جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فعالیت جسمانی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Hemodialysis is a commonly successful method for controlling chronic kidney failure. However, dialysis patients face numerous physical and mental stressors that diminish their quality of life and sense of well-being, and one of these physical factors is muscle cramps. Because these patients have low physical endurance and may dialyze through the veins in their hands, they should focus on exercising with their legs to relief muscle cramps and improve overall quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of physical activity on muscle cramps in the patients undergoing hemodialysis at Shahid Madani Hospital of Khoi city in 2023.

The present study was semi-experimental. The sample size was calculated 34 patients, with 17 in the intervention and 17 in the control groups, based on previous studies and using a formula. Convenience sampling was conducted to choose the cases and controls, and then by randomly selecting the cards to divide them into intervention and control groups. The physical activity program involved a 30-minute walking session for three times a week for intervention group. The walks occurred right after the hemodialysis session or in an outdoor area at Shahid Madani Khoi Hospital, with the patient's prior coordination. Both groups completed the demographic characteristics questionnaire at the start of the intervention. They also filled out the visual analog scale for the intensity of muscle cramp pain at the beginning and end of the intervention. The data were then statistically analyzed.

The results showed no significant difference between the mean muscle cramp pain scores in the control and intervention groups before the intervention (p>0.05). However, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean muscle cramp pain scores in the control and intervention groups after the intervention (p<0.05), as in the intervention group, the mean muscle cramp pain score was decreased compared to the control group.

The study demonstrated that physical activity is effective in alleviating muscle cramp pain. Therefore, recognizing the significance of educational interventions in enhancing the well-being of patients and their caregivers, healthcare managers can improve patients' health by implementing measures such as written educational programs and workshops aimed at highlighting the pivotal role of physical activity.

Social factors and health-related behaviors, including physical activities and nutrition, play an important role in status of cognitive abilities in the elderly. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of social isolation, physical activity and nutritional habits in predicting age-related cognitive decline and executive function failure in the elderly. The research design was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population in this research included all elderly men and women in nursing homes in Tehran in 1401, from which 258 participants were selected based on Tabachnick and Fidell's formula by convenience sampling, and they were asked to the Folstein et al’s Mini Mental State Exam, Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale, Lubben Social Network Scale, Washburn et al.'s Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, and Guigoz et al.'s Mini Nutritional Assessment. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis with SPSS-26 software. The results showed that physical activity and nutritional habits have a negative and significant relationship with cognitive decline and executive function deficiency (p<0.001). Social isolation did not have a significant relationship with cognitive decline and failure of executive functions (p>0.05). In addition, the physical activity predicted the cognitive decline of the elderly by 20% and the nutritional habits by the amount of 14% predicted the failure of the executive functions of the elderly (p<0.001). It is concluded that proper physical activity and having a good nutrition pattern can be associated with the reduction of cognitive deficits in the elderly. This result contains implications in developing preventive and intervention programs to improve the cognitive ability of the elderly.

Background and Objectives Pregnancy is one of the most important periods of a woman's life, which affects most body systems due to the extensive metabolic needs of pregnancy. This research aimed to compare quality of life, thyroid function, and blood glucose profile in active and inactive pregnant women. Subjects and Methods In the present study, 120 pregnant women were purposefully selected from the pregnant women who were referred to the women's Clinic of Amir al-Momenin and Social Security Hospital in Ahvaz, Khuzestan province, Iran, in 2022. The activity and inactivity of pregnant women were based on the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ). In addition, the participants completed the quality of life questionnaires (WHOQOL-BREF). To measure thyroid hormones and sugar profile, blood sampling was done in the Hospital Laboratory while fasting. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and independent t-test. Results The results of the present research showed that active pregnant women had significantly higher quality of life and T3 and T4 hormones compared to inactive pregnant women. Furthermore, active pregnant women had significantly lower fasting blood glucose, two-hour blood glucose, and thyroid-stimulating hormone compared to inactive pregnant women. Conclusion Overall, the present study emphasizes the importance of the role of physical activity on the psychological and physiological variables of pregnant women and suggests exercise interventions in future research.

