جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مهارت های ارتباطی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

 Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by problems in communication, social interactions, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. This research was conducted with the aim of the efficacy of play therapy based on sensory integration on communication skills, social interaction, stereotyped behavior, and motor development in boys with ASD.

 This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test and 1.5 months follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all boys with ASD from 5 to 12 years in Guilan province in 2020-2021. Based on the inclusion criteria and the purposeful sampling method, 30 children were selected from the Guilan Autism Association as a sample, and randomly in two the experimental group and the control group were placed. Play therapy based on sensory integration was performed individually for 15 sessions of 30-45 minutes in the experimental group. Research tools included the The Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2 (GARS-2) (Gilliam, 2006) and The Lincoln-Oseretsky Motor Development Scale (Sloan,1955). The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance with repeated measurements and SPSS-27 software.

 The results showed that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of communication skills (P=0.001, F=14.900), social interaction (P=0.001, F=96.099), stereotyped behaviors (P=0.001, 151.348), and motor development (P=0.001, F=797.026) in the post-test of the experimental and control groups and these results continued in the follow-up phase (P<0.05).

 According to findings the results of this research, play therapy based on sensory integration by providing purposeful plays that target the specific sensory needs of each child can increase the adapted response to received stimuli and thus lead to the improvement of the functions of children with ASD.

Psychological and family problems are aggravated when one of the family members faces crises in life; Among these crises is the presence of a selfless person in the family. The present study was conducted with the aim of the effect of teaching communication skills with emphasis on the teachings of Islam on positive psychological states and emotional divorce of wives of self-sacrificing families. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design, a control group, and a statistical population consisting of wives of self-sacrificing families in Zahedan city in 2022. According to the entry criteria, 30 people were selected by direct sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Research tools included questionnaires of positive psychological states (Rajaei et al., 2013) and emotional divorce (Gutman, 1998). The communication skills training program with an emphasis on the teachings of Islam was presented to the experimental group twice a week during 8 sessions of 1.5 hours, and the control group did not receive the training. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests and analysis of covariance in SPSS26 statistical software. The results showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, education, and employment demographic variables (P<0.05). The results of covariance analysis showed that teaching communication skills with an emphasis on the teachings of Islam increased the scores of positive psychological states (P<0.001, F=73.804) and decreased the emotional divorce scores (P<0.001, F=15.166). Wives of self-sacrificing families have been effective. Effective communication is essential for maintaining healthy relationships and when combined with Islamic teachings, it can foster greater understanding, compassion, and respect among family members. Therefore, teaching communication skills with an emphasis on the teachings of Islam has the potential to enhance positive psychological states and reduce emotional divorce among wives of self-sacrificing families.

Adolescence is the most important developmental stage of every human being, which may be associated with behavioral disorders and be neglected by the family.

The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of family-oriented communication skills enrichment program in order to improve marital satisfaction and emotional regulation of adolescent children with emotional disorders.

The research was of pseudo-experimental type with random assignment and with pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The research tools were Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1390), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2013), and family-oriented communication skills enrichment program (Vadoudi et al., 1402) was held in the form of 23 group sessions for the experimental group. Data analysis showed multivariate covariance analysis of repeated measurements type.

The family-oriented communication skills enrichment program has improved marital satisfaction, emotion regulation, and also reduced the clinical symptoms of children with emotional disorders, and these results are stable in the follow-up (p<0.01).

In the enrichment program of family-oriented communication skills, behavior signs and negative thoughts, the causes of events, emotional and cognitive signs are identified and ways to correct and get rid of false beliefs and healthy alternatives are taught. which will improve the interpersonal relationships of the couple and the experienced emotions. The training of family-oriented communication skills will ensure that the person is prepared in terms of knowledge and insight to perform some interpersonal interactive skills because the person has learned an optimal level of cognitive functioning and the methods and It has preparations that are healthy, safe, effective and affordable.

 Communication within clinical settings is a skill that plays a key role in providing appropriate care services. Not having sufficient communication skills can affect the nurse's self-efficacy beliefs and thus harm the quality of patient care. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of communication skills training on the quality of care and self-efficacy of nurses working in the emergency department of Mahshahr hospitals.  

