جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فعالیت حرکتی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a movement disorder that results from non-progressive motor injuries originating before, during, or immediately after birth. Exercise plays a significant role in motor improvement. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of circuit exercise training on the gross motor function of children with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy.

This clinical trial was performed on 34 cerebral palsy children, who were divided into two equal groups of 17 experimental (circuit training with one session per week of occupational therapy) and occupational therapy group.The GMFM-88 was used to evaluate gross motor function changes before and after 12 weeks of exercise. Circuit exercises training were performed three times a week for 12 weeks. These exercises were designed in three sets and each set consisted of 6 stations. The duration of activity and rest in each station was equal to 30 seconds.

The results of statistical tests showed that all components of gross motor function, in both exercise and occupational therapy group (except lying and rolling) significantly improved (P <0.05). However, in the intergroup comparison, a significant improvement was observed in gross motor function and its components in the circuit exercise training group compared to the occupational therapy group (p = 0.01).

The results of this study showed that circuit exercise trainings with occupational therapy can further improve the performance of gross motor movements in children with Spastic diplegia cerebral palsy compared to occupational therapy.

Physical inactivity as a reason of 6 percent of mortality is identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality. Women are more inactive than men. Health volunteers are one of the most important loops of primary health care networks for educating the urban community. Applying the Stage of Change Model as an integrated pattern in behavior change is a good guide to exercise interventions. To determine the effect of intervention based on Stage of Change Model on the promotion of physical activity of Health Volunteers in Rasht as pineers in learning healthy lifestyles. This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 176 Health Volunteers in Rasht that randomly assigned into experimental and control groups by multistage sampling. Data were collected by a valid and reliable self-administered questionnaire including demographic data, Stages of Change Model constructs, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-long form) before and 3 months after intervention in two groups. Data were analyzed by Independent T-Test, Paired T-Test, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney U, McNemar, Chi-square, one-Sample and two-sample Kolmogrov-Smirnov in SPSS-18 software. After educational intervention, there was a significant difference in the movement toward physical activity in the experimental group (p=0.005). Also, there was a significant difference between the mean score of physical activity after intervention in the experimental group (p=0.03). The results indicate a positive effect of intervention based on Stage of Change Model on the promotion of physical activity of Health Volunteers. Conflict of interest: non declared

Valproate as an effective antiepileptic drug is used for the treatment of partial and generalized seizure in adults and children. This medication causes biochemical changes in liver functions and behavioral changes in childhood. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of valproate on locomotor activity, balance, hepatic enzymes, and serum lipid profiles in immature female rats. Postnatal female rats (23 days) were divided in two groups. The first group received valproate (200 mg/Kg/day) for two weeks and the second received saline. All injections were performed intraperitoneally. Locomotor activity and balance were evaluated using open field and rotarod apparatus, respectively. Subsequently, cholesterol (HDL, LDL, TC), triglyceride (TG), SGOT and SGPT enzymes in serum were measured. Valproate decreased motor activity and increased hepatic enzymes (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase. However, it had no effect on balance and serum lipid profiles. Subchronic injection of valproate has probably no effect on serum lipid profiles while increasing serum hepatic enzymes and reducing locomotor activity. Therefore, it seems that side effects of valproate occur with its long-term administration.

Epilepsy is the third world neurological disorder. Epileptic focus causes motor impairment by sending projections to different areas of the brain such as areas which are related to movement control. Regarding the inhibitory effect of low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFS) on seizure wave's transmission, this study aimed at examining the effect of LFS during the epileptogenesis of dorsal hippocampal on balance and locomotor activity in adult male rats using the kindling method. Fifty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: Control, Sham, Kindled, LFS and KLFS. Animals in the kindled group were stimulated rapidly by daily stimulation of dorsal hippocampus (1 ms pulse duration at 50Hz for 3 seconds). Animals in the sham and control groups did not receive any stimulation. In the LFS groups, four LFS packages at a frequency of 1 Hz were applied daily. At the end of stimulation, motor activity and balance were assessed by open-field and rotarod tests. Frequency of rearing and grooming in the Kindled group significantly increased compared to the control group (P<0.05). Balance in the Kindled group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). LFS induction during hippocampal kindling did not show any significant difference in any of the mentioned parameters with the control group. In summary, applying low-frequency electrical stimulation during hippocampal kindling can reduce the motor activity and improve balance.