Background and Objectives Type 1 diabetes (T1D), which is generally known as insulin-dependent diabetes,is caused by insulin deficiency due to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells of the immune systemand usually occurs in the early stages of life.The aim of this study was to investigate cognitive disorderscaused by type 1 diabetes.Subjects and Methods In this review study, the studies on functional and cognitive complications of T1Dwere searched in Google Scholar and PubMed databases using the keywords type 1 diabetes, cognitivefunction, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, physical activity, nutrition, and glycemic control.Results The findings indicated the possibility of cognitive complications in people with T1D in all ages,and the severity and risk of these complications are related to aging and the presence of diabetic complicationssuch as hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in the long term.Conclusion It is recommended to use cognitive-behavioral interventions, improve nutrition and physicalactivity, and use blood sugar monitoring and control, along with drug treatment, to prevent or improvecognitive complications in T1D patients.

The reduced level of physical activity is a current global concern. To address this concern, encouraging physical activity should be highlighted by public health policymakers of the countries. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the policies on physical activity in Iran.

In this qualitative study, the analytical framework was adopted to interview 23 key informants selected by the targeted sampling with maximum variation from October 2020 to February 2021. The semi-structured interviews were performed and analyzed until the data saturation was achieved. MAXQDA-10 software was used for data management.

Different factors including managerial-structural, socio-cultural, political (i.e., policymaking, legal, and international), and situational factors (i.e., perceived environmental factors, changes in people's lifestyle, and restrictions caused by COVID-19) were the main contextual factors affecting the policymaking process.

It was concluded that several relevant factors affected the policymaking in Iran regarding the physical activity. Therefore, it was recommended that these contributory factors should be considered by policymakers when making policies on physical activities.

This study aims to meta-analyze the studies on the effects of regular physical activity on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

In this study, a search was conducted for the related articles in Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science, SID, MagIran, and IranDoc databases. Articles published until April 2021 were searched using the keywords multiple sclerosis, MS, exercise, physical activity, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, and cytokines. For accuracy in selecting and evaluating the methodological quality of the studies, the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale was used. Comprehensive meta-analysis software was used for meta-analysis.

Of 408 found articles, 9 were finally selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria (six studies for BDNF and three studies for IL-17) for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis results showed that regular physical activity did not increase the difference between the control and experimental groups in the levels of BDNF and IL-17. These exercises could not cause significant changes in people with MS.

Although regular physical activity alone cannot affect cytokine levels in MS patients, it can be used as a complementary treatment along drug therapy in these patients, because it not only does not increase the inflammation or severity of the disease, but also can help these patients reduce the risk of secondary disorders.

Providing mobile-based cognitive-behavioral interventions reduces physical complications and enhances the quality of life in diabetic patients by improving physical activities. The present study aimed to determine the effect of a model-based intervention based on the health action process approach model (HAPA) on physical activity in the elderly with type 2 diabetes in Qazvin.

The current study was a randomized controlled trial, and using a simple random sampling method, 120 elderly people with type 2 diabetes participated in experimental and control groups. The educational intervention consisted of six virtual training sessions with the aim of promoting the psychological constructs affecting physical activity through short lectures, group discussions, and individual counseling associated with educational pamphlets, audio files, and educational SMS. The scales related to the HAPA model and international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQs) were completed by two groups before and three months after the educational intervention. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 25.0), and a significance level of less than 0.05 was considered.

The mean age of the participants was 60.7 ± 9.23 years, and 64.17% of cases were female. The results of covariance analysis demonstrated that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, the mean of HAPA constructs as perceived risk, outcome expectancy, social support, action self-efficacy, maintenance self-efficacy, recovery self-efficacy, action planning, coping planning, behavioral intention, and the level of physical activity improved in the experimental group (P<0.001).

As evidenced by the obtained results, the provision of mobile-based cognitive-behavioral interventions led to an increase in the level of physical activity in diabetic patients by improving the psychological variables related to the HAPA model.