 This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 42 nurses working in the emergency department of Mahshahr hospitals in 2023. Based on the inclusion criteria, the participants were divided into intervention (n=21) and control (n=21) groups. The intervention group received communication skills training during four 2-hour sessions. The control group did not receive any training. Data collection tools included a demographic questionnaire, the Quality Patient Care Scale (QUALPAC), and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE-17). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data in SPSS version 26.

 The results of the paired t-test showed that there was a significant difference between the scores of the psychosocial, communication, and physical dimensions of the quality of care in the test group before and after the intervention (P<0.001). In the control group, however, there was no significant difference in the psychosocial dimension (P=0.295), communication dimension (P=0.469), and physical dimension (P=0.460). There was a significant difference between the total quality of care score in the test group before and after the intervention (P<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed in the control group before and after the intervention (P=0.958) in this respect. Finally, there was a significant difference between the total score of self-efficacy in the test group before and after the intervention (P<0.001) whereas no such significant difference was observed in the control group (P=0.05).

 Given the positive effect of communication skills training on the quality of care and self-efficacy of nurses in this study, health policymakers must devise careful plans to improve the quality of care and self-efficacy of nurses.

Communication skills have a principal function and value in health and treatment. These skills are essential for child experts, resulting in the clients’ cooperation, satisfaction, and correct diagnosis. This study aims to design a scale to evaluate the communication skills of health center experts in children’s developmental tests.

The research community consisted of experts from health centers in Iran universities of medical sciences. The samples were recruited by purpose-based sampling. This group of experts was used in health centers due to the training of selected experts to perform the developmental Bayley test. First, the evaluation concepts were determined and discussed through a literature review and focused group discussion sessions with 10 experts; the experts were asked to express their opinions and suggestions regarding compiling communication items using the Delphi method. Suggested comments were collected and coded, and the study scale was designed. Then, the psychometric characteristics of the scale were determined with the participation of 16 experts through quantitative content validity and face validity. The scale’s reliability was determined through the test re-test with a 2-week interval, the agreement coefficient in observations was compared between raters and the reference rater, and internal consistency was done. Quantitative data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 22.

In this study, the communication skills scale was designed with 30 items: 13 for communication with children, 6 for communication with parents, and 11 for general items. The lowest content validity index value was related to one item in the communication with the children section. The rest of the items had acceptable validity. The Cronbach α value was 0.81 in communication with the children, 0.82 in communication with the parents, and 0.76 in the general section. The reliability level was 0.83, and the intracluster correlation coefficient was 0.77 in communication with a child, 0.88 in communication with parents, and 0.81 in general. The kappa coefficient for agreement between reference observer and other observers was above 0.7 in 5 cases and less than 0.4 in 2 cases.

The compiled evaluation scale has high validity and reliability and can be used as an evaluation scale of communication skills for child experts.

Emergency technicians face workplace violence and increasing occupational stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a virtual self-management training in communication skills on occupational stress and the degree of aggression among emergency technicians.

This study involved 60 emergency technicians randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. They completed surveys on workplace violence and occupational stress. The intervention group received six weeks of a virtual self-management training in communication skills. Data was collected after two months and analyzed using SPSS software.

The findings showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the control group (110.08±11.92) and the two intervention groups (114.39±11.25) in terms of the average occupational stress before the intervention; The average job stress score between the intervention (94.0±12,70) and control (98.81± 20,81) groups significantly differed following the intervention (p=0.034); After the intervention, the intervention group had lower verbal and physical abuse frequencies compared to the control group.

The virtual self-management communication training demonstrated the potential to reduce occupational stress but did not significantly decrease the violence towards the emergency technicians. A comprehensive training program addressing violence factors and communication techniques, implemented over a longer period, is recommended.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of family-centered musical computer rehabilitation on communication skills of children with autism spectrum disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population included children with autism spectrum disorder in the center of Khurshid Shahr Amol in the first six months of 2022. 30 student with autism spectrum disorder were selected through random sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 15 children). The experimental group received ten minute sessions of family-centered musical computer rehabilitation during ten weeks. The applied questionnaire included communication skills Questionnaire (Matson, 1983) (CSQ). The data from the study were analyzed through mixed analysis of Variance and post hoc Bonferroni test via SPSS23 software. The results showed that family-centered musical computer rehabilitation has significant effect on the communication skills (F=36.74; Eta=0.56; P<0001) of children with autism spectrum disorder. According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that family-centered musical computer rehabilitation can be used as an efficient method to increace communication skills of children with autism spectrum disorder by using music and its therapeutic properties as well as using the family to deepen learning and communicate effectively with a child with autism spectrum disorder.

