جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « علوم اعصاب » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The primary purpose of this study is to identify a network model to attract actual customers through neuromarketing and compare the insurance and mushroom industries.

The method of study is a descriptive survey. the statistical sample was 9 experts in neuroscience, marketing, insurance, and the mushroom industry selected by Judgmental sampling. The method of analysis is Multiple Attribute Decision Making. Data were collected by the library-questionnaire method. fuzzy Delphi was used to screen, FUZZY DEMATEL to determine the effect of factors, fuzzy network analysis to prioritize dimensions in Excel, and super decision.

Dimensions of neuromarketing were identified in 3 dimensions (physiological, personality, and social dimension) and 8 sub-criteria. In the insurance industry, the social dimension of the product (weight: 0.319) with the fulfillment of commitments (weight: 0.074), and in the mushroom industry, the physiological dimension of the product (weight: 0.346) with visual and auditory stimuli (weight: 0.0658) are the most effective dimension of neuromarketing in attracting actual customers.

In the insurance industry attention to intangible dimensions, like trust, has a greater role in attracting actual customers. In the mushroom industry, the physiological dimension and visual-auditory senses, which have a tangible nature, have an important role in attracting actual customers. This may be due to brain processes in dealing with tangible and intangible stimuli taken from senses that need to be monitored in specific brain areas using MRI and fMRI.

The built environment is rapidly expanding because of the growing need for architectural spaces in urban life. However, not enough studies have been carried out about the effect of architectural space on cognition and brain activities. Earlier studies on the environmental psychology of architecture qualitatively were not able to respond to this query. However, nowadays with the emergence of the new theory of neuroscience and its connection with architecture, researchers have found valuable results shedding morelight on the ways that architectural space affects the human brain through the use of modern tools in neuroscience giving rise to a new paradigm of Neuro-architecture. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of architectural space on brain functions and human cognition by measuring brain activities. The main questions in this study were: what are the literature, key concepts, research methods, and techniques in the field of architecture and neuroscience? In addition, how many fields are such resources divided into?

The present study has introduced and analyzed the available resources from 2010 to 2020 via a systematic qualitative method.

The resources are divided into two main categories of theoretical and experimental studies. The focus of the present study is on experimental studies indicating that the physical elements of the architectural space are generally related to the visual field, affect cognition and brain activities, and cause different emotions.

The results revealed that these studies are classified into five general areas of stress reduction, aesthetic judgment, navigation, attention, and emphasis on visual elements and human experiences. EEG technique, fMRI, and some auxiliary tools, such as eye tracking, have been used to measure the effect of architectural space on the brain.

The detection of protein expression in tissues and nerve cells is necessary for the modern neuroscience research laboratory and laboratories making diagnostic approaches. To this point, we collected a comprehensive review article on steps and troubleshooting of Western blotting (WB). WB provides good qualitative results for determining a sample containing a target protein and is particularly useful for analyzing insoluble proteins. This process basically can be divided into five steps: (I) the protein extraction, (II) electrophoresis, (III) membrane transfer, (IV) immunodetection, and (V) visualization and analysis. These processes involve the transfer of protein patterns from gel to microporous membrane. Protein transfer with subsequent immunodetection is a great tool to identify a multitude of proteins, especially those proteins that are of low abundance. The efficient transfer of proteins from a gel to a solid membrane and specific immunodetection depend greatly on different parameters.

For reducing the troubleshooting and enhancing awareness of the new developments in WB, this review summaries a representative of methods, reagents, and devices in the WB procedure.

Advertising will be useless if they fail to attract the attention of the audience. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the frontal and prefrontal area in connection with the power of the alpha band while watching commercial advertisement.

The research design was semi experimental and 30 participants (15 men and 15 women) watched two advertises (sports and non-sports). In this research, the Neuro Guide software was used to convert electro-encephalographic data to quantitative data.

The results of the study showed that alpha power decreased in most of the channels among all individuals during watching the sports advertisements. This decrease was not observed when watching non-sports advertisements. This difference was also examined in terms of gender effect and the results showed that there was no significant difference between male and female.

Our data suggested that the use of sport elements may enhance attention toward advertisement and lead to a long-lasting and efficacious memory retention.