Health promotion should be done in all age groups, because it can reduce the risk factors and prevent or treat the diseases [2, 8]. Sport activities in leisure time play an important role in improving health and fitness. The attempt to develop these activities are considered as a challenge at international level [9]. Low participation in physical activities can cause health-related problems including overweight among children and adolescents, which is a major concern [10]. Evidence indicates a decrease in regular physical activity in late adolescence, which is one of the public health problems in the world. Adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood and many life habits such as regular physical activity naturally start and continue in this period [11]. The use of behaviorist theories related to health-promoting issues such as physical activity is of particular importance. This study aims to evaluate the effect of an educational program regarding how to spend leisure time based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on male school students’ attitude towards physical activity and their intention to participate in sports activities.

In this quasi-experimental study, 40 male high school students (aged 13-17 years) were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (n=20) and control (n=20). To develop the educational package, all theories and studies related to teaching how to spend leisure time on physical and sports activities were first reviewed. Then, based on the literature and TPB, the items affecting the education in adolescents were collected. The opinions of some professors in sports management were used to evaluate the validity of items. To design the educational package, the results of educational programs used in the studies by Wang and Wang (2015), Tölkes and Butzmann  (2016), Reysen et al. (2018), and Ramchandani et al. (2017) were also considered. The intervention was provided at 10 sessions. Two 18-item questionnaires of TPB related to attitude towards physical activity and intention to participate in sports activities were used. To check the homogeneity of demographic characteristics between the two groups, chi-squared test and independent t-test were used. To examine the research hypotheses, analysis of covariance, independent t-test, and paired t-test were used. Before conducting the analysis of covariance, its assumptions were examined. 

Results :

The results of chi-squared test showed no significant difference between both the two groups in terms of educational grade and favorite sport (P>0.05). Based on the results of independent t-test, the homogeneity of the groups in terms of attitude and intention regarding physical activity was approved (P>0.05). The paired t-test showed no significant difference in the mean score of intention to participate in sports activities before and after the intervention in the control group (P=0.322), while there was a significant difference in the intervention group (P=0.001). Moreover, the results of independent t-test comparing post-test scores between the two groups showed that in the intervention group, due to teaching how to spend leisure time based on the TPB, the intention to participate in sports activities increased significantly (P<0.001). The value of Eta squared coefficient in analysis of covariance showed that the educational program explained 45.8% of changes in the intention to participate in sports activities (P=0.002). Therefore, it can be said that the educational program based on the TPB had a significant effect on the student’s intention. Regarding their attitude towards physical activity, the value of Eta squared coefficient showed that the educational program explained a 23.8 % of changes in attitude towards physical activity.

Discussion :

The present study showed that the educational program based on the TPB had a significant effect on high school students’ attitude towards physical activity and intention to participate in sports activities. One major barrier to have physical activities is the lack of knowledge of the benefits of these activities and sports [21]. people’s perceptions and attitudes towards the barriers and benefits of participating in sports activities are important factors that can affect their participation in a regular and health-oriented activities [20, 21]. Therefore, evaluation of students’ perceptions and attitudes towards physical activity have received great attention [13]. There is a gap between intention and participation in an activity. Factors such as knowledge, ability, access, cooperation and unpredicted conditions can fill this gap. However, behavioral intention can be the most important factor in one’s participation in a sports activity. A comprehensive educational program based on a TPB regarding how to spend leisure time on physical activities can increase the physical activities and, as a result, cause an active lifestyle in adolescents and improve their quality of life and health.

Sedentariness and lack of physical activity is one of the complications of old age in the present time. Considering the special requirements of old age, it is very important to pay attention to behaviors that promote health and quality of life in the elderly. The purpose of the present study was to determine and investigate the effect of instructional intervention on the level of physical activity of elderly women based on the behavioral intention model.

The present semi-experimental study applied a pre-test-post-test method with a control group, which was conducted in 2021 on elderly women over 60 years of age in Sanandaj, Iran. The participants were randomly divided into two intervention (30 people) and control (30 people) groups. The researcher-made questionnaire data collection tool included two sections of demographic information and planned behavior theory constructs, as well as an international physical activity questionnaire. The method of training in the intervention group includes; It was a face-to-face and question-and-answer training that was held during four 45-minute sessions. Collected data were analyzed using Golmogorov Smironov, chi-square and Mann-Whitney statistical tests.