The communication skills of nursing managers play a crucial role in influencing nurses’ job satisfaction and anxiety levels. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to thoroughly investigate and understand the extent and nature of the relationship between nursing managers' communication skills and nurses' job satisfaction and anxiety. This study aimed to examine the communication skills of nursing managers and their associations with nurses' job satisfaction and anxiety.

This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 200 nurses at the Academic Medical Centers of Urmia University of Medical Sciences in 2023. Participants were selected using a proportional stratified random sampling. The inclusion criteria were willingness to participate in the study, a minimum of six months of clinical work experience, and no history of psychiatric disorders. Data were collected using a 4-part questionnaire, which included (a) demographic characteristics, (b) nursing managers' communication skills scale, (c) the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, and (d) the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The collected data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS software V.22.0.

The nurses’ job satisfaction score was average (M = 52.30, SD = 6.09). Participants exhibited scores below the average level for personality anxiety (M = 38.1, SD = 5.41), situational anxiety (M = 38.43, SD = 7.02), and total anxiety (M = 76.53, SD = 10). Similarly, the mean scores for nursing managers' nonverbal communication skills (M = 42.06, SD = 6.56), verbal communication skills (M = 37.24, SD = 4.08), and total communication skills (M = 125.37, SD = 11.96) indicated an average level of proficiency. The Pearson correlation test revealed a statistically significant relationship between nursing managers' communication skills and nurses' job satisfaction (r = 0.001, P < 0.638) and anxiety (r = 0.001, P < 0.532).

The higher the nursing managers' communication skills, the greater the nurses' job satisfaction and the lower their anxiety levels. Therefore, healthcare system officials should emphasize empowering nursing managers in terms of communication skills and consider these skills as one of the most crucial criteria for the employment, appointment, and evaluation of nursing managers.

Establishing effective communication between professors and students is very important in the university environment and it can have a significant impact on the academic and professional success of students. This study aimed to to identify the factors affecting the relationship between students and professors at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 on medical basic sciences students an data were gathered through a standard questionnaire containing demographic information and 35 questions about the factors affecting the relationship between students and professors. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and an independent t-test.

In this study, 69% of the students were male and 73% were single. According to the students' opinions, the speaking skills (77%), physical appearance (33%), rank (31.5%), maintaining the dignity and respect of students (25%), empathy and mutual understanding (19%) had the most significant impact on establishing a relationship between them and professors. However, the professor's age proximity to the student (15%), good listening skills and appropriate response to questions (15%), receptivity to criticism (13%), use of communication techniques (10%), and adherence to ethical principles (9%) had the least impact. Among all demographic variables, only sex had a signifant relationship with personal abilities dimension.

Based on the results, it seems that most communication factors are important. Improving these relationships and focusing on effective factors can help improve students' academic status and organizationally lead to better efficiency and performance of the university.

In recent years, researchers in the field of behavioral sciences have paid more attention to the importance of the mental health of the family and its members and the role they play in shaping the dynamics of society. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to predict aggression based on internalized shame and communication skills in mothers with elementary school children.

This descriptive-correlational research was conducted in Bandar Abbas city in 2023 with the statistical population of all mothers with elementary school children. Using convenience sampling, 222 mothers were selected. The data collection instruments included a demographic questionnaire, "Aggression Questionnaire", "Internalized Shame Scale" and " Communication Skills Test-Revised ". The content validity of the instruments was confirmed by the qualitative method by asking the opinions of 4 lecturers of the Department of Counseling and Psychology of Hormozgan University. Reliability was checked and confirmed by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data of the research was collected through in-person visits to schools and qualified mothers responding to the instruments. The data was analyzed with SPSS.26.

