جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "میکروارگانیسم" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Infection of the lacrimal sac (dacryocystitis) can lead to serious complications, including orbital cellulitis, orbital abscess, meningitis, and cavernous sinus thrombosis, all of which pose significant threats to human health. This condition is often associated with nasolacrimal duct obstruction, which prevents normal tear drainage and creates an environment conducive to microbial growth. Timely identification of the causative agents of dacryocystitis is critical, as untreated or improperly managed infections can rapidly worsen, leading to systemic infections or even life-threatening conditions. This study aims to investigate the spectrum of microbiological agents causing dacryocystitis to control infection and provide appropriate treatment for patients with chronic nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

This cross-sectional study included patients diagnosed with chronic dacryocystitis who candidated for dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) surgery. Routine ophthalmic examinations, including visual acuity, slit-lamp examination, and fundoscopy, were performed for all patients. Ocular discharge samples were sent to the laboratory at the Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Centre, Bu-Ali Sina Hospital, Sari. Each sample was incubated in blood agar, chocolate agar, EMB, and Sabouraud dextrose agar under aerobic conditions at 37°C for 24 hours and simultaneously in chocolate agar and blood agar under anaerobic conditions at 37°C for 48 hours. Catalase tests were used to distinguish Staphylococcus from Streptococcus bacteria, coagulase tests to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus from other Staphylococcus species, and oxidase tests to identify Pseudomonas and other Gram-negative bacteria. For detecting fungal infections, samples were stored on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25-27°C for two weeks. Gram staining was performed on observed colonies, followed by microbiological diagnostic and differential tests based on bacterial species. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, described as means, and compared using the chi-squared test.

Of the 50 patients with chronic dacryocystitis included in the study, with a mean age of 56.9±15.28 years (range, 31 to 86 years), 34(68%) were female, and 16(32%) were male. Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 42 cases (84%) of isolated organisms, while gram-negative bacteria accounted for 8 cases (16%). Pus reflux was detected in 84% of cases, significantly more often with gram-positive organisms(P=0.03). The most common pathogens were Staphylococcus epidermidis (22 cases, 44%), Staphylococcus aureus (10 cases, 20%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (6 cases, 12%). No significant correlations were found between sex and age with the number and type of organisms (P=0.77).

Gram-positive bacteria are the main cause of chronic dacryocystitis infections, and demographic factors such as age and gender do not influence the type of infection. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus have been identified as the predominant pathogens responsible for this condition. Understanding the microbiological spectrum can improve disease diagnosis and lead to more effective treatment strategies. This information is essential to help clinicians select appropriate, targeted antimicrobial treatments to more effectively control infections, reduce the risk of antimicrobial resistance, prevent serious complications and systemic infections, and ultimately improve patient outcomes.

Flavor is one of the most important characteristics of food, which is directly related to the acceptance of the product by consumers. The increasing trend in the consumption of food flavoring compounds has motivated the production of food flavors therefore the global demand for natural flavors and aromas is continuously increasing. Plants and microorganisms are the main sources of flavor and aroma compounds such as terpenoids, aldehydes, methyl ketones, but due to their production in lower concentrations, the isolation and extraction of such value-added chemicals is expensive. Therefore, the biotechnological production of flavor compounds has been considered.

In the last decade, research has been carried out in the field of biological production of flavoring compounds. In this study, main biotechnological methods including the use of enzymes, microorganisms, tissue plants and cell culture have been investigated.

Conventional techniques for producing flavor compounds are not sufficient in terms of quantity and variety due to the rising market demand. Current flavor production methods use chemical synthesis, which can produce a greater number of flavors in less time. However, the demand for natural products has created the need for new methods to produce flavoring compounds labeled as natural origin. Biotechnological production is an attractive alternative to flavor production because it occurs under mild conditions, has high selectivity, produces no toxic waste, and produces products that can be labeled as "natural." Natural flavoring compounds obtained by biotechnological processes play an increasing role in the food, cosmetic, chemical and pharmaceutical industries due to the increasing consumer demand for natural food additives.

Emerging techniques in biotechnology have enabled industries to produce compounds that might be considered natural. There is no doubt that these technologies will become more important factors in the production of flavoring chemicals in the future due to their many advantages.

Neonatal sepsis is a severe systemic bacterial infection that affects on premature neonates prognosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term prognosis of neonate's infection.