The average age of the participants in the intervention group was 70.6 ± 0.7 and the control group was 73.9 ± 8.2. The findings showed that comparing the average scores; Attitude constructs, abstract soft, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention in the intervention and control groups after the educational intervention, a statistically significant difference was observed (p=0.0001). Moreover, the amount of engaging in physical activity among the elderly in the intervention group significantly increased after the educational intervention (p=0.0001).

The educational program based on the theory of planned behavior has increased physical activity in elderly women by affecting the dimensions of control, attitude, behavioral intention, norm mentality and awareness of the elderly.

Migraine is a chronic disease and the most common type of debilitating headache in children.The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between self-management and headache severity, quality of life and physical activity in children with migraine.

In this cross-sectional study, 200 children with chronic migraine referred to the clinic of Besat Hospital and Imam Khomeini Clinic in Hamadan during the years 2019-2021 were studied. The research tools consisted of questionnaires for demographic information, stages of pain transformation, examining the effect of headache, Kindle quality of life and physical activity. Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation test were used to analyze the data. The significance level was at 0.05.

One-way analysis of variance test showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of headache self-management and the duration of migraine attacks in terms of headache severity. There was a direct and significant relationship between headache intensity score and quality of life and the number of migraine headache symptoms (P < 0.05)and a significant inverse relationship (P < 0.01)with the number of migraine attacks per month. There was a statistically significant difference between number of migraine episodes in a month and the severity of headache (P < 0.01).

Self-management was not associated with the headache severity, quality of life and physical activity, but severe headache reduced the quality of life and decreased the frequency of symptoms and increased the number of migraine episodes per month.

Employees are among the least active groups in society. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of comprehensive interventions to provide appropriate conditions in the workplace in order to increase physical activity or exercise by using the transtheoretical model of change (TTM).

The present study was a workplace-based semi-experimental intervention conducted in 2013 with the participation of 90 employees of the Vice-Chancellor of Health in Markazi Province, Iran. In group discussion sessions with employees, the factors affecting sedentary lifestyle and strategies to increase it were extracted. After prioritization, the interventions to change the staff's physical activity were performed within eight weeks. Before and after the interventions, the number of steps taken with the help of a pedometer and the rate of behavior change was measured by a questionnaire of structures of the trans-theoretical model. Finally, the collected data was analyzed by SPSS software version 20 and with the help of paired t-test, chi-square, and analysis of variance.

The mean (SD) age of participants was 47.4 (12.9)years. The average number of steps before the intervention was 6964, which increased to 9369 after the intervention (P<0.001). Before the intervention, 12.5% of participants had at least 10,000 steps per day, which reached 39.9% after the intervention (P<0.001). Before the intervention, only 20.5% of participants had regular physical activity during the action and maintenance phase, which increased to 51.3% after the intervention (P<0.001).

The results of this study showed that workplace adaptation interventions, in order to change the physical activity of the staff, by TTM changed model and pedometer, have been effective in increasing their physical activity.