Internalized shame positively predicted mothers' aggression (P<0.001, β=0.56). Also, among the components of communication skills, only communication with assertiveness positively predicted aggression in mothers. (β>0.001, P=0.29). The results of the regression analysis also showed that 0.46 of the total variance of aggression is explained by internalized shame and communication with assertiveness.

Internalized shame and communication with assertiveness are important predictors of aggression in mothers with elementary school children. 
Therefore, it is suggested that educational methods to reduce internalized shame and improve communication skills, especially the component of communication together with assertiveness, should be considered for mothers with primary school children.

The coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) caused severe stress and decreased communication skills among various groups, including medical students. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of communication skills training on the components of corona stress in students of medical sciences.

This study was applied in terms of purpose and followed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest and a control group. The research population included students of the Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Medical Sciences Branch, in the 2021-2022 academic years. A total of 170 students were selected as the sample by simple random sampling and were randomly divided into two equal groups through a draw. The experimental group received four 120-min sessions of communication skills training for one month, and the control group did not receive any training during this period and remained on the waiting list for training. The research tools included a demographic characteristics questionnaire and the “Corona Stress Scale”. The content validity was confirmed by experts’ opinions, and the reliability was calculated by internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed using tests of chi-squared, independent sample t-test, and multivariate analysis of covariance in the SPSS software (version 26).

The results showed that the experimental and control groups did not significantly differ in any variables of gender (χ2=0.46, P=0.496) and mean age (t=-1.49, P=0.135). In addition, it was found that communication skills training reduced corona stress psychological states (F=1518.06, P=0.001), corona stress physical states (F=2197.35, P=0.001), and corona stress-related behaviors (F=1220.10, P=0.001) in medical students.

Communication skills training was effective in reducing the components of corona stress in medical students. Therefore, to reduce corona stress, communication skills training can be used, along with other effective training methods.

Evidence shows that a high level of emotional intelligence in health care workers leads to better communication with patients and, ultimately, the pateints’ satisfaction. Considering the undeniable and complex relationship between emotional intelligence and communication skills, the present research was designed and implemented.

The current research is a descriptive-analytical study. The participants included 121 community health workers from Kurdistan Province, Iran. The required data was collected through a communication skills checklist by observation, Queen Dam's communication skills questionnaire, and Shering's Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and linear regression were performed using SPSS (version 21) software.

The results of self-declaration of emotional intelligence and communication skills showed that only 28% of the participants had high emotional intelligence, and 32.2% had high communication skills. The evaluation of communication skills through the observation method showed that the staff obtained a low score with respect to introducing themselves to patients, explaining the treatment process, and keeping the patients calm. Moreover, 40.7% of participants had active listening skills. The r-squared (the coefficient of determination) showed that 86% of the variance of emotional intelligence is related to the variable of communication skills.

Overall, the findings of the present study revealed an average level of emotional intelligence and communication skills among health care workers. Concerning the communication weaknesses observed in the emotional dimensions, it is recommended to intervene appropriately.

It has always been important to pay attention to the psychological problems of spouses of self-sacrificing families due to their specific risks. The teachings of Islam provide a practical and efficient framework that can help improve marital relations.

The study aimed to assess the impact of communication skills with an emphasis on the teachings of Islam on Positive psychological states and marital satisfaction in wives of veterans in Zahedan.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with control group. The study focused on the wives of veterans in Zahedan in 2022. Thirty individuals meeting the inclusion criteria were chosen through voluntary sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data collection tools included the Enrich marital satisfaction scale (Olson et al.) and positive psychological
states (Rajaei et al). The experimental group received training in communication skills with an emphasis on Islamic teachings, delivered twice weekly over eight 1.5-hour sessions, while the control group did not receive training. Data analysis utilized chisquare and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS26 statistical software.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, education and employment demographic variables (P<0.05). Other results showed that teaching communication skills with an emphasis on the teachings of Islam increased the scores of positive psychological states (P<0.001, F=73.804; Mper=256.99 and Mpost=90.337) and life satisfaction (P<0.001, F=49/934; Mper=101/07 and Mpost=129/52) was effective for wives of self-sacrificing families.

