جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مواد مخدر » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

 Before the Safavid era, the use of substances such as opium as a medicine was common. But in this era, all kinds of drugs for pleasure spread and different classes of people, soldiors, ministers and even the king himself turned to it and tried to use them to advance their political goals. So that it’s improper use, the society was caught in a problem called addiction. The literature of this period was not far from the effects of addiction and it was clearly reflected in the poets' poems. Accordingly, the present study seeks to address the issue of addiction through the lens of poetry of Safavid poets and to answer the question that from the poets' point of view, how did drug addiction spread and what was their reaction as a group of intellectuals in society to this issue?

 This research is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting data is library and historical research.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

 The findings indicate that people turned to drugs with the intention of stimulating taste, pleasure, sadness and happiness, stimulation of sexual desire and therapeutic use. But due to its destructive effects, they wanted to quit and while condemning the use of such substances, they also suggested gradual quitting them.

 In the poets’ works of the Safavid period, types of drugs were mentioned 85 times. Opium and tobacco are the most used and poppy and hemp are the least used. Many examples of terms related to drugs, how to prepare and use these drugs, condemning the sufferers and presenting various suggestions to get rid of addiction, in the poets’ poems of this period indicate the prevalence of drugs in those days.

Not only can the experience of pain be a factor for drug use, but it can also be a motivation to use drugs again during and after treatment.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and mindfulness-based therapy on chronic pain in People with drug addiction.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with one-month follow-up. The statistical population included people suffering from drug abuse who referred to addiction treatment clinics in Arak city in 2021. Using available sampling method, 60 people were selected and randomly put/ placed in experimental and control groups (20 people in each group). The research tool included the revised McGill Pain Questionnaire (2009). Mindfulness therapy was implemented in 8 sessions (90 minutes each session) and acceptance and commitment based therapy was also implemented in 8 sessions (90 minutes each session). Data were analyzed using SPSS-25 statistical software and covariance analysis.

The results of covariance analysis for chronic pain in the post-test and follow-up phase showed/ demonstrated a significant difference (P=0.001). Both treatments had a significant effect on the improvement of chronic pain, and it is worth noting that this effect was greater for the treatment group for whom the treatment was based on acceptance and commitment (P=0.01).

Treatment based on acceptance and commitment showed more effectiveness in improving chronic pain compared to mindfulness. Therefore, the use of acceptance and commitment-based therapy is recommended to improve chronic pain in people suffering from drug abuse.

 One of the social problems of the Safavid period was widespread addiction to opioids; the occurrence of deviations and social harms was considered one of its serious consequences. Although this phenomenon was considered common among common people and courtiers and each of them was affected by this disease in some way, it was more visible among the poets of this era. This research aims to investigate the causes of their tendency to drugs while investigating the use of opiates among the poets of the Safavid era.

 This research has been carried out using a descriptive-analytical method, relying on library studies and referring to the written sources of the Safavid era, especially the tazkireh texts.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this research, honesty and trustworthiness in the use of historical sources have been fully respected.

 The findings of this research show that the use of various drugs such as opium, poppy, hemp, flonia, Kokonar, charas and barsh was widespread among the poets of the Safavid era, and many liked it. Death has taken place.

 The results of this research show that the broad wave of poets' desire for drugs in the Safavid era was to strengthen their imagination to write their poems. This finding is strengthened when we know that the poetic style of the Safavid era was an Indian style that needed imagination in order to use far-fetched themes. In this way, it can be said that poets have looked at these materials as a tool to improve the quality of their work. In addition, the prohibition of intoxicants as a general factor has not been ineffective in this trend. However, the spread of this condition had created many problems for the health of these poets.

Addiction to drugs and psychotropic substances is one of the social, economic, and public health problems of the present century. The present study was conducted with the aim of a survey and comparison of students' readiness for drug addiction at Amol Higher Education Institute.

This descriptive study was performed on 200 male and female students of Amol Higher Education Institute. Students were selected through available sampling, and data were collected using the Questionnaire of Addiction Preparedness and Demographic Information Questionnaire.

Statistical analysis showed that the average readiness of students for drug addiction is not higher than that of adults. The level of students' readiness for drug addiction was moderate. Also, the readiness for addiction of male students was higher than female students. Discussion and

Given that the tendency to addiction is one of the obstacles to students’ progress, necessary measures should be taken and students should be informed. Also, it is necessary to provide a platform for the growth and prosperity of the youth to witness their significant progress in various fields.