Since 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, triggered by SARS-CoV-2, represents the major global issue affecting the lifestyle of people around the world. Wuhan, China was the first city to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but the virus soon spread around the world, forcing the World Health Organization to declare a global epidemic on March 11, 2020 (1). Previous pathological conditions or comorbidities such as old age are one of the main causes of premature death and increased morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19 (4). Inactivity due to hospitalization and bed rest and reduced physical activity due to constant quarantine and social distancing can reduce the ability of organ systems to resist viral infection and the risk of damage to the immune, respiratory, and Increase cardiovascular systems, musculoskeletal and nervous system (4). On the other hand, the health benefits of physical activity, from cardiovascular health to mental health, have been well established (5). Decreased physical activity and increased sedentary behaviors were reported during quarantine in several populations, including children and patients with a variety of medical conditions (6). In general, COVID-19 lifestyle changes have led to a decrease in physical activity and consequently more inactivity in different parts of the community, which can pose a risk to general or mental health, especially for certain populations. In this study, we have tried to review the neurological and psychological effects of COVID-19 and the resulting lifestyle changes, and specifically the role of exercise in relation to these effects.
Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) manifestations can occur during and after COVID-19, but the underlying mechanisms, symptomatology, and frequency of these complications are not well understood (7). Limited postmortem studies have shown signs of hypoxic brain damage and inflammatory neurological changes in the brainstem, while neuropathological data from the PNS are almost non-existent. Due to the cause, direct invasion of acute respiratory syndrome of COVID-19 virus to nerve tissue has been suggested in several cases, but autoimmune damage and neurological complications related to intensive care management can also be effective. The contribution of these mechanisms to the overall burden of CNS and PNS complications of COVID-19 is unknown (7). Follow-ups in Germany and the United Kingdom have shown that neuropsychological symptoms after COVID-19 in 20 to 70% of patients, even in young adults, last for months after the onset of respiratory symptoms, suggesting brain involvement persists (9). COVID-19, which enters through angiotensin-converting enzyme receptors, can damage endothelial cells, leading to inflammation, thrombosis, and brain damage. In addition, systemic inflammation leads to a decrease in monoamines and neurotrophic factors and activation of microglia, which leads to an increase in glutamate and N-methyl-d-aspartate-3 and excitatory toxicity, and these factors cause the onset or exacerbation of existing neuropsychiatric symptoms. They are already (9). However, the extent of damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic strain is still speculated; it has recently been suggested that irregular neuro-endocrine-immune interactions may be behind psychiatric manifestations observed in quarantined individuals (12, 13). Persistent and increased stressful events can direct immune, endocrine, and nervous system responses primarily through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) mediated dysfunction (12), and changes in the levels of systemic inflammatory mediators or the brain predispose individuals to pathological psychological conditions. It acts like anxiety and depression. In addition, stress can be a potential trigger for neuroinflammation, a term used to indicate an imbalance or intensification of immune signals in the brain that can lead to several disorders such as aggression, psychosis, depression, and anxiety disorders (12). Covid 19 has also been shown to alter nerve growth factors that may affect the neuropsychological effects of Covid-19 (16,17).
The current situation of the epidemic as a stressful situation has led to a decrease in physical activity in the general population. Considering that exercise training has been shown to be useful in a number of pathologies with which post-COVID-19 syndrome bears similarities in terms of symptoms and possible pathogenic mechanisms; therefore, it is necessary to consider the potential optimal effect that this has on the improvement or prevention of COVID-19 neuropsychiatric complications. Despite the benefits of exercise, there are limitations to sports activities for different people, which can endanger the neurological and mental health of different people, especially people with underlying diseases or people with special conditions such as patients, children and the elderly. A review of a study that specifically looked at the effect of exercise training on nerve function in patients with COVID-19 were not found; However, based on trials, general recommendations for exercise training in patients have been identified that may be beneficial to the neurocognitive effects of COVID-19 in both healthy individuals and those with COVID-19 syndrome.
There is ample evidence that appropriate, supervised exercise may be an effective multisystem therapy to reduce the neuropsychological effects of COVID-19 syndrome, which is commensurate with the variety of cases and symptoms. Further studies on the effects of exercise-based therapies on post-COVID-19 syndrome are needed to provide practical insights into what type of exercise training should preferably be prescribed, with an emphasis on weight management and adherence strategies. In addition, the effect of post-COVID-19 syndrome on neuropsychological complications of certain demographic groups such as children, adolescents or the elderly remains unknown; Even exercise training and rehabilitation programs for neuropsychiatric complications in these individuals are not known. Overall, a multidisciplinary and integrated approach, part of which is related to sports science, is essential to improve individuals' clinical conditions; nevertheless, neurological and psychological aspects must be integrated into the assessment, as well as the social impact that this pathology entails. Due to the limitations of studies, new proposals for long-term research into the disease in an effort to restore full function and return to previous life are recommended.