Reading problems are from among the most serious problems that children with learning disabilities are faced with. This study is conducted aimed at investigating the impact of the neuropsychological rehabilitation treatment on the problem-solving performance in patients with dyslexia disabilities. This study uses a quasi-experimental design with two groups of subjects. The first group is consisted of 10 people with dyslexia disabilities, and the control group is consisted of 10 individuals, i.e. people with dyslexia disabilities but with no intervention applied to them. Instruments included the neuropsychological rehabilitation program and the tower of London test. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 19 and the multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The data analysis results showed that there was a significant difference (p<0/01) between the mean scores of the pre-test and the post-test of the experimental and control groups; this indicates that the neuropsychological rehabilitation treatment improves problem solving in people with dyslexia disabilities. Considering the positive effects of the current method that favors people with dyslexia disabilities, the results of this study demonstrated that the neuropsychological rehabilitation treatment could be an effective way used in achieving the optimum performance in people with dyslexia disabilities.

Spirituality and religion have an important role in human health and behavior. Referring to religious sources are one of the solutions that people seek during experience of life stress. Listening to the recitation of Quran has been suggested to alleviate the life stress. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of listening to the recitation of the holy Quran on the brain functions in healthy people.
52 healthy subjects were recruited based on convenience sampling and were randomly placed into two groups. Quantitative Electroencephalography (qEEG) was recorded while the experimental group were listening to surah Al-Insan (experimental group), control group were listening to an Arabic text (control group). Brain activities were recorded and analyzed.
There were differences between the brain waves of the experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, all EEG frequency bands were decreased and the most of frequency bands changes observed in fronto-temporal pathway. In the control group, decrease in beta, high beta, gamma, gamma 1, gamma 2 and high gamma was evident in the central regions. In comparison to the control group, beta and gamma frequency bands increased in the experimental group.
Changes in the EEG frequency bands of fronto-temporal pathway of listening to the recitation of Quran suggest the potential use of that in alleviation of psychological disorders.

Human visual system is able to recognize the objects relevant information in natural images rapidly and efficiently. In the recognition process, an object can belong to different levels of abs traction (superordinate, basic, and subordinate) in a hierarchical s tructure. However, it remains unclear whether different ques tions at levels of object categorization for identical s timulus create different activation responses in the brain or not.
In order to inves tigate the relation between brain function and human behavior, three behavioral experimental s tudies have been designed with help of psychophysics’ toolbox in MATLAB R2015a. During these experiments, the participants asked to record animate, face, and animal face images as target images respect to the superordinate, basic, and subordinate levels, respectively. The experiments include seven blocks of 96 trials in superordinate (four blocks), basic (two blocks), and subordinate (one block) levels. Totally each subject has done 672 trials.
We observed that subjects’ reaction time were task dependent for the same images in contras t to previous s tudies. That is, images in the superordinate level were observed in the early component of reaction time whereas basic and subordinate levels emerged relatively late. In all levels, only a set of 48 target images (animal face) was analyzed. These target images were randomly mixed with other ones.
The results showed that superordinate level is well separated from the other two levels. In other words, this level needs more general information for object recognition process than other levels. These findings sugges t that categorization of objects at different levels has done by three dis tinct neuronal circuits. Moreover, these results indicate that there are some top-down signals which change the information processing path respect to the ques tions.

Using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), the aim of this study was to identify and prioritize the factors affecting neuromarketing in sports.
Societies and statistical samples in qualitative section were including 9 doctors of neurologists and neuroscience professionals and 8 marketers and experts in the field of marketing and neuromarketing. To this end, by preparing the couple scale questionnaires using AHP and confirm its validity by six experts, weighting and ranking of different factors were analyzed by the Expert choice software.
Software output analysis revealed that stimulation of the consumer feeling using their five senses (with weight of 0.303) is the most important factor that influence neuromarketing in sports followed by metaphor and memories associative as the second crucial factor. In addition, quality with grade importance was the most important factor in attracting trust component.
Identify and prioritize the factors affecting neuromarketing can help the managers and sport marketers to know how human brain reacted to the messages designed by the sport advertising and the methods that increase the likelihood of consumer to purchase sport products. In addition, neuromarketing could be helpful to decrease costs of advertisements in sport.