In respect to this fact that drug and tobacco products use is detrimental to general health and oral health, medical affiliated students could have the vital role of in prevention of this habit. This survey, aims to assess the awareness and attitude of students of Shahid Sadoughi University of medical sciences toward effects of drug and tobacco products on oral health in academic year 2019-2020.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 283 students of university of medical sciences using a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire composed of three parts: sociodemographic characteristics, 10 questions about awareness and 7 questions related to attitude, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS23 software and descriptive statistics and T-test and one-way ANOVA. The significance level was set as P < 0.05.

The mean score of awareness and attitude of students were 7.10 ± 1.07 and 23.33 ± 4.08, respectively. Score of awareness had a meaningful difference on the basis of age (P=0.01). The awareness of dental students was significantly higher rather than other students. (P=0.001).

The students' knowledge toward effects of drugs and tobacco products on oral health was in desirable level and their attitude was good.

The high consumption of opium in the 10th century (A.H) at the beginning of the Safavid government has been one of the problems and disadvantages in Iranian society. "The Essay of Afyoniyya by Emadeddin Mahmoud Shirazi is the most important treatise written in the Safavid era about addiction, indicating the social status of Iran in the Safavid era.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted using the library method. The Essay of Afyoniyya by Emadeddin Mahmoud Shirazi is the most important treatise written in the Safavid era about opiates. The book has been popular in that era. The contents and details of this book are based on the author's personal experience, which can be examined in different aspects.

"The Essay of Afyoniyah" by Hakim Emadeddin indicated the problem and social problem of addiction during the Safavid era, and the sense of need had led to the writing of this valuable manuscript.

The unstable social situation and violent behavior of the kings of this era to achieve power has been one of the most important factors in the prevalence of drug use among the people of the society, especially the princes. The prevalence of drug use is one of the most important concerns of Hakim Emadeddin, who has provided a great deal of help to drug addicts in quitting drugs by writing his opiate treatise.

Poisoning by opium and stimulants brings many patients to the poison emergency departments every year. This study planned to determine the risk factors for Opioid and Stimulant poisoning among patients admitted to the Khorshid Hospital.

The present cross-sectional study was performed on 243 patients poisoned with opioids or stimulants in Khorshid Hospital of Isfahan during December 2018 to the December 2019. The data about demographic variables including: (sex, age, marital status, occupation), type of intoxication (opium, heroin), and or stimulants(hashish, cannabis, marijuana, amphetamine) and intoxication with other substances, cause of intoxication, type of intoxication (accidental, intentional), method of intoxication (oral, inhalation, intravenous injection, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, etc.), poisoning with other drugs, vital signs at entering the ward, length of stay in the poisoned ward, treatment outcome (recovery or death), and cause of death were extracted from the patients' files. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA and the Chi-square tests.

The results of this study showed that the most substance poisoning in individual of Iranian nationality was heroin and in non-Iranian was opium. In addition, substance poisoning was more common in men, especially in the age group of 31-35 years, and among the unemployed or self-employed, as well as among those with a diploma or lower.

According to the results of the present study, among opioid, heroin poisoning was the most and among stimulants, amphetamine was the most. Also, most of the poisoned people were under 40 years old and had low education.

Rapid and accurate diagnosis of drug abuse can have many functions which following the appropriate and rapid treatment, as well as to monitoring people during rehabilitation or counseling about withdrawing drug abuse are of the most important functions. The aim of the present study was to review recent studies in the field of rapid and accurate diagnosis of drug abuse.

In this review study, scientific databases including Science Direct, Google Scholar, Springer, Scopus, Pubmed and Iranian databases including Irandoc, Magiran, SID were used. The keywords used in searches , regardless of time limit, were substance abuse, diagnosis and drugs diagnosis and drugs. Duplicate and irrelevant items were excluded from the study after the initial screening. The content was classified based on laboratory samples. Ethical standards were observed in all stages of the research and no bias was made by the researchers in the stages of the review.