Various scientific evidences indicate an active lifestyle as a key factor in the continuation of successful aging. Nervous systems, on the other hand, potentially underlie thoughts, emotions, personality factors, and emotional reactions associated with approachable and avoidant behaviors. Exercise has been shown to lead to neurological changes and increase brain function and mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of physical activity and gender on inhibition and behavioral activation systems in the elderly.

The statistical population of this study consisted of active and inactive elderly with an age range (60-70) years from Kermanshah. Sampling method was available. The samples of this study included 95 subjects (63 males and 32 females) active and inactive elderly. The evaluation tool was Carver and White (1994) Behavioral Inhibition / Activation Systems Questionnaire and measured the level of physical activity.

The results of two-way analysis of variance to compare the behavioral activation system in active and inactive men and women showed the main effect of gender (p = 0.83), the main effect of physical activity (p = 0.28), the interactive effect of gender and physical activity (p 0.88). =) Is not meaningful. Comparison of means showed that active male elderly have higher mean of behavioral activation system and inactive female elderly have lower mean of behavioral activation system. The results of two-way analysis of variance to compare the behavioral inhibition system in active and inactive male and female elderly showed that the main effect of gender is significant (p = 0.002). Comparison of means showed that older men have a higher average behavioral inhibition system than older women. Comparison of means showed that the active male elderly have a higher mean behavioral inhibition system and the inactive elderly elderly have a lower mean behavioral inhibition system.

Findings of this study show that physical activity has an effect on nerve function and improving the quality of life of the elderly. On the other hand, due to gender differences in the functioning of brain-behavioral systems and barriers to exercise for the elderly, including health, pain, laziness and lack of motivation, On the other hand, due to gender differences in the activity of brain-behavioral systems and barriers to exercise for the elderly, including health, pain, laziness and lack of motivation, health and fitness professionals who work with adults with proper planning and motivation of the elderly. Lead to physical activity and exercise.

Aging is a process over time that leads to negative structural and functional changes in the loss of adaptation and coordination both physically and mentally. An active lifestyle can minimize the progression of many debilitating conditions and chronic diseases, as well as help achieve aging and healthy well-being. The aim of the present study was to compare the cognitive triangle and mental health in the elderly living in nursing homes, homes and active elderly.

The present was causal-comparative. The statistical population consisted of the elderly (40 people from each group) living in a nursing home, living at home and an athlete in Malayer. 120 elderly were selected by convenience sampling method based on inclusion criteria. Data collection was performed using demographic questionnaires, cognition triangle and GHQ general health questionnaire. Multivariate analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

Active elderly had significantly better scores of physical symptoms, anxiety and depression than the other two groups and the elderly living in the home group had better physical symptoms, anxiety and depression than the resident group of the nursing home. For the variable of social symptoms, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the active elderly group and the elderly living in nursing homes (p <0.05). The active elderly had higher mean physical symptoms than the other two groups, There was no significant difference in nursing homes. There are significant pair differences between the scores of the cognitive triangle components of self-attitude, attitude towards the future and attitude towards the world in the groups of active elderly, home residents and nursing home residents (p <0.05). The active elderly had a significantly better score in the three components of the cognitive triangle than the other two groups and the elderly in the home group had a better score in the triangular components than the resident group in the nursing home.

Findings of this study show that physical activity helps to improve mental health and cognitive triangle, so to maintain mental and physical health of the elderly should be appropriate strategies.Introduction and

Aging is a process over time that leads to negative structural and functional changes in the loss of adaptation and coordination both physically and mentally. An active lifestyle can minimize the progression of many debilitating conditions and chronic diseases, as well as help achieve aging and healthy well-being. The aim of the present study was to compare the cognitive triangle and mental health in the elderly living in nursing homes, homes and active elderly.