Training in communication skills, with a focus on the teachings of Islam, should be utilized as an effective intervention to enhance positive psychological well-being and life satisfaction in wives of self-sacrificing families.

In recent years, various complementary approaches of the emotion regulation model have been presented. One of these approaches is the psycho-social empowerment program. The empowerment program was introduced by Anderson and his colleagues around 1990 and was considered as a suitable training method for different groups. The main difference between this training program and traditional training programs is that instead of being considered a method, technique or strategy, this method plays the role of a guide for people with disabilities and their families. The psycho-social empowerment program, which is recently used in psychology for prevention in various fields, emphasizes the training of general personal and social skills and is considered the most effective by many scientific and research institutions, including the American Psychological Association. Appropriate prevention approach is recognized and praised. There are various empirical evidences for the effectiveness of the psycho-social empowerment program. For example, in a study, Kawada and Nojima found that the empowerment program has a significant effect on well-being and mental health. Karmusi et al. also found that the psycho-social empowerment program can improve communication and social skills in the school environment. Also, Ozar-Uztin and Hikdormaz in a study concluded that the use of psychological empowerment program improves resilience and adaptability and also reduces post-traumatic stress symptoms in cancer patients. A review of research literature confirms that emotion regulation training and psycho-social empowerment program are effective on various health indicators and skills. However, the review of the research literature shows that there is no study that shows the effectiveness of these approaches. As a result, the current research seeks to answer the question, is there a significant difference between the effectiveness of psycho-social empowerment and emotion regulation training on communication skills and social adaptation of adolescent girls in Gachsaran city?

The semi-experimental research method is pre-test-post-test-follow-up and control group, and the protocol of this study was approved by the ethics committee of Shahrekord Islamic Azad University with the code IR.IAU.SHK.REC.1400.025. Then, the members of the two experimental groups were exposed to the independent variable; But the control group did not receive any intervention. The statistical population of the present study was all the students of the second secondary level of Gachsaran city in the academic year 2020-2021, whose number was estimated to be about 2 thousand according to the report of the Department of Education. The sampling method in this study was purposeful. According to the research plan, a sample of 75 people was selected according to the inclusion criteria. The sample members were placed in two experimental and control groups by simple random replacement, and thus, there were 25 people in each group.Before and after the implementation of emotion regulation group training and also two months after the end of the intervention, research questionnaires were distributed to the experimental and control groups. Due to the extent of the spread of thecoronavirus disease and the limitation in the provision of psychological services, the interventions were carried out offline and through the Google Do web application. Google 2 application provides users with the possibility of making group video calls with the whole world with high resolution. It seems that among the video chat software based on mobile, this software has better usability. In addition, due to the health considerations related to the epidemic period of the corona disease, the questionnaires were uploaded to the Google Form web application and the link to the questionnaire was sent simultaneously to all the selected participants. It should be noted that due to the easy access to the WhatsApp social network and its generality, the questionnaire link was sent through this social network. Due to the time-sensitivity, the participants were requested to complete the questionnaire within 24 hours after sending the link. Manjemizadeh's Interpersonal Communication Skills Questionnaire and Bell's Social Adaptation Questionnaire were used to collect information.

The results showed that the significance level (P = 0.347) calculated for the value of X2 (4.462) is not significant and shows that the three groups are equal. In order to compare the group training of emotion regulation and psycho-social empowerment on the communication skills and social adaptation of adolescent girls in Gachsaran city, the multivariate covariance analysis test was used along with the minimum significant difference post hoc test. The results show that there is no difference between emotion regulation group training and psycho-social empowerment group training in the variable of communication skills (P<0.05); However, the difference between both groups with the control group is significant (P<0.05), which shows the effectiveness of the mentioned training on the communication skills of teenage girls. In the variable of social adaptation, no significant difference was observed between group training in emotion regulation and group training in psycho-social empowerment (P<0.05); But the difference between both groups with the control group was significant (P<0.05).According to the results, which shows that the significance level calculated for the F value in significance tests is lower than the determined alpha value (α = 0.05), it can be claimed that the interactive effect of time on the group It is meaningful. The results showed that there is no significant difference between the post-test and follow-up stages of both types of intervention regarding the variables of communication skills and social adaptation (P<0.05). As a result, it can be said that the results were stable. However, the difference between pre-test and post-test and pre-test and follow-up stages in the variables of communication skills and social adaptation is significant, which shows the effectiveness of this intervention on the aforementioned variables.