76 English and Persian articles were retrieved, of which 24 related studies were reviewed. According to the findings, the amount of substance remaining in the body and the time of the test were considered the two important principles for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of substance abuse. Urine, blood, exhaled breath, saliva, sweat, nails, and hair are biological samples that are commonly used to diagnose substance abuse in laboratories. The choice of each depends on factors such as cost, ease of sample collection, risk of fraud, type of test (immediate or laboratory), drug abuse time frame (acute or chronic),the last time of using and the use of each to diagnose of drugs and consumption have advantages and disadvantages.

No laboratory methods have been found with 100% diagnostic accuracy to detect drug abuse and various laboratory methods are always at risk of false-positive or false-negative results. However, accurate and rapid diagnosis of drug abuse in various areas of law enforcement, such as traffic police, crime detection, and forensics, is important, and studies are ongoing.

Drug addiction is a recurring chronic mental illness associated with severe motivational disorders and loss of behavioral control. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of meditation training on psychological well-being, emotional regulation, and sleep quality of prisoners addicted to industrial drug abuse.

The current study is semi-experimental, using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this research was all the clients of the vocational training and occupational therapy camp of West Azerbaijan in Iran in 2022. They were addicted to the abuse of industrial drugs (920 people). Thirty people were screened according to the entry and exit criteria and placed in groups of 15 people by simple random method. One group was named the meditation therapy group, and one group was called the control group. The meditation instruction manual of Lotfi Kashani, Mofid, and Sarfaraz Mehr (2013) was used to teach meditation in eight 60-minute sessions. The Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire of Garnofsky (2002), Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (1995), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire (1989) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using the inferential, univariate analysis of covariance using SPSS 26 software .

In The research results showed that the experimental group’s average age was 39.23±6.04 and of the control group was 42.4±7.59 years. There was no significant relationship between the two groups regarding age (p=0.125). Also, the findings of the research showed that the effectiveness of meditation training on psychological well-being (p<0.05), emotional regulation (p<0.05), and sleep quality (p<0.05) of prisoners with industrial drug abuse was positive and significant.

Meditation training increases the mental well-being, emotional regulation, and sleep quality of prisoners addicted to industrial drug abuse.

Drug use not only affects a person's physical and mental health, but also affects the health of others in the community. Various variables, including demographic and social factors, affect drug use. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of drug use and related factors in the participants of Shahedieh Cohort Study.

A descriptive study was performed using the first phase of Shahedieh cohort study on 10194 adult residents of Shahdieh, Zarch, and Ashkezar in 2015-2016. The aim of the cohort study was to assess the prevalence of non-communicable diseases and their risk factors in adults aged 35-70 years. Data were analyzed with the SPSS 20 using chi-square and logistic regression.

The prevalence of illicit drug use in the present study was 15.5% with a mean age of onset of 31.5 ± 9.2 years. The most common drug was opium (98.2%). The most common method of drug use was inhalation (98.1%). The logistic regression showed that male gender (P< 0.001), age 40 to 49 years (P<0.001), low education (below high school diploma) (P<0.001), positive history of smoking (P<0.001) and alcohol consumption (P<0.001) were the most important factors associated with drug use. In addition, a positive history of ischemic heart disease (P=0.007) and psychiatric disorders (P=0.02) were the diseases related to drug use.

The prevalence of drug use was high in the study population. There is an urgent need for intervention and preventive measures to solve this complex social problem.

Considering that informal settlements are mostly accompanied by aggressive occupation or unauthorized construction and lack the necessary safety, they reproduce social damage within the family institution. Adaptation and compatibility in the outskirts of cities is very low, and families who are forced to live in the outskirts of big cities due to different cultures and different attitudes, often live side by side with each other, not with understanding, but with hostility, and it is natural. It is that they do not feel safe and their families and children suffer the most damage in the outskirts of the cities. By conducting the present research, the effect of informal settlements on addiction and drugs is investigated.

The current research is an applied research in terms of its purpose. In terms of method, it is a descriptive research and it will be done as a survey; Because the required information is obtained from the current state of the statistical sample using a questionnaire. It is a researcher-made questionnaire of informal settlements and a standard questionnaire of social harms, which is set in 66 items. The statistical population of the present study includes 270,979 male and female residents of informal settlements in Kermanshah city in the year 1400. In the present study, the minimum sample size required through Cochran's formula was 384 members of 4 informal settlement districts of Kermanshah city (Daulatabad neighborhood, Shatarabad neighborhood, Koliabad neighborhood, Jafarabad neighborhood), and this number was the basis of the analysis. The number was chosen by random-cluster method.