The present was causal-comparative. The statistical population consisted of the elderly (40 people from each group) living in a nursing home, living at home and an athlete in Malayer. 120 elderly were selected by convenience sampling method based on inclusion criteria. Data collection was performed using demographic questionnaires, cognition triangle and GHQ general health questionnaire. Multivariate analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

Active elderly had significantly better scores of physical symptoms, anxiety and depression than the other two groups and the elderly living in the home group had better physical symptoms, anxiety and depression than the resident group of the nursing home. For the variable of social symptoms, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the active elderly group and the elderly living in nursing homes (p <0.05). The active elderly had higher mean physical symptoms than the other two groups, There was no significant difference in nursing homes. There are significant pair differences between the scores of the cognitive triangle components of self-attitude, attitude towards the future and attitude towards the world in the groups of active elderly, home residents and nursing home residents (p <0.05). The active elderly had a significantly better score in the three components of the cognitive triangle than the other two groups and the elderly in the home group had a better score in the triangular components than the resident group in the nursing home.

Findings of this study show that physical activity helps to improve mental health and cognitive triangle, so to maintain mental and physical health of the elderly should be appropriate strategies.

Objective (s): 

Aging is one of the most important anthropological phenomena of the 21st century. Thus due to various benefits of physical activity for health and fitness, it considers being one of the most important factors in healthy aging. This study aimed to investigate physical activity and its determinants in older adults.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 393 older adults in Mazandaran, Iran, using a multi-stage sampling method. Inclusion criteria included elderly men and women over 60 years of age and their tendency to participate in the study. The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the physical activity questionnaire for older adults (CHAMPS), incentive factors, and barriers to physical activity. Descriptive statistics, t-test, and regression were used to analyze the data.

The age of participants ranged from 60-94 years. The results showed that 25.96% of the older adults were sedentary and 34.86% had low-intensity, 38.42% had a moderate intensity and 0.76% had high-intensity physical activity. The main factors for physical activity were: The right companion, feeling relaxed, friends’ encouragement, meeting friends, the doctor prescribing, and maintaining fitness. Barriers included illness and medical factors, long distances, lack of sports venues, fear of falling and injury, lack of access to equipment and facilities. The results also indicated a relationship between physical activity and variables such as age, living conditions, elderly male occupation, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis.

Overall, physical activity in older adults seems to be multifactorial in nature, and a wide range of socio-demographic factors are involved in determining the level of individual activity. The level of physical activity in the present study was low and most participants had low-intensity physical activity. Based on the findings, identifying effective factors and barriers has an important role in promoting physical activity in older adults.

Iran will become the oldest country in the foreseeable future according to Iranchr('39')s statistical center report. Improvement of physical activity level between elderly is one of the most effective factors in correcting peoplechr('39')s life style and helps in successful aging. Using the leading countries experience as appropriate pattern could consider as one of the backgrounds of macro planning for elderly physical activity developments. We tried in this survey to extract and conceptualize valuable points that are useful in area of aging crisis management for countrychr('39')s health and sports department future planning.

23 valid and strategic documents and documents of elderly physical activity development planning of successful countries and valid and relevant international organization analyzed Which were uploaded and published in a reputable database between 2001 and 2019; They were crawled by Google Scholar and Google search engines and were validated in reputable databases such as ISI and Scopus or uploaded to government and official websites. Using the qualitative method of content analysis and the network of themes by the method of Brown and Clark (2006) until the theoretical saturation was analyzed. Manually and researcher-centered the Key, organized and basic themes conceptualized during 4 coherent phases of analysis and search for themes for this purpose and finally, their thematic network was drawn.

The results of data codification during three phases and summarization of extracted key themes caused detection of 32 coherent themes and 5 basis themes including basic and structural components, software components, hardware components, social and cultural components and operational components, in addition to thematic network.

It is recommended that, countrychr('39')s health and sports department managers and authorities codify and perform useful strategic and operational plans for encountering to aging crisis and citizen successful aging by using this collection of extracted themes.

Regular physical activity is one of the components of a healthy lifestyle that improves public health, reduces burden of disease and medical costs in societies.  Mashhad high school girl students were recruited

 This quasi-experimental study was performed on 68 high school girl students in Mashhad.  After determining the needs, educational intervention was conducted within the framework of the theory of planned behavior in the respective schools.  Data were collected in three stages before and immediately after three months of educational intervention by Planned Behavioral Questionnaire and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) by SPSS 16 software.  Mann-Whitney, regression and duplicate data analyzes were used in data analysis.