Workers in some industries are exposed to styrene. This material is highly lipophilic and volatile at room temperature and the brain tissue has high level of fats. Thus causing various neurological effects, including memory impairment The present study was performed to investigate the short and long-term effects of styrene on spatial working memory and locomotors activity of male rats. In this experimental study, 12 rats were randomly divided into two groups of case and control. In case, group animals were exposed to styrene (750 ppm, 6hr/day, 5 days/week) for 21 days In the control group, the animals were exposed in the same conditions without exposure to Styrene. 2 days following termination of styrene exposure, spatial working memory and locomotors activity was evaluated by Y maze and open field test. In order to investigate the long-term effects of styrene, these tests were repeated 3 weeks after termination of exposure. In this study, spontaneous alternation as spatial working memory index, velocity and traveled distance as indicators of locomotors activity and spending time in the center as an indicator of non-anxiety were studied. The results showed that after 2 and 21 days after styrene exposure, the time spent in the center of the open field test box, the distance traveled and the speed of movement decreased significantly. These effects were more severe in the 21 days after exposure than in the 2 days after exposure. Similarly, exposure to styrene significantly reduced the spontaneous frequency. According to the results, exposure to styrene leads to reduction of motor activity and spatial memory abnormalities in rats. To study the long-term effect of styrene on behavior, more studies are needed.

Muscle weakness is a common disorder in children with cerebral palsy of spastic which can be causes problems in performing skills such as standing, walking and running. Relatively, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects 12 weeks groups progressive resistance exercise with musical background on gross motor function and participation in physical activity of children with cerebral palsy of spastic diplegia.
Twenty - seven ambulation children with spastic CP occupational therapy clinics and special schools from Alborz province (Iran), included nine girls and eighteen boys with a mean age of girls (10.5 years) and boys (11 years) were devideded into an intervention and control group randomly. Intervention group performed group progressive resistance exercise with musical background for 12 weeks (3 sessions per week and each session lasted for 55 min) that focused on lower limb muscles. Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) test was used to measure the gross motor function including the dimension D (standing) & E (walking, running and jumping), and the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment questionnaire (CAPE) was used to measure participation in activity sports.
Notably, the intervention group had a significant increase in the gross motor function and also in the intervention group was statistically significant (p 0.05).
The findings of this study suggest that focusing on the motivational functions of resistance exercise environment can be high potential in the effectiveness of this types exercise on the gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy of spastic, although not have a significant effect on sports participation.

Sleep is a reversible state in which the capacity for reaction and interaction with the environment is limited and consciousness is lost. 5HT3 receptors are mainly expressed in hippocampus CA1 regions, plays a vital role in sleep regulation and memory consolidation. The present study aims to investigate the effects of activation and inactivation of serotonin 5HT3 receptor by use of 5HT3 agonist and antagonist (MCHL and Y25130) respectively on acquired memory impairment induced by total sleep deprivation and REM sleep deprivation in rat,
Subjects and Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups including eight rats: 1- Two groups receiving effective doses of 5HT3 receptor antagonist (MCHL) and agonist (Y25130); 2- TSD control group 3- With TSD sleep deprivation 4- RSD control groups 5- with RSD sleep deprivation. Water box apparatus was used to induce total sleep deprivation, multi-platform apparatus was applied to induce RSD. Passive avoidance memory test was used to evaluate memory consolidation.
Doses of 0.01 and 0.001 mg MCHL and 0.1 mg Y25130 significantly reduced the acquired memory (P 0.05). But, MCHL under RSD conditions and Y25130 under TSD conditions significantly (P
It seems that CA1 5HT3 receptor plays a critical role in cognitive and non-cognitive behaviors.