The results show that there is no difference between emotion regulation group training and psycho-social empowerment group training in the variable of communication skills and social adaptation; However, the difference of both groups with the control group is significant, which shows the effectiveness of the aforementioned trainings on the communication skills and social adaptation of adolescent girls. Based on the findings, psycho-social empowerment group training, like emotion regulation group training, improved communication skills and social adaptation, and there was no difference in terms of effectiveness.One of the limitations of the current research was the epidemic of the corona virus disease and the closure of schools, which caused the training to be held virtually. Due to the impossibility of face-to-face visits, the collection of information in the current research was done in a virtual way, which was associated with limitations for providing the necessary information regarding the importance of completing the information. The findings of the current research are limited to teenage girls, and caution should be observed in generalizing the results to other teenage boys or teenagers of other age groups. Considering that the results showed that psycho-social empowerment group training has a significant effect on communication skills and social adaptation, it is suggested to use this program in the form of extra-curricular meetings in schools in order to improve the mentioned skills. Since the result of the present research showed that group training of emotion regulation is a successful method in improving communication skills and social adaptation and it somehow makes structural and sustainable changes; Therefore, it is recommended to include the emotion regulation training program in school curricula from the very beginning.

Passion generally refers to the stimuli that shape a certain pattern of behavior. It can affects all aspects of a person’s life, including education and academic success. The present study aims to assess the predictability of school engagement based on communication skills, self-restraint, perceived parenting style, and sensory processing.

This is a descriptive-analytical study using the structural equation modeling (SEM).The study population consists of all secondary school students in Tehran (district 6). Sampling was done using purposive and convenience sampling methods. Using Cochran’s formula, the minimum sample size was obtained 385. Data collection tools were Baumrind’s parenting styles questionnaire, communication skills test-revised (CSTR), self-restraint scale, adolescent/adult sensory profile, and School Engagement Measure. To evaluate the SEM model, the significance level and path coefficients were investigated using the bootstrap method (re-sampling and sequential) and student’s t-test. 

Of 385 participants, 199 were girls (51.7%) and 186 were boys (48.3%), mostly aged 16 years (47.8%). Their mean age was 17.1±0.84 years. Results showed that the coefficient of determination (R2), Stone-Geisser’s Q2, and path coefficients were positive in all variables. The R2 value was 0.71, indicating that the independent variables together could predict 71% of school engagement.

Communication skills, self-restraint, perceived parenting style, and sensory processing are predictors of school engagement in students. Among these variables, communication skills have the highest effect.

Marital satisfaction is one of the most important factors in the development and achievement of life goals and is influenced by various factors. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of religious beliefs and communication skills with marital satisfaction among married school teachers in Tabriz.

This study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study included married teachers of schools in District 1 of Tabriz, out of whom a total of 336 teachers (192 females, 144 males) were selected as the sample by stratified random sampling. Glock and Stark’s questionnaire, and Barton’s Communication Skills, and Enrich’s Marital Satisfaction questionnaires were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test and multiple regression analysis. In the present study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

The results of analysis showed a significant positive relationship between religious beliefs and communication skills with marital satisfaction; religious beliefs (0.399) and communication skills (0.207) were good predictors of marital satisfaction.

Considering the important role of religious beliefs and communication skills in predicting marital satisfaction, the rate of marital satisfaction of couples can be increased by promoting them.