Addiction damage, as an individual and social problem, is considered a serious social damage in households with informal accommodation in Kermanshah city. So that some unemployed young people and even teenagers have chosen buying and selling drugs as their profession and earn a living in this way. The ease of access to drugs in some neighborhoods causes a tendency to commit special crimes, including drug trafficking and drug use among families living in these settlements.

According to the results of the final fitted model and the significance level related to the predictor variable, it can be said with 95% confidence that informal settlements have an effect on the amount of drug consumption of people living in the informal settlement areas of Kermanshah city. has meaning; That is, with the increase of informal settlements, the amount of drug consumption by family members increases.

Today, drug abuse as a multifaceted phenomenon has become one of the main problems in societies and has taken different forms.

The present study aims to examine the relationship between the duration and the rate of drug use and explicit/ implicit memory bias among opium and stimulant addicts.

The study design was a casual-comparative study. The statistical population included all opium and stimulant addicts in Takab city in 2018, that 30 opium addicts and 30 stimulant (methamphetamine) addicts were selected by available sampling and were homogenized in terms of some demographic variables. The research instruments included a computerized explicit memory, a computerized word base completion test, an unstructured clinical interview, and a demographic information questionnaire. Statistical data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, t -test and SPSS-17 software.

The results showed that there is a relationship between the drug use duration and explicit/ implicit memory bias in opium (r=+0.68) and stimulant addicts (r=+0.79) and also between rate of drug use and explicit/ implicit memory bias in opium (r=+0.73) and stimulant addicts (r=+0.81, P<0.05). In other words, with an increase in the duration and rate of drug use, the opium and stimulant addicts showed signs of higher explicit/ implicit memory bias even though stimulant addicts showed greater memory bias than the opium addicts (P<0.05).

Emphasis on cognitive processes including memory bias among drug addicts, is one of the solutions to consider in prevention and clinical treatment interventions.

One of the social problems of societies is the phenomenon of crime and delinquency that arises as a result of social problems such as poverty, unemployment, economic and social crises, changes in laws and social patterns, weakening of religious beliefs and the general imbalance in the social order. Among these, one of the factors and harms that lead to delinquency is drugs.

This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

With regard to the production and use of drugs, it should be noted that the use of these drugs is very closely related to the health status of the international community. This feature causes a lot of sensitivity to them in the legal field. The production and use of drugs directly threatens the right to health. The right to health is also considered as one of the examples of the right to life. On the other hand, the right to life is a general title in the international human rights system, which is a subset of fundamental human rights.

 In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Stateschr('39') obligation to ban the production and use of narcotics are described as "commanding" because of their close association with the "right to health" and the "right to life." As a result, in the context of international responsibility law, it is possible for state to adopt a pattern of aggravated responsibility (or responsibility for breach of mandatory rules).

One of the most fundamental problems of societies is the phenomenon of crimes and offenses that arises as a result of social problems such as poverty, unemployment, economic and social crises, changes in laws and social patterns, weakening of religious beliefs and in general imbalance in the social order. Committing drug crimes is also affected by social factors, so it is very important to investigate such factors and provide ways to prevent them. The purpose of this research is the criminological explanation of drug-related crimes and social factors affecting crime in Isfahan province.

This research was conducted as a survey research and its statistical population is among the prisoners of Isfahan province, 135 prisoners, both men and women, were available to fill the questionnaire. Specifically, 85 questionnaires were distributed to Isfahan Central Prison (Dastgerd) for men and 50 questionnaires were also delivered to women's prison. In order to clarify the subject of the research, after completing the questionnaires among the statistical population, information was entered and then the data was analyzed through the software, and the results of the questionnaires and hypotheses were analyzed using statistical tests of correlation and analysis of variance.

 In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

The results showed that the majority of drug offenders in Isfahan province grew up in poor families with moderate to low economic and social status. Also, the majority of criminals had friends with a history of drug crimes, and so the majority of them lived on the outskirts of cities and villages, and their access to drugs was high.

Social factors such as poor family, bad friends and living on the outskirts of the city and easy access to drugs play an important role in the tendency of people to commit drug crimes. It is necessary with the efforts of the government (to support vulnerable families), and special attention to parents (educating them to socialize their children and proper control over their children's association with others) and the cooperation of educational and cultural officials and the mass media to prevent the occurrence of such crimes in the society.