Hypoxia is the most common cause of seizures in the neonatal period. Seizure induced by hypoxia cause permanent increases in excitability of neurons and by changing in activity and synaptic plasticity leads to memory impairment. Crocins (Crocus sativus L.) is a water-soluble carotenoid and is the most important active components of saffron. Most studies indicate that crocin have important role in improving learning, memory and motor activity. In this work we assessed the effect of crocin following epileptic model by hypoxia on passive avoidance memory and motor activity in young rat.
In this study, 40 young rats (Wistar) 10-12 years old (18–22 g) maintained at room temperature 23±2. Rats were divided into four experimental groups: sham, crocin, hypoxia only, submitted to hypoxia followed by crocin treatment. For hypoxia induction rats placed in hypoxia container with 7% O2 and 93% N2 for 15 minutes. In crocin group, rats received crocin (30mg/kg for 21 days) after their lactation period. Finally, passive avoidance memory, balance and motor activity were assessed respectively by shuttle box, rotarod and open field instruments.
A decreased step through latency and increased time spent in dark room was observed in passive avoidance test after hypoxia (p Results of this study indicated that hypoxia impairs passive avoidance learning, balance and motor activity and crocin treatment improve these changes.

A lot of studies indicate that cancer chemotherapy drugs such as doxorubicin results in memory impairment. On the other hand, crocin as the chemical constituent isolated from the Saffron is effective on memory and motor enhancement. So, in this work, we have studied the co-administration effect of crocin and doxorubicin on avoidance memory and motor activity in adult male rat.
Material and In this study, 50 male rats were divided into 5 groups: control, sham, doxorubicin, crocin and treated rats with coadministration of doxorubicin and crocin. In crocin group, crocin injected 30mg/kg for 21 days and each rat in the chemotherapy group was treated once a week for 3 weeks with doxorubicin (5mg/kg). Treatment group, received doxorubicin and crocin at the same time. Sham groups administrated with saline. All drugs were injected intraperitoneally. After these procure passive avoidance memory, balance and exploratory behaviors were assessed respectively by shuttle box, rotarod and open field instruments.
Memory in rats which have consumed doxorubicin significantly was decreased compared to other groups (p Crocin consumption beside of anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin has protective effect on the bad effects of chemotherapy drugs on memory and movement.

A lot of studies indicate that cancer chemotherapy results in memory and motor impairment immediately following therapy. On the other side, crocin as the chemical constituent isolated from the Saffron is effective on memory and motor impairement. In this study, the effect of crocin on memory and motor impairment induced by cisplatin injection was studied in adult male rats.
In this study, male Wistar rats (n=50) were divided into 5 groups: Control, Sham, Cisplatin (2 mg/kg/week for 21 days), Crocin (30 mg/kg for 21 days) and Cisplatin઺ᲊ. Sham group was administrated with Saline. Then, inhibitory avoidance memory, balance and exploratory behaviors were assessed by shuttle box, rotarod and open field apparatus, respectively.
Crocin improved memory impairment induced by cisplatin (P We conclude that crocin injection following the use of anticancer drugs (e.g. cisplatin) might have a protective effect against the cisplatin-induced impairement in cognitive function, balance and explorative behavior.

Physical activity is associated with diverse physical and psychological benefits that influence the quality of life. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between physical activity and life satisfaction of women using path analysis model.
In this descriptive -correlational study, 200 women who participate in aerobics and Pilates classes in Tabriz and Miyaneh completed the “Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire”, “Sport Self-efficacy Questionnaire”, “Satisfaction with Life Scale” and “World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire”- BREF. Data is analyzed using SPSS. 23 and Amos 20.
Results show a significant relationship between physical activity and self-efficacy, self-efficacy and mental health, self-efficacy and physical health, mental health and physical health, life satisfaction and mental health; life satisfaction and physical health among women participating in aerobics and Pilates classes (0.14 ≤ r ≤ 0.53). Moreover, the path analysis model extracted from the relationships among physical activity, self-efficacy, physical; mental health and life satisfaction model was comprehensively explained (RMSEA = 0.087, NFI = 0.95, CFI = 0.97 and GFI = 0.98).
This study indicate that aerobics and Pilates classes had positive effect on self-efficacy and thereby improving mental and physical health status of women. This ultimately enhanced the life satisfaction among women. As such, to improve the life satisfaction, it is suggested to encourage women to participate more in physical activities specially aerobics and Pilates classes.