The present study is a cross-sectional study that was performed on 729 neonates suspected of infection, in neonatal ward in Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad since May 2015 to May 2022 by available sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made checklist containing neonatal characteristics (gestational age, birth weight, first and fifth minute Apgar score, and neonatal status at discharge) and laboratory information (White Blood Cell, Platelet (PLT), C-reactive Protein, Blood culture, Cerebrospinal fluid culture). Infants with congenital infection, congenital anomaly and positive blood cultures without clinical and laboratory symptoms were excluded from the study. Neonatal prognosis was compared in terms of death or discharge among neonates with and without definitive infection. First, we described the results using statistical tables and graphs, and then, data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, T test and SPSS software, version 26 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA). P<0.05 considered as significant.

According to the results of this study, low birth weight and lower gestational age and lower Apgar score increase the risk of neonatal death. About one-fifth of infants died of definitive infection. The cases of death due to infection in the group of deceased infants were about 4 times higher than in the group of discharged infants. About one third of the babies with sepsis and half of the babies with meningitis died. Forty-four percent of infants with early sepsis and 40% of infants with late sepsis died. In cases of neonatal death due to sepsis, the most common gram-negative infectious agent was Acinetobacter and the most common gram-positive infectious agent was Enterococcus.

Neonatal definitive infection worsens their prognosis. So, the risk of neonatal death increases by 5 times. The probability of death in meningitis is more than sepsis and in early sepsis is more than late sepsis and in sepsis due to gram-negative is more than gram-positive.

Rhabdosciadium aucheri Boiss belongs to the Apiaceae family, and is an exclusive species of Iran that grows in Hamedan, Lorestan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Kohkiluyeh, Boyer-Ahmad, and Tehran provinces. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endophytic fungi isolated from R. aucheri on human and plant pathogenic fungi.

 In this observational and laboratory study, fungi were cultured on a PDA medium. The effect of endophytic fungi isolated from R. aucheri (Alternaria rosae K11, Alternaria radicina K2, Alternaria radicina K18, A. radicina K21, and Paraphoma radicana K23) on human (Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Pseudallescheria boydii) and plant (Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) pathogenic fungi was investigated by the cross-culture method in the form of randomized complete block design with three repetitions. The obtained results were analyzed using SPSS software and compared with Duncan's test.

The results of the present study showed that the endophytes isolated from R. aucheri have significant antimicrobial effects against some plant and human pathogenic fungi (P<0.01), so that Alternaria radicina 2(K21) and Alternaria rosae K11 had the highest antifungal activity against Candida glabrata and Aspergillus flavus, respectively. The effect of Alternaria radicina against Fusarium oxysporum with 15% showed the growth rate of this endophyte against plant pathogenic fungi. In addition for the the effect of A. radicina 2(K2) against Rhizoctonia solani, the inhibition percentage was 70%.

The present study showed that endophytes isolated from the R. aucheri plant have potential antimicrobial effects against some plant and human pathogenic fungi. However, investigating the inhibitory effects of these endophytes requires further research.
Keywords: Endophyte, Secondary metabolite, Fungi, Rhabdosciadium aucheri, Microorganism

Cystic fibrosis is a monogenic disorder in several systems. Since spacers used by these patients may be used several times a day, many of them do not know how to wash and use them, so these devices are good places for bacteria to grow. Therefore, this study was performed to identify and determine the relationship between the growth of microorganisms inside spacers and the effect of washing on possible microbial infections in patients with cystic fibrosis.

This is an intervention pilot study to determine the effect of the growth of microorganisms in the spacer of patients with cystic fibrosis on the exacerbation of pulmonary involvement. In the present study, 30 people were examined as a pilot sample due to the lack of a similar study. Patients were selected from children with cystic fibrosis referred to Imam Reza clinic. The target group was patients with a positive sputum culture (throat). At first, after the last use of a spacer, the culture was taken from the sputum and the inner surface of the spacer. Patients with a positive culture were instructed to wash their spacers in the second step. Washing was done daily after each use and immersion in sterile vinegar solution for 20 minutes and then rinsing and drying spontaneously in air and sun twice a week. After four weeks, the initial questionnaire was completed again for patients, and the change in clinical status was assessed. The error level of the first type was considered equal to 0.05. SPSS software version 26 was used for analysis.

In this study, 30 participants with a mean age of 7.51 (4.21) with a maximum age of 18 years and a minimum of 1.5 years. 19 (63.3) were boys, and 11 (36.7) were girls. None of the demographic and clinical variables were significant to the growth of microorganisms within the spacers in patients with cystic fibrosis. Sixteen patients (53.3%) had negative spacer culture, and 14 patients (46.6%) had positive spacer culture, of which 7 of them had the same result of sputum and throat culture, and in 7 patients, it was different. A 4-week period of using sterile vinegar (as mentioned) to wash spacer and educate families to observe spacer hygiene was performed again, all of which had negative cultures.