Most decisions are based on the accumulation of discrete pieces of evidence. This evidence has usually been separated with the various intervals. Indeed, how the brain gathers and combines distinct pieces of information received at different times is need to be clarified. In order to investigate the kinship between brain function and human behavior, the behavioral experimental studies could be designed. Previous studies demonstrated that subjects gather and effectively combine discrete evidence to improve their accuracy. In addition, it has been shown that the latest information has a larger influence on decisions. However, it remains unclear that why this larger influence of the later pulses occurs and what can affect this influence.
Dealing with these questions a perceptual decision-making task has been implemented by the psychophysics’ toolbox in MATLAB. Subjects, during the task, were instructed to report the direction of motion in a noisy random dot stimulus with certain keys. Stimuli were presented in continuous (one pulse) or discrete (two continuousness pulses separated with different intervals) form. Each of these two forms of stimuli was presented randomly during each session. Each session has been included 300 trials. Each subject has done 3600 trials. Data have been analyzed by regression models.
We observed that in double-pulse trials, the strength of the second pulse was more crucial in the accuracy of responses compared to the first pulse. In addition, this accuracy was dependent on the differences between the strength of the first and the last pulses.
These findings suggest that a key factor which affects the importance of pulses is the strength of the previous pulse. As the difference between the motion strength increases, the effect of the second pulse on choice accuracy enhanced.

Decision process is an accumulation-to-bound mechanism, in which momentary sensory evidence is accumulated over time toward a criterion level. This bounded evidence accumulation is represented in the activity of neurons in the lateral intraparietal (LIP) cortex. Whether the firing rate of LIP neuron contains post decision information (PDI) or returns to baseline level as soon as decision made needs to be clarified.
To investigate this issue, we conducted behavioral experiments based on the two forced-choice discrimination of motion direction. Human subjects reported the net direction of stochastic random dot motion by pressing a key of specified keys associated with the two possible directions of motion. Trials were separated by different time gaps.
Results showed that there is a preference in subjects to make a same decision as their pervious decision, especially in weak stimuli.
Our findings suggest that the value of decision variable (DV) after crossing the bound (named PDI) may accumulate with DV for the next decisions.

Background and Using images is a requirement of medical education and evaluation of effect of type of image on learner could be helpful for medical education. The purpose of the present study is comparison of two dimensional and three dimensional images in neuroscience learning. In present case control study, equal number of two dimensional and three dimensional images of neurons system were presented to 61 students in twice and learning is evaluated with four choice examination. Data were analyzed with Paired T Test and ANOVA. Findings show that three dimensional Picture have higher performance in education (P<0.01). Female have better performance than male (P<0.05) and there are no differences between both genders and type of images (P> 0.05). Three dimensional figures preference in memorizing is related to higher features of three dimensional stimuli than two dimensional. Interpreting symbols in two dimensional images caused overload of working memory and diminished learner performance.

Neuromarketing is an interdisciplinary field that is rapidly emerging in the world of consumer cognition research. Furthermore, it is an innovative field of marketing research which challenges the classic marketing model to improve our understanding of the processes associated with purchasing behavior. Neuromarketing is investigating the manner that consumers make the decision to purchase. Based on the neuromarketing concept of decision processing, consumer buying decisions rely on bi-systemic approaches. System 1 is based on fast automatic operations in contrast, decisions driven by System 2 are deliberate, conscious reasoning, and slow. In cognition of the consumer behavior, these processes guide everyday purchasing decisions. Furthermore, neuromarketing is built on the top of at least three basic science fields, including neuroscience, behavioral economics, and social psychology. The aim of this review was to investigate the different aspects of neuroscience involved in neuromarketing. The signals from the human body and brain are important for understanding the origins and operations of neuromarketing measures. Body measures are contained the facial expressions, eye movements, eye blink, startle reflex, behavioral responses, electrodermal activity, heart rate, blood pressure, pupil dilation, and respiration. The human brain signals are captured by the blood oxygenation, positron emissions, electrical fields, and magnetic fields.
Understanding the basic functions of human brain is crucial in investigation of consumers’ purchasing behaviors.