Stroke is one of the most important neurological diseases that annually causes death and long-term disability in patients in the world. The incidence of motor impairment in the upper extremity and hand as a result of stroke as compared to the lower extremity are more prevalent and less recovery. This pilot study was performed to Investigate of upper extremity and hand muscular power in patients with stroke.
In a descriptive-analytical study, 36 patients with stroke were investigated, in internal medicine ward of Kowsar hospital in Semnan. Sampling method was easy, available, and purposeful. In the study, the section of upper extremity and hand assessment of Fugl-Meyer scale were used to measure the upper extremity motor function and also hand dynamometer were used to measure hand muscular power.
In this study, the mean score of affected upper extremity motor function in stroke patients was 8.2±8.73, mean score of affected hand motor function was 5.3±5.6, and mean of affected hand muscular power was 2.64±3.8. No significant relationship between demographic variables and affected upper extremity, hand motor function score and affected hand grip power of subjects were observed.
The results of the study showed that upper extremity motor function and hand muscular power in patients with stroke was reduced considerably. Due to the high prevalence of this motor impairment after stroke and its consequences, health care personnel should design appropriate care and rehabilitation programs to more control these damages.

Nowadays the widespread use of cell phones has increased concerns about the biological effects of electromagnetic fields on human body. The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of physical activity in moderating the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) emitted from cell phones on rat locomotor activity.
Material and Male Albino-Wistar rats (no=70) were divided into seven groups: Short and Long- term physical activity; Control, ELF-EMF; Sham; Long-term physical activityႱEMF; Short-term physical activityႱEMF. Short and Long- term physical activity groups were forced to daily treadmill running (30 minutes) for one week and one month, respectively. ELF-EMF group was exposed to ELF-EMF cell phone simulator for three hours during the period. Having placed in the ELF-EMF simulator device, the physical activityႱEMF groups were transferred to treadmill. Locomotor activity were analyzed as distance, time and speed of movement in open field apparatus.
The results showed that the ELF-EMF from cell phones can significantly decrease the locomotor activity in the exposed rats. On the other hand, short and long-term physical activity significantly increased motor activity in the trained rats (P≤0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the combination groups (Physical activityႱEMF) and ELF group in locomotor activity.
The results revealed that the physical activity could not prevent the decrease of locomotor activity caused by ELF-EMF from cell phone.

Association of a combination of lifestyle-related factors and mental health is less studied in earlier studies, especially in Middle Eastern countries.
This study aimed to examine how combinations of several lifestyle-related factors is related to depression and anxiety in a large group of middle-age Isfahani population.
In a cross-sectional study in 2012 on 3363 Isfahani adults (19-70 yr), a healthy lifestyle score was constructed by the use of data from dietary intakes, physical activity, smoking status, psychological distress and obesity. A dish-based 106-item semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and other pre-tested questionnaires were used to assess the components of healthy lifestyle score. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was applied to screen for anxiety and depression.
The prevalence rates of anxiety and depression among study participants were 15.2 and 30.0%, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that individuals with the highest score of healthy lifestyle were 93% less likely to be anxious (OR: 0.07; 95% CI: 0.02-0.30) and 97% less likely to be depressed (OR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01-0.11), compared with those with the lowest score. In addition, non-smokers had lower odds of anxiety (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.47-0.89) and depression (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.48-0.82), compared with smokers. Individuals with low levels of psychological distress had expectedly lower odds of anxiety (OR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.10-0.16) and depression (OR: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.08-0.12) than those with high levels. Individuals with a healthy diet had 25% lower odds of depression (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.61-0.91) than those with a non-healthy diet.
We found evidence indicating that healthy lifestyle score was associated with lower odds of anxiety and depression in this group of Isfahani adults. Healthy diet, psychological distress, and smoking status were independent predictors of mental disorders.

Anxiety is a common psychological disorder in developing societies, in which several neurotransmitters are involved. Use of pharmaceutical drugs in the treatment of anxiety has been associated with numerous side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic effects of grape seed oil on male rats in the elevated plus maze (EPM) model.
This experimental study was conducted on rats weighing 250- 300 grams divided into five groups of eight. Animals were administered with grape seed oil via gavage for five consecutive days, and behavioral tests were carried out 30 minutes after the intervention. Anxiolytic properties of grape seed oil were evaluated using the EPM model, and motor coordination of rats was assessed using the Rotarod apparatus. After behavioral evaluations, the animals were deeply anesthetized, and blood samples were obtained from their heart. After the extraction of blood serum, the antioxidant capacity test was performed.
FINDINGS: In animals administered with grape seed oil at doses of 50 (15±2.1), 100 (21.5±1.8), and 200 (27.5±1.8) milligram per kilogram of body weight, the number of open arm entries in EPM increased significantly compared to the control group (p=0.008, p=0.005, p=0.008). Moreover, gavage of grape seed oil at the dose of 200 mg/kg (177.5±95.17) significantly increased the time spent in the open arms of EPM (p=0.023). In addition, serum antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in rats receiving grape seed oil compared to control subjects.
According to the results of this study, grape seed oil could be effective in the reduction of anxiety levels through the inhibition of oxidative stress in rats in the EPM model