The findings showed that there was a significant difference in the mean scores of planned behavior theory structures in the experimental group compared to the control group after the educational intervention.  Also, the level of physical activity of the girls increased after the intervention compared to before the intervention.  However, these changes were not significant due to research limitation (p <0. 05)

 the implementation of educational program based on the theory of planned behavior through increasing attitudes, subjective norms and behavioral intention along with creating the necessary infrastructure to create behavior can have a positive impact on promoting adolescent girlschr('39') tendency.  To have physical activity

Physical activity plays an undeniable role in accelerating the recovery and prevention of complications in hypertensive patients. The purpose of this study was to determine factors affecting physical activity in hypertensive patients using Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model in 2019-2020.

By convenience sampling, 176 hypertensive patients from the health care centers of Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh city were selected to participate in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Data were measured by demographic information questionnaire, International Physical Activity Questionnaire and HAPA Model related Scales. Data were analyzed using AMOS 22.0 software and chi-square, independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis.

Intention, coping self-efficacy, action self-efficacy, and outcome expectancies were significantly correlated with physical activity (p<0.05). Also, action self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, perceived risks had significant effect on intention (p<0.01). Moreover, the path coefficient between intention (p<0.05) and coping self-efficacy (p<0.01) with physical activity behavior was significant. Finally, the HAPA model fitted well to the data and its constructs described 45% and 31% of the variance in intention and physical activity behavior, respectively.

The results emphasized the role of psychological variables such as action self-efficacy, coping self-efficacy, outcome expectancies and perceived risks in regular physical activity and also suggested the use of HAPA model for explaining factors affecting regular physical activity in hypertensive patients.

 The World Health Organization (WHO) has selected reducing the prevalence of sedentary behavior as its top priority by 2025. One of the holistic models of lifestyle modification is Pender's Health Promotion Model. The purpose of this study is to determine the effective components to perform and maintain physical activity in middle-aged women.

 This was a cross-sectional study of the variance-covariance matrix. The data were collected from health centers in the west of Ahvaz on different days in 2018 based on a structural equation modeling approach. This data included demographic characteristics, commitment to do and maintain physical activity, social support, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and perceived enjoyment. The average variance extracted index (AVE) and Fornell-Larker criterion were used to assess convergent and divergent validity, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients and composite reliability were used to assess internal consistency. 

 The mean and standard deviation of the age was 38/22 ± 6/72 years. Controllable barriers had the highest (0.265) and uncontrollable barriers the least (0.152) effect on the commitment to do and maintain physical activity. Also, composite reliability coefficients of controllable (0.75) and uncontrollable (0.79) barriers were found to be favorable.

 The proposed model had a sufficient fit to determine the main components' commitment to do and maintain physical activity in middle-aged women. It is recommended to pay particular attention to the role of controllable and uncontrollable barriers along with the perceived pleasure in commitment to do and maintain physical activity in middle-aged women.

The purpose of present study was investigated of association between the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and physical activity at work, leisure time and during exercise among over 30 years old male students in Sabzevar. 200 male students over 30 years old of University of Applied Sciences in Sabzevar city randomly were selected. Components associated with the metabolic syndrome were measured. The physical activity levels of the participants in the three domains measured by "the Baecke Physical Activity questionnaire". The mean of each component of the metabolic syndrome in three BMI groups were analyzed by ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between metabolic syndrome and its components with physical activity levels. weight, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, triglyceride, prevalence of metabolic syndrome significantly were high in overweight and obese subjects than normal weight people but, total physical activity and domains significantly were low (p˂0.05). The risk of increased abdominal obesity, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and triglyceride levels were significantly lower in active and relative active people than inactive people (p˂0.05). The chance of having a metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in inactive people during exercise than active peoples (p˂0.05). it seems that in obese and overweight Sabzevar male students the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components more than normal weight males. Also, Inactive people are more likely to be exposed to metabolic syndrome and some of its components than active people.