Background &

The social developments of the past decades at the global level have faced the family system with new and diverse changes, challenges, issues, and needs. During this period, the family has been increasingly threatened by multiple and complex causes and factors. When the functions of the family, such as biological, social, cognitive, and emotional functions are damaged one after the other, its members gradually lose their sense of satisfaction. The gradual decrease in the satisfaction of family members due to incompatibility between couples first causes psychological dissociation and then social dissociation. In fact, the functioning of the family is formed based on the relationship between the spouses, and the conflicts between them cause the family system to undergo serious problems. One of the factors that can be mentioned as an influential factor in the occurrence of marital conflicts is intimacy, which in fact, with the reduction of this factor, the process of incompatibility moves forward quickly, and as an essential factor, it can be paid. Marital compatibility can be more in couples that have a higher level of intimacy. In other words, couples with higher intimacy are more capable of facing problems and changes related to their relationship, and as a result, they experience higher marital satisfaction and compatibility. On the other hand, communication skills are considered to be complex processes that enable a person to behave in such a way that others consider him/her adequate. Skills are the necessary abilities to perform purposeful and successful behaviors. Communication skills are the ability to symbolically and efficiently convey the meanings and messages that a person has in mind. When the couple's communication is of better quality, they can be closer to each other and can share their thoughts and feelings, as a result, they feel more intimate and avoid possible misunderstandings that arise in marital conflicts. They prevent seizures. Various treatment methods have been used to solve marital problems. The existence of incompatibility and unhealthy functioning of the family leads to the emergence of various family complications and damages. Therefore, it is necessary to implement therapeutic interventions to increase the functioning of couples, and one of the most effective therapeutic approaches in this field is schema therapy. Schema therapy is effective in improving the sense of closeness and psychological state of couples, marital relations, communication documents and sexual performance of couples, communication beliefs, and marital compatibility, and reducing the desire for divorce. The schema therapy approach is a fundamental evolution in cognitive therapy. The schema therapy approach was formed and developed at the heart of the cognitive therapy approach, based on the attachment theory. Schemas, as traces of a complex set of cognitions, feelings, and tendencies to react, are placed in the neural networks of the brain based on previous experiences. As soon as these patterns are activated in the later stages of life, people will feel trapped. By presenting the role of schemas and coping responses in conceptualizing psychological problems, schema therapy has been able to play a greater role in explaining psychological problems. Despite conducting various studies in the field of the effect of the use of treatment protocols on marital psychological characteristics, there are still many gaps in this field. Each of the conducted research is limited to certain statistical societies and cannot be generalized to the whole society. Also, the way of implementing treatment protocols may be of different quality, which requires repeating these training and comparing their results to reach the final conclusion. Conducting the present research can bring significant and interesting results by examining the effectiveness of the schema therapy protocol. Despite the effectiveness of schema therapy in improving subjects' behaviors in various studies, there have been few studies that have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on intimacy and communication skills. Therefore, the research gap in this field is quite evident. Considering that the compatibility of couples plays an important role in the stability of the family, schema therapy can be used to achieve this goal, so the research question is whether schema therapy can affect intimacy and communication skills in incompatible couples. Is it effective for counseling centers in Tehran?

It is a semi-experimental research method with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population included all incompatible couples who referred to the counseling centers of Tehran in the first half of 1400, and by taking possession of the existing files of incompatible couples who referred to the counseling centers of Tehran, the number of 10 couples (10 men and 10 women) who due to conflicts Marital have referred to counseling centers in Tehran using available sampling method and were placed in two groups of 5 couples (5 couples in the experimental group, 5 couples in the control group). The data collection tool was Thompson and Walker's Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (1983), Matson's Communication Skills Questionnaire (1983), and Spanier's Marital Compatibility Questionnaire (1976). In this research, Yang's schema therapy protocol was used for schema therapy training, which was used for three months and in 10 sessions of 120 minutes, as shown in table no. The mixed variance analysis test with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that schema therapy is effective and stable in intimacy and related skills in incompatible couples. Also, the difference between the scores of all components in the pre-test and post-test stages, as well as pre-test and follow-up is significant (P<0.01), while the difference between the post-test and the follow-up stage is not significant. (P>0.01). This finding means that schema therapy has not only improved the marital intimacy components of couples in the experimental group, but this effect has also been stable in the follow-up phase. Also, the results of Table 6 show that the difference between the scores of communication skills in the pre-test and post-test stages as well as pre-test and follow-up is significant (P<0.01), while the difference between The test and the follow-up phase are not significant (P>0.01). This finding means that schema therapy has not only improved the communication skills of couples in the experimental group, but this effect has also been stable in the follow-up phase.