It seems that contamination of the spacers used by patients is a relatively common finding (46.6% of patients). Due to the physical condition of these children and their susceptibility to respiratory infections, they may act as a source of microbial infections. Patients with a positive spacer culture had more hospitalizations than patients with a negative culture, which can confirm the relationship between spacer contamination and pulmonary exacerbation of these patients.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the major factors of mortality and morbidity in Intensive care units (ICUS), especially in open-heart surgery patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate VAP in open-heart surgery patients admitted to the ICU in Sari Fatemeh Zahra Hospital, 2017-2019.

In this retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study, demographic, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic information of patients with VAP were examined. Data were analyzed using SPSS V25.

A total of 52 patients with VAP were elevated after open heart surgery. The mean age of patients was 64.41±10.85 years and 55.8% were men. Half of the patients (51.9%) underwent intubation for less than five days and the mean duration of occurrence of VAP after initiation of ventilation was about six hours. The most common microorganisms causing pneumonia were Acinetobacter baumannii (23.63%) and Citrobacter freundii (16.36%). In general, the highest resistance of isolated microorganisms was toward third-generation cephalosporins and their highest sensitivity was to aminoglycosides.

Control and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia is of particular importance, especially in patients after open-heart surgery admitted to intensive care units.

The aim of this present study is to review the effects of antibacterial propertiesof oak fruit, inner husk of oak fruit, and Jaftex mouthwash.

The present study is a narrative literature review conducted using electronic databasessuch as ISI, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, and IranMedex from 1995 to 2019.The keywords that were searched included “Oak fruit”, “Oak tree”, “Jaftex mouthwash”, “Antibacterial”,“Antimicrobial”, and “Microorganism”.

Review of previous studies showed that oak fruit, Jaft, and Jaftex mouthwash have antimicrobialproperties against different microorganisms. Jaftex mouthwash significantly reduced number of microorganismsin mouth, however it had less antimicrobial effect compared to chlorhexidine. Jaftex had agreater inhibitory effect on bacterial growth than Matrica and Persica.

Oak fruit and Jaft have antibacterial properties which is related to presence of phenols, tannin,proteins. Various studies confirmed antibacterial property of these types of plants. The antibacterial characteristicsof Jaftex mouthwash is mainly related to Jaft extract. Jaftex is recommended as an antibacterialmouthwash.

Due to the resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial agents, efforts are being made by researchers to replace the plant natural substances with antimicrobial properties and lower side effects. The aim of this study was hydro alcoholic extract of malva sylvestris as a food preservative with some microorganisms, which further cause contamination of food products

The present experimental laboratory study was conducted in 2016. Several experiments, such as gel diffusion and MIC and MLC measurements were performed to evaluate the storage properties of nutrients by a number of microorganisms that are more likely to contaminate food with malva sylvestris extract. After preparing the hydro alcoholic extract, it was applied to the culture medium containing tomato juice, grapefruit juice, pineapple juice and wheat flour, which were infected with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus Niger. Correspondingly, the minimum growth inhibitory concentration and the minimum lethal concentration of extract as well as sodium benzoate were measured on above microorganisms and then the diameter of the growth inhibition zone of extract was compared with standard antibiotics. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests, i.e. the average of tables and graphs.

The present study indicated that at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/mm of the extract, the diameter of the growth inhibition zone for S. aureus is equal to; 6, 12, 15, 18, and 20 respectively but growth aura was observed for E. coli. On the hand  the MIC and MBC  of extract  at concentrations of  1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 against Aspergillus Niger and Candida Albicans was 25, 31, and 125 mg/ml. however, the growth of all microorganisms against sodium benzoate at a concentration of 2 mg / mm was stopped and the diameter of the growth inhibition zone was observed from 20 to 28 mm..

The results indicated that this extract in combination with chemical additives contaminated with S. areus revealed a high retention effect, but substances contaminated with E. coli had no effect on them. Also, this extract had a good effect on foods contaminated with fungi, but compared to sodium benzoate, this extract had less effect on all microorganisms. However, we hope that in the future, with more work being done on this plant can be used as a suitable alternative to food storage instead of chemical additives.

The bacteria with a remarkable ability to regenerate heavy metal ions are considered biological factories or important nano-factories to produce nanoparticles. The bacterial production of nanoparticles as a green and one-step method can overcome production problems and disadvantages through physical and chemical methods.