Deleterious effect of neurotoxins on the brains of animals is an attractive research topic. In this research, the effect of microinjection of colchicine into the hippocampal CA1 was shown by examining the novelty seeking behavior. Also, the effect of pre-injection of galantamine, an effective agent in the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease, for reversal of colchicine’s side effect in that region was also examined. Ninety six male Wistar rats were bilaterally cannulated at the hippocampal area (AP: -3.8; L: 1.8 ± 2.2; V: 3). They experienced a three-phase novelty seeking task in the unbiased conditioning apparatus after one week: in day 1, the animals moved freely (10 min) in the box to familiarize with the device; over the next consecutive three days, they were confined in one part of the apparatus (40 min, twice daily); finally (Day 5), the animals were injected colchicine (25 µg/rat hippocampus, n = 8) prior to testing (lasted 10 min/similarly to the familiarization situation). The galantamine groups received the drug (1-25 µg/rat hippocampus; n = 8) solely or prior to the colchicine. The negative control only received saline (1 µL/rat hippocampus). As the data show, the injection of colchicine significantly caused an increase in the locomotor activity of the treated animals. The lonely galantamine groups though showed no significant difference versus the control group, but in pre-galantamine groups, the enhanced activity was reversed. The side effects of colchicine on the brain of the laboratory animals have been shown; the most important of them is the destruction of granular neurons of the hippocampal formation. The effect of this material on the cortical pyramidal neurons is still unknown. The present study shows the increased locomotor activity of the animals due to the injection of colchicine into the hippocampus. This effect was reversed by pre-injection of galantamine and it is probable that the effect was modulated by the neuronal mediators.

It is well established that ghrelin has effect on gonadotropin and androgen release through its receptors on hypothalamus, pituitary and gonads. The amount of synthesis and release of these hormones directly affect on reproductive behavior in mammals. Therefore, it is expected that ghrelin can affect sexual behavior of mammals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of intracerebroventricular injection of ghrelin on sexual behavior of male rat. Forty male Wistar rats, weighing 200±20 g, were divided into four groups. The animals received saline or 2, 4 or 8 nmol ghrelin through the stereotaxically implanted cannula into the third cerebral ventricle. The sexual behavior indices of male rats were evaluated encountering with female rats 10 min after injection of the ghrelin or saline. As well as the locomotor activity of male rats was investigated by open-field test. Then the experimental data were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test. Four and 8 nmol injection of ghrelin caused significant increase in the mount (p<0.05), intromission and ejaculation (p< 0.001) latency compared to the control group. Also the 4 and 8 nmol doses of ghrelin led to a significant increase in the number of mount (p<0.05) and a significant decrease in the number of ejaculation (p<0.001) compared to control animals. No significant changes were observed in the number of intromission after ghrelin injection. Comparison of sexual activity index and copulatory efficiency in the studied groups indicated a significant (p<0.05) decrease in reproductive activity of 4 and 8 nmol ghrelin-received animals compared to the control group. As well we observed a significant increase in locomotor activity of 2 nmol (p<0.01) and 4 and 8 nmol (p<0.001) ghrelin-received animals compared to control group. Intracerebroventricular injection of ghrelin suppressed the sexual behavior of male rats dose-dependently, whereas increased the locomotor activity.

