness of antibiotics in the treatment has reduced. So, efforts are being made to find new active herbal compounds as an appropriate alternative to antibiotics. This study aimed to evaluation of active antibacterial of ethanol and methanol extracts of Dracocephalum kotschyi and Mazouj galls against bacteria.

This study was performed by standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC: 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC: 25922), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC:10031), Shigella sonnei (ATCC: 1188), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC:1310) and Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC:10654). The of ethanol and methanol extracts of Dracocephalum kotschyi and Mazouj galls were prepared by Soxhlet apparatus. Antibacterial activities of extracts were evaluated well diffusion method. Also minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and MBC were assessed by microdilution method. The data obtained by new SPSS software was analyzed.

The ethanol and methanol extracts of Dracocephalum kotschyi and Mazouj galls showed antibacterial activity against bacteria. MIC results for ethanol and methanol extracts Dracocephalum kotschyi and Mazouj galls were 125 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml for bacteria, respectively. 

Ethanol and methanol extract of Dracocephalum kotschyi and Mazouj galls had good antibacterial activity against tested bacteria. Therefore, the results of this study can be a valuable report regarding their effective role in infection control.

Since the alpha-glucosidase enzyme degrades complex carbohydrates and opens the way for their subsequent absorption and increases blood glucose levels, inhibitors of this enzyme are used as drugs for the treatment of some forms of diabetes.One of the medical treatments that have been given so much attention throughout the world is herbal medicine. Therefore, plants are a very good source of bioactive compounds.

The aim of this study was to find strong and new inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase enzymes using plant sources.

Methanolic extracts of 32 plant species collected from central regions of Kurdistan province were investigated for their inhibitory activity on alpha-glucosidase enzymes at concentrations of 1, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 mg / ml. Acarbose was used as a positive control. All measurements were performed in three replications.

According to the results of this study, the extracts of Campanula involucrata Auch .ex DC, Hypericum scabrum L., Salvia suffruticosa Montbr. & Auch and Silene ampulata Bioss. showed inhibitory activities greater than 60% on the alpha-glucosidase enzyme. The inhibitory activity of the extract of Campanula involucrata and Silene ampulata was significantly higher, and their IC50 was 0.02 mg / ml.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the just-mentioned plants extract, due to the high inhibition rate and low IC50, can be an interesting topic for more accurate studies.

Nowadays, different solvents are used to extract plant antioxidants. Each solvent has a special ability to extract antioxidants materials. Accordingly, in this research, some medicinal herbs were collected from different vegetation zones of Iran and evaluated based on the majority of useful solvents. The best solvent for the extraction of antioxidants can be identified and used to determine the best herbal medicine.
 

In order to investigate the type of solvent extraction on the amount of antioxidant material of some indigenous medicinal plants of different regions of Iran such as Mentha asiatica, Ziziphora persica, Otostegia persica, Crocus sativus, Achillea millefolium, Mentha longifolia, Hyssopus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Fumaria officinalis and Teucrium polium, were done the experiment in The factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. DPPH was used to measure antioxidant activity.
 

Results showed that the extract (hydro, hydroalcoholic, acetone and methanolic) and the interaction of extract and plant on antioxidant properties had a different effect on phenol and flavonoid content (P<0.05). The highest flavonoids in the aqueous extract (87.6 mg/gDW), hydroalcoholic (147.48 mg/gDW), methanolic (277.48 mg/gDW) and acetone (171.98 mg/gDW) and also, the highest amount of phenol in aqueous extracts (15.33 mg / gDW), hydroalcoholic (20.18 mg/gDW), methanolic (51.47 mg/gDW) and acetone (31.59 mg/gDW) were found the Achillea millefolium from Ilam. The highest antioxidant activity based on DPPH test in aqueous extract (8.29% at a concentration of 16 μg/ml) belonged to the Achillea millefolium from Ilam, In hydroalcoholic extract (34.49% at a concentration of 64 μg/ml) was belonged to Mentha asiatica in Kashmar and then Achillea millefolium in Ilam, In the extract of Estonia (62.009% at a concentration of 64 μg/ml) was belonged to Mentha asiatica of Kashmar and then Teucrium polium of Kashmar and Achillea millefolium of Ilam, Finally, in the methanolic extract (95.633% at a concentration of 16 μg/ml), was belonged to the Achillea millefolium of Ilam.
 