One of the major issues in consumer behavior is to understand consumer decision making process which always attracts scholars, marketers and managers. After disappointment from traditional methods, new emerging and combined methods have been developed, such as neuromaketing approaches. The combination of neuro and marketing implies the merging of two branches of science (neuroscience and marketing). Neuromarketing is a new field of marketing research that studies consumers’ cognitive and affective responses to marketing stimuli. Researchers use technologies, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging electroencephalogram and eye-tracking methods, to measure changes in the brain activity to improve our understanding on how consumers make the decisions and what part of their brain is involved in this decision. Despite the perceived advantages of neuromarketing, some marketing scholars are reluctant to apply these neuroscience methods and there is still uncertainty about neuromarketing.
The purpose of this review is to delineate a clear and comprehensive picture of neuromarketing as well as to address functional and empirical aspects of neuromarketing tools. A better understanding of neuromarketing may increase our knowledge in its fundamental implications with marketing and management.

Thanks to advanced imaging devices، the rapid growth of neurosciences and identification of various functions in different parts of the brain has lead to new perspectives open in a variety of sciences. This paper outlines the prospects for integrating findings of neuroscience and education. This paper is the outcome of a non-systematic review through searching scientific databases such as Science Direct and Springer and search engines such as Google as well as library sources. Main key terms in our search were neuroeducation، bridging education، and neuroscience. Although methods to achieve results in neuroscience and education are significantly different and combination of the findings of these two fields may appear difficult، the emergence of a new interdisciplinary field seems to be possible in the future. The findings of neuroscience have generated new insights to education professionals. The results of educational psychologists’ studies as well، have placed new questions and study fields to neuroscientists. Closer scientific cooperation between experts of these two fields may lead to promising findings that can affect human life

Using cochlear implant has indicated a significant positive effects on the hearing improvement of many impaired children. Although cochlear implantation has provided marked benefits in a wide range of linguistic, psychological and social abilities in these children, numerous researches indicated that the effects can be reduced without support from home, education and rehabilitation. Thus, many researchers have tried to introduce the most efficient methods of rehabilitation of these children. Music is one of these methods, having many advocates. The purpose of this review was to show how and why music can be useful for cochlear implant children according to some neurological evidences.
In this study, the effects of music on various aspects of growth and brain development in different people are reviewed. Then, based on the results of these studies and development of linguistic and musical areas in the hearing impaired children brains, various therapeutic aspects of music for these children are analyzed.Hearing impaired children have delay in development of linguistic abilities compared to their peers. Music could compensate this delay via stimulating different areas of the brain. It increases neuronal growth factors, neurogenesis and plasticity. Thus, it may improve many auditory, linguistic and even cognitive and motor skills in hearing impaired children and thereby compensate their developmental delays.

In order to provide a forum to discuss and present the state of art and up-to-date neurosurgical treatments, operative techniques, clinical and technological advances, and making ground for research in the neuroscience field, the first Razavi International Neurosurgery Congress was held in Razavi Neuroscience Center in Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran from July 11-13, 2012. Twenty-Five neurosurgeons from around the world (USA, Germany, England, Italy, Egypt, Switzerland, Syria, Bulgaria, Afghanistan, Brazil and Australia) participated in this congress, alongside many locals. The Sarah Jane Brain Foundation (located in New York, USA) was an official partner of this congress. Lectures presented spanned a wide spectrum of neurological diseases including: cerebrovascular, endovascular, peripheral nerve, trauma, intracranial tumors, pain and functional, pediatric neurosurgery and basic neuroscience. Over 100 lectures and poster presentations were shared in this congress. All with one purpose is to enhance the collaboration between clinical neurosurgeons and neuroscientists in Iran and their colleagues from around the world and provide the highest neurosurgical care and management to the Iranian people and surrounding region. More than 50 percent of the members of the audience in this Congress were younger than 30 years of age training of these young clinicians and scientists by well-known neurosurgeons raises hope for a brighter future for patients in this region.

Understanding the function of different kinds of neurons in the brain has been a priority in basic and clinical neuroscience for ages. Optogenetics provides the ability to use light to inhibit or activate specific neuron types within neural networks. It enhances the ability of neuroscientists to understand how neurons contribute to brain functions both in health and disease. Optogenetics is a technology that allows fast control of precisely defined events in biological systems from cells of a cell culture to very complex systems in freely moving animals. Optogenetic approaches deliver precise and fast optical control and open new landscapes for the study of biological processes within neural networks in vivo and in vitro. Experiments on conscious animals usually insert an optical fiber connected to a remote laser into the brain or employ an implanted light-emitting diode (LED) connected to a remote power source. Recently, a fully wireless system has been designed to allow long-term experiments on moving animals. The present study reviewed available optogenetic approaches.