 Individual factors, as one of the factors affecting people's tendency to addiction, play an important role. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of healthy lifestyle and self-efficacy in preventing drug abuse among students.

 The present study is a review study based on search in search engines and valid scientific and academic databases using keywords such as drug abuse, lifestyle, causes of tendency to drugs among the students community and the role of society and family in preventing the use of drugs in Persian and English in prestigious databases such as PubMed, Wiley, Elsevier, Science Direct and SID from 1980 to 2019. The articles were selected and reviewed.

 Research has shown that people's tendency to addiction is influenced by various factors, including individual and family factors. The influence of the family is definite through inheritance and upbringing on its members and plays an important role in shaping children's behaviors. If the family resists multiple problems, this trait is also passed on to children and they, too, will deal effectively with stressful situations. Family is the most important factor.

 Most people in the community believe that substance abuse is masculine, while women are progressing alongside men in this area, with statistics indicating an increasing number of infected women. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of enriching couples relationships on tolerance of distressed women who were drug abusers

This is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and follow-up test with control group. Initially, 40 women were selected from the study and 20 were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 20 to the control group. Subjects were then assessed using a distress tolerance test (Simmons & Gahr, 2005). Experimental group participants participated in enrichment sessions based on Doba, Graham, Britz and Minatra (2009) choice theory and control group subjects remained on the waiting list. A follow-up test was taken after three months. Multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data. The above analyzes were performed with SPSS V. 24 software

 The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the mean of pre-test, posttest and follow-up scores of distress tolerance scales in the experimental and control groups. (P<0.05). The mean distress tolerance in the experimental group increased from 34.533 to 42.80 in the pre-test phase and reached 42.533 in the follow-up phase. Also, the significant interaction between the stages with the experimental group in the mentioned variable indicates that in the post-test and follow-up stages, the mean of the experimental groups was significantly higher than the control group.

 Due to the increasing trend of addiction in women, proper education is one of the essentials. Therefore, it is recommended to take effective steps to improve couple distress tolerance training by enriching couple relationships

Considering the fact that few domestic and international studies have examined the role of spirituality in mental health and tendency to addition, the present study attempted to explain the role of Quranic education methods in three areas including deterrence, support, and supervision.

This study is descriptive-analytical and draws on verses from the Quran and interpretations of the Quran based on the verses related to the topic of investigation. The authors declared no conflict of interest.

The results pointed to a meaningful relationship of mental health and tendency to addiction with spirituality. This result confirms consistency of medicine with Quranic orders.

Based on the findings, it can be stated that spirituality can explain and predict mental health and tendency to addiction. Drawing on the religious orders, a purposeful order and organization can be given to life to reduce tendency to addiction. These methods concern drug users, their family, and the community and ensure strong ethical commitments.

Children’s intoxication is a major problem in healthcare systems and given its high prevalence, it has received significant attention. Attention to children and adolescents’ healthcare is a fundamental factor in improving health in the community. There has been no comprehensive study of prevalence and causes of intoxication in children in Alborz Province so far. Goal of this study is to identify the prevalence and causes of intoxication in children visiting Bahonar Hospital in one-year period 2014-2015.

In this cross sectional investigation, 309 children under age of 14 who were seen in Bahonar hospital with diagnosis of intoxication were studies. Data regarding their gender, age, cause of intoxication, and symptoms at presentation, length of stay, PICU admission, and parents’ level of education were gathered. In order to identify correlation between variables and “cause of intoxication” or “outcome”, we sued Chi Square or Fisher Exact test with minimum significance at P<0.05.

Of 309 children participating in this study, 54.4% were male and 45.6% were female. In 68% of case, the intoxication had happened accidentally. The most common intoxicating agents were medications with 48.5% and drugs of abuse with 23.9% prevalence. Other causes were detergents 8.7%, carbon mono-oxide 7.8%, alcohol 2.6%, burning agents 2.3%, hydrocarbons 1.3%, and insecticides 1% of intoxication in children of this province. 55% of patients needed admission to ICU. 88.1% of parents had education level below high school graduate.

Based on this data, prevalence of intoxication from medications and drug of abuse is relatively high in this province and is more common in families with low education level. Thus, providing adequate education to public and especially parents about intoxication and methods of prevention, and following safety measures in storing medication seem to be of priority in order to improve this population’s general health.