In this study, bacteria isolates were taken from soil samples of Nakhlak mine. One silver resistant bacterial strain was selected for the production of silver nanoparticles. This strain synthesized silver nanoparticles with supernatant and biomass. The nanoparticles synthesized were characterized using XRD and SEM. The antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles was determined.

The silver resistance bacteria were isolated from soil samples. One silver resistant bacterial strain was selected for the production of silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles showed good antimicrobial activity against standard strains of tested microorganisms.

The nanoparticle synthesized by bacterial strain isolated from Nakhlak mine is a promising new biological source for synthesizing silver nanoparticles with potent antimicrobial activity. According to the results, this compound can be used to make disinfectants

Cold plasma or non-thermal plasma technology is one of the methods of foodprocessing that is used to inactivate pathogen microorganisms and improve food safety. Coldplasma can affect the inactivation of a wide range of microorganisms, without harming thehost and healthy tissues.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cold plasma directly on reducing thenumbers of Salmonella enteritidis on egg shell and also to determine the effect of plasmaexposure time and the composition of the injected gas.

In this study, the effect of cold atmospheric plasma radiation ofargon and argon containing 5% oxygen gas, at the rate of 3 liters / min, and at three differenttimes on inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis was investigated.

The effect of argon gas radiation for 1, 3 and 6 minutes on the reduction ofsalmonella enteritidis numbers being 4.490, 3.948, 0 cfu /ml respectively, was significant at1% probability level. Also, the radiation effect of argon containing 5% oxygen at 1, 3 and 6minutes,on reduction of Salmonella enteritidis numbers was 4.559, 4.226 and 0 cfu /ml,respectively. Both groups of the treatments caused a significant decreasing trend at thestatistical level of 1% as compared to the control sample.

The obtained data indicated that the effects of the gas type, as well as theirradiation time and their interaction on the tested bacterium were statistically significant atp>0/01 as compared to the control.

Chitosan has the property of inhibition of the growth of many pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Tissue conditioners are good substances for the growth and colonization of a variety of micro-organisms. The aim of this research was to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal properties of Chitosan, ZnO and Ag nanoparticles added to tissue conditioners.

In this clinical trial study, 42 patients were randomly divided into 7 groups. In first group, the patients received the tissue conditioners (control group) and the second to seventh groups received the tissue conditioners included Chitosan, ZnO and Ag by weight percentage of 0.675, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20. After 24 and 48 hours using these substances, the microbial culture inside the mouth and denture was done by sterile swap.

  Complete inhibition of growth at 24 h and 48 h occurred in Candida albicans at 2.5 % concentration and in Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans at 5% concentration of Chitosan, ZnO and Ag nanoparticles. Over time, the growth rate of Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans was decreased.

Increasing the concentration of nanoparticles increases the growth inhibition in all studied microorganisms. By increase of growth inhibition, the growth of microorganisms also increases. An enhancement of 5% in the concentration of tissue conditioners results in complete inhibition of the studied microorganisms.

Electromagnetic fields have various effects on the biochemical and cellular behavior of microorganisms due to radiation. It is necessary to investigate more extensively the effects of these magnetic fields on some microorganisms, such as bacteria. The purpose of this study was tp investigate the effects of magnetic fields on Escherichia coli bacteria (PTCC 1330). E.coli bacteria were prepared in liquid growth medium at the proper density. Then, the bacteria were placed in a magnetic field of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 Hz at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32 time intervals. Afterwards, their population was calculated, and the impact of these waves on the bacteria growth phases, based on the factorial pattern, was measured. Field intensities of 1, 5, 10 and 20 Hz caused an increase in the number of bacteria cells. With increasing field intensity to 50 Hz, the growth of bacteria was reduced. Field intensities of 5, 30, 40 and 50 Hz caused an increment in the time of the lag phase, and field intensities of 1, 10 and 20 Hz caused an increment in the time of the stationary phase. At 1 to 30 Hz field intensities, the duration time of each cell division was reduced, and at 10 Hz field intensity, this reduction reached a minimum. But at a field intensity of 40 and 50 Hz, the time velocity of bacteria reproduction decreased. Given that E.coli bacteria is a pathogen, and at the same time a very important bacteria in scientific activities, the results of this study could be used in procedures to increase and decrease the population of this bacteria population.