According to the results of this research, in general, schema therapy has a significant and stable effect on intimacy and communication skills in incompatible couples. In other words, schema therapy has improved intimacy and communication skills in incompatible couples. Every study has some limitations, and this study, like other studies, is not exempt from this case, which can be mentioned as the following limitations. In this research, only questionnaires were used to collect information, and due to practical limitations, interviews were not used to collect knowledge data. Also, the limitation of the sample size and the sampling method inevitably used the available sampling method. The main limitation of this research is that the current research sample was selected from among incompatible couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran, and the generalization of the results of this research to other people should be done with caution. Also, in this research, the possible effect of some intervening variables such as family, cultural, social, and economic factors and personality traits such as mental health or underlying family problems and their role in the research variables were not investigated, which found generalizability. It reduces research.

, the aim of the present study was to present the modeling of structural equations of happiness based on attachment styles and communication skills with the mediation of self-compassion in the elderly.

The research method was analytical and structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all the elderly living in nursing homes located in the cities of Gilan province in 2018-2019 and the sampling method was available. According to the number of research variables, the statistical sample of this research was 210 people. In order to collect data, Oxford's happiness scales (2002), Queen Damm's interpersonal communication skills (2004), Neff et al.'s self-compassion (2003), and Hazen and Shiver's (1987) adult attachment style were used. SPSS version 24 and Amos version 24 and Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that communication skills were significantly related to self-compassion (P=0.002, Beta=1.3) and self-compassion to happiness (P=0.41, Beta=2.8). But attachment style was not related to self-compassion (P=0.21, Beta=1.2). Also, the indirect effect of attachment style on happiness was equal to 2.7 (P=0.013) and communication skills on happiness was equal to 0.052 (P=0.025). The goodness of fit indices of the fitted conceptual model were obtained as

Therefore, it seems that strengthening the communication skills of the elderly will increase their level of happiness. Also, attachment styles affect the happiness of the elderly.

Addiction to drugs can have irreversible effects. The support of families in regulating emotions and communication skills plays an important role in reducing the tendency of young people to drugs. Therefore, the purpose of the current research was to investigate the level of drug addiction based on the pattern of communication skills and emotional regulation with the mediation of the supporting role of families.

Methods and Materials:

 The present research was a descriptive-correlational type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research was made up of all the youths of Najafabad city of Isfahan, from which 200 people were selected by cluster sampling method. The data collection tool was Gros and John's (2004) Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Queendom's Communication Skills Questionnaire (2004), Wade and Butcher's Addiction Readiness Questionnaire (1992) and Procidano and Heller's Family Support Questionnaire (1983). Data analysis was done using structural equation method and SPSS and Amos software.

The results showed that the fit indices of the research model were in favorable conditions. Communication skills and emotion regulation had a direct relationship with family support, and family support and communication skills had an indirect relationship with addiction. Drug addiction was significant based on the model of communication skills and emotion regulation with the mediation of the supportive role of families. (P<0.05).

The findings of the research show that the supportive role of the family is effective in the way of communication patterns and emotion regulation and can provide a platform for drug addiction. Also, effective family support can help people with drug addiction feel supported, change their beliefs and self-confidence, and reduce their desire to relapse.

The covid-19 pandemic has caused a lot of anxiety and stress among all students, especially medical students. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of communication skills training on the anxiety and stress of Covid-19 in students of medical sciences unit.

This was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The research population was the students of Islamic Azad University, Medical Sciences branch, Tehran, in the academic year of 2021-2022. The sample of the research was 170 students who were selected by simple random sampling method and replaced randomly using lottery in two groups of 85 people including experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 4 sessions of 90 minutes for a month under communication skills training, and the control group did not receive training during this period and remained on the waiting list for training. The research tools were demographic information form, anxiety inventory and corona stress scale. The data were analyzed with chi-square, independent t tests and univariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-26 software.

The results of chi-square and independent t tests showed that the experimental and control groups did not differ significantly in terms of gender and average age (P>0.05). Also, the findings of the univariate covariance analysis test showed that communication skills training reduced the anxiety and stress of corona in medical students (P<0.001).

The results indicated the effective role of communication skills training in reducing the anxiety and stress of Corona in medical students. Therefore, health professionals can use the communication skills training method along with other effective training methods to improve the psychological characteristics related to Corona