The motor prognosis of children with motor skills disorders is a major issue for their parents and the health professionals involved in their management. Prediction of prognosis in infancy is very difficult. Available and simple tests which can examine prognosis are Bleck infant’s reflexes and motor quotient of Capute. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Bleck and Capute tests for determination of motor status of children with motor skills disorders. In this cross - sectional study, the sample consisted of 40 infants under 2 years of age with motor disorders who referred to occupational therapy clinics of Tehran University of Medical Sciences from 2011 to 2012. The infants were evaluated with Bleck and Capute tests. In Bleck scale, primitive reflexes were evaluated. Capute scale is based on motor quotient. The relationship between these tests was examined using Chi-Square and Kruscal Wallis tests. In this study 40 infant (15 girls and 25 boys) with mean age of 15.43 months participated. Mean score of Capute scale was 38.80 ± 19.29 and 7.7% of infants were classified as good prognosis, 15.4% as guarded prognosis and 76.9% in poor prognosis. Based on Bleck Scale 17.5% of infants were in good prognosis category, 42.5% in guarded prognosis and 40% in poor prognosis. There was no significant correlation between Bleck and Capute tests. Although infant reflexes affect motor milestones and eventually determination of motor prognosis, but in this study there was no significant relationship between Bleck infant’s reflexes and motor quotient of Capute. Therefore it seems that these scales are not alone capable of predicting child's motor status and should be used together.

Nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems are involved in regulating of locomotor activity behaviors. This study has investigated the interaction of NAc shell dopaminergic system and prelimbic glutamatergic systems in regulating locomotor activity and related parameters. The aim of this study was the effect the drugs injection interaction in the brain of male Wistar rats on locomotor activity and related parameters، in the order of this purpose، open field apparatus that automatically recorded locomotor activity was employed. Unilateral intra-cerebral injection of drugs was done. Unilateral intra-prelimbic injection of D-AP7 (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid= NMDA receptor antagonist; 0. 25، 0. 5 and 1μg/μl) did not alter locomotor activity behaviors. However، infusion of NMDA (0. 9μg/μl) in this region increased locomotor activity (P<0. 01)، whereas decreased rearing (P<0. 01) and grooming (P<0. 01) which was blocked by D-AP7 (0. 25μg/μl) (P<0. 01). Moreover، unilateral infusion of SCH23390 (dopamine D1 receptor antagonist; 0. 25، 0. 5 and 1μg/μl) into the left NAc shell did not alter locomotor activity. However، injection of SKF38393 (dopamine D1 receptor agonist; 4μg/μl) into the left NAc shell increased locomotor activity (P<0. 05) which was blocked by SCH23390 (0. 25μg/μl) (P<0. 01). Furthermore، the subthreshold dose infusion of SCH23390 (0. 25μg/μl) into the left NAc shell reduced the effect of intra- prelimbic NMDA on locomotor activity (P<0. 01). In addition، intra-NAc shell administration of the subthreshold dose of SKF38393 (1μg/μl) potentiated the middle dose (P<0. 05)، whereas decreased the higher dose of intra-left prelimbic NMDA response (P<0. 05) on locomotor activity. The results suggested a modulatory effect of the NAc shell dopaminergic system on increased locomotor activity by activating glutamate system in prelimbic.

Body image is complex concern including biological, psychological, internal and external social factors.The present research was conducted in order to determine the correlation of perceived body image and physical activity in women and men according to the different levels of Body Mass Index(BMI). The present study was descriptive-correlational method and 264 subjects were selected by random stratified cluster sampling from teachers and staff of Tabriz University and they completed personal and demographic information, “Silhouette Figure Rating” and “Physical Activity Rate” questionnaires. In development the “Silhouette Figure Rating Scale”, concurrent validity with BMI have been reported 0.71 and test-retest reliability 0.78 respectively. In this research concurrent validity with BMI was obtained 0.70. Data were analyzed by SPSS/18. 33.3 percent of women and 48.8 percent of men in normal weight had correct perception of self body image. Also it was shown that body image almost would explain of 63 percent and 49 percent of BMI variance in men and women respectively. It was shown significant correlation between BMI and body image in women (Fisher's Exact Test =58.84, P<0.0001) and men (Fisher's Exact Test=74.18, P<0.0001). The diagnostic function was obtained in this research correctly classified 59.8 percent of people (158 of 264 people). Obese people have the most and normal weight people have the lowest correct understanding from body image, So that nearly half of those with normal weight understand their less and more of the actual situation. Future research with different method of body image, physical activity and body max index in different group is recommended