In general, the results of this study showed that the most important solvent for the extraction of phenolic substances and the evaluation of oxidative properties was a methanol solution and the most effective plant with more substances and antioxidant activities were Achillea millefolium from Ilam region.

  Infections caused by resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains mostly originate from hospitals, and its prevalence is increasing in many countries of the world. Therefore, many efforts have been made to find new active plant compounds as an appropriate substitute for antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the active compounds, antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Mazuj and Ghalghaf galls against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study was performed on standard strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a number of clinical strains. The methanol and aqueous extract of Mazuj and Ghalghaf galls, were prepared by Soxhlet method. Antibacterial activity of the extracts was assessed by well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by microdilution method. The anti-quorum sensing activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of Mazuj and Ghalghaf galls was investigated on anti-biofilm activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanol and aqueous extracts of Mazuj and Ghalghaf galls showed antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MIC values of the extracts were obtained to be 6.25 - 25 mg/ml. The extracts of Mazuj and Ghalghaf galls inhibited the formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in concentrations higher than 6.25. According to the results of this study, the extracts of Mazuj gall have appropriate antibacterial activity against the studied bacteria. Also, the methanol extract had higher antibacterial activity than the aqueous extract. Therefore, it is suggested that more extensive research be conducted on the identification of its antimicrobial compounds as a suitable alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of diseases.

Epilepsyis one of the most common brain disorders following stroke, which affects about one percent of the world's population. Regarding the complications of chemical drugs and the resistance of some patients with epilepsy to these drugs, one of the most important approaches in treatment and preventionofepilepsy is the use of herbal extracts. In this review study, Elsevier, Scopus, Science Direct and PubMed databases were searched for epilepsy, seizures, plant extracts and brain keywords from 1980 to 2018. Finally, 50 related articles were included. Animal studies have shown that many of these plants inhibit seizure activity in epilepsy through affecting GABA, glutamate or calcium channel receptors, sodium channels, chlorine channels and also by reducing the level of oxidative stress. Regarding the economic issues and the adverse effects of chemical drugs, the use of herbal extracts with fewer complications, can be a good alternative for the treatment and prevention of epilepsy

The infections caused by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus resistant strains often originate from hospitals, and their prevalence is increasing worldwide. Therefore, many efforts are being made to find new active plant compounds as alternatives to antibiotics. In this research, the antibacterial effect of methanol and ethanol extracts of Rumex cyprius seeds against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains.
In this experimental study, methanol and ethanol extracts of Rumex cyprius seed, were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus. Antibacterial activity of the extracts were evaluated by well diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), were determined using microdilution method. Active compounds of the seed, were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests. The level of significance was considered p In this study, ethanol and methanol extracts of Rumex cyprius seed prevented the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. Inhibition zone diameter of the ethanol extract in concentration of 500mg/ml against E. coli and S. aureus, was 16.5 and 19mm, respectively. Inhibition zone diameter of the methanol extract in concentration of 500mg/ml against E. coli and S. aureus was 14 and 16.5mm. MIC and MBC values of ethanol and methanol extracts against E. coli and S. aureus, were obtained 62.5 and 125mg/ml, respectively. In this study, The highest compound obtained from the seeds was 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid (24.25%).
Ethanol and methanol extracts of Rumex cyprius seeds had inhibitory effect against S. aureus and E. coli. The effect of these extracts on S. aureus is more than E. coli.

Punica granatum is a non-productive form of a plant and is used for the treatment of diseases in traditional medicine. In this study, we evaluate the antibacterial activity and the total phenol compounds of Punica granatum.
Disk and well diffusion methods and MIC were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of hydro-alcoholic extract on S. aureus and E. coli compared to standard commercial antibiotic disks. Measurement of phenol compounds were performed by Seevers and Daly colorimetric methods (Folin-ciocalteu indicator).
35 and 29 mm inhibition zones in S. aureus and 22 and 17 mm inhibition zones in E. coli were shown by disk and well diffusion method, respectively. Also, 7.8 mg/ml concentration of extract showed the MIC points for two bacteria. Phenol compound of extract was 233.15±5.1 mg/g of extraction.
Antibacterial effect of Punica granatum compared to antibiotics indicates the strong activity against examined bacteria. Extensive antibacterial study of Punica granatum is suggested.

Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease with high prevalence. Various medicines are used for treatment of Leishmaniasis but because of their side effects and drug resistance, the medical society seeks new effective compounds. The aim of this study was the evaluation of Zizyphus spina- Christi as source of new medicinal factor.
The methanolic extract was prepared by percolation method. Leishmania major promastigotes cultured at 25±2°C in stationary phase in RPMI-1640 medium complemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and antibiotic Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL). By using MTT assay, the biological activity of plant extracts was evaluated in comparison with Glucantime against L.major promastigotes and IC50 values (50% inhibitory concentrations) were also studied. All tests were repeated for three times.
Zizyphus spina- Christi extracts and glucantime inhibited the growth of promastigote forms of L.major in vitro after 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation. IC50 of glucantime was 21.96μg/ml, and IC50 values for methanol and the aqueous extracts of Zizyphus spina- Christi were 60 μg/ml and 80 μg/ml, respectively. All plant extracts had profound effects on promastigotes of L.major.
As regards, methanol and aqueous extract of Zizyphus spina-Christi have anti-leishmanial effects in vitro, further works are required to appraise the exact effect of these extracts on Leishmania agents in animal models.

Production of anti-Toxoplasma drug with high efficacy and low side effect is one of the main priorities in toxoplasmosis researches. Herbal extracts has considered as a candidate for this purpose.
This study was performed in order to determine lethal effect of Artemisia absinthium L., Carum copticum L. and Gossypium hirsutum extracts on Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in vitro free cell line.
Tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain were treated with concentrations of 10, 50, 100, and 200 mg/ml of Artemisia absinthium L., Carum copticum L., and Gossypium hirsutum extracts within 10, 30, and 45 min. Afterward, the tachyzoites were stained with alkaline methylene blue. Mortality rates of tachyzoites treated with extracts were determined. The results were analyzed with one way ANOVA and Post Hoc Test by SPSS software. P The overall, 100% of tachyzoites were killed at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/ml of Artemisia absinthium L. and 200 mg/ml of Carum copticum L. after 10, 30, and 45 min treatment. The lowest mortality rates at concentration of 10 mg/ml were 19.6±8.4, 4.30±2.26, and 4.63±2.1 for Artemisia absinthium L., Carum copticum L., and Gossypium hirsutum, respectively. The highest and lowest mortality rate of tachyzoites by Gossypium hirsutumin extract was 13.3 ±7.1. The mortality of tachyzoites were confirmed by bioassay in mice.
Anti-Toxoplasma activities of Artemisia absinthium L. and Carum copticum L. were significantly higher than Gossypium hirsutum. Further studies in order to clarify effectors are recommended.

The use of plant-derived antimicrobial agents can play a beneficial role in the control of human diseases. In this regard, this study was performed with the purpose of assessing the antimicrobial activity of artichoke on five human pathogenic species, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans.
In this experimental research, agar well method was used to assess the diameter of inhibition zone, pour plate method to measure the susceptibility of pathogenic strains against extract, and three methods including broth macrodilution, broth microdilution, and triphenyltetrazolium chloride indicator, were used to measure minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration.
In this study, the maximum diameter of inhibition zone of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of artichoke in a concentration of 800 mg/ml was related to the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the yeast Candida albicans, and the minimum zone diameter was reported for Salmonella typhi. The results of MIC of the aqueous extract of artichoke for Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Candida albicans were 256, 32, 64, 64 and 32mg/ml, respectively, and the MIC of the ethanolic extract were 128, 32, 16, 16, and 16mg/ml, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration of artichoke extracts was equal to or greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration.
The results of this study indicated that artichoke can be considered as a valuable plant to combat infectious diseases, since it showed significant antimicrobial effects, especially against Grampositive bacteria and the yeast Candida albicans.