Indoor air environments contain a wide variety of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses in which some of them can affect the human health. Filtration is considered as one of the most common methods to remove microorganisms in these environments. The purpose of current study was to investigation the neat and photocatalytic HEPA filters performance at different face velocities and various intensity of UVC light source on the reduction of airborne microorganisms. Material and Method: After installation of the neat and photocatalytic HEPA filters in a closed–loop chamber, suspension of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis bacteria with a concentration of 107 CFU / ml were sprayed into the closed–loop chamber by nebulizer. Sampling of penetrated microorganisms from filters were performed using the NIOSH 0800 method under ambient temperature 22±3oC, relative humidity 35±5%, and different air velocity (0.1 m/s and 0.3 m/s) and UVC different radiation intensity (1 mW/cm2, 1.8 mW/cm2 and no radiation (dark)) at 30 minutes time period. penetrated microorganisms density from filters was determined in term of CFU/m3. There were no significant differences in the penetration rates of microorganisms at the dark mode between the two neat and photocatalytic HEPA filters (p>0.05). The penetration rate of bacteria was significantly decreased in the neat and photocatalytic HEPA filters at UVC radiation mode with various intensities than dark mode (p<0.05). In addition, comparison of the filters in the illuminance modes of 1 mW/cm2 and 1.8 mW/cm2 were statistically significant (P <0.05). Also, UVC radiation with the 1.8mW/cm2 illuminance compared to the 1 mW/cm2 illuminance resulted in a greater reduction in the bacterial penetration from both types of filters, which is statistically significant(p<0.05). The bacteria penetration rate dramatically increased by increasing the face velocity from 0.1 m/s to 0.3 m/s under UVC radiation at an illuminance of 1mW/cm2, 1.8mW/cm2 and as well as in no radiation mode in both types of HEPA filters (P <0.05). Photocatalytic HEPA filters and increasing UVC illuminance, especially at lower surface velocities, have a significant positive effect on reducing airborne microorganisms and increasing the efficiency of HEPA filters

Surfaces mostly touched during dental treatments can be areservoir for infections and lead to cross-infection. The aim of the presentstudy was to evaluate the incidence of microbial infection of clinical surfaces in Mashhad Faculty of Dentistry.
Surface samples were randomly collected from unit headrest, light handle, and tabure of 10% of active dental units in Mashhad Dental Faculty. Samples were collected at two time points including beginning of the day and midday after surface disinfection. Samples were collected and transferred to the microbiology laboratory to determine the number of various microorganisms including staphylococcus, streptococcus, micrococcus, bacillus, tetragen, corena, and yeast. Data was analyzed by using Kruskal-Wallis test. P-value less than 0.05 were considered significant.
The highest rate of contamination of headrest was observed at Prosthodontics Department, and the highest rate of contamination of light handle respectively in Endodontics, Pediatrics, and Prosthodontics departments. Furthermore, Prosthodontics Department showed the highest rate of tabure contamination. Kruskal-Wallis test revealed no significant difference in total microorganisms at different departments in various surfaces. A significant difference was found between departments regarding micrococcus infection (P Microbial contamination was found at all surfaces at one or both of the sampling times, to prevent cross-infection more is required.

One of the most important causes of mortality, costs and length of stay in hospitals is nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to analyze the situation of nosocomial infection in Tehran Taleghani Hospital.
This study was a cross-sectional, descriptive and survey. Researcher collected the data from culture positive patients, chart temperature, according to a survey of the different parts of the hospital (infection control expert walk round) for one year in 2015, then entered in INIS software and reporting the frequencies.
The highest prevalence of nosocomial infections was reported among adults (15-65) with 83.17 % of bloodstream infections (48%), respectively. In terms of microorganism, the highest of Kelebciella (20%) from ICU was detected.
Regardless of people age as well as involved systems, type of microorganism and also highest prevalence ward were consistent with previous studies.The results showed that entering timely, accurate information and continuous reporting in addition to the immediate notification to managers could be crucial in decision making for effective corrective and preventive action.

Bacteria are a group of microorganisms which in contrast to their diversity in nature, only very few of them can be grown and isolated in the current standard laboratories. Metagenomics as a new field of research, during the last decade has worked on clarification of the genomes of the non-cultured microbes and researchers around the world with serious study of this group of bacteria, looking for new compounds such as new antibiotics, anti-cancer agents, new enzymes and biomolecules.
This article is reviews study which with study of Texts and Internet and handy browsing of key words from reliable scientific resources and sites amongst: Google Scholar, Pub med, Science direct, Sid and Scopus in the years 2000 to 2013 were collected and studied.
The data collection instrument in the study includes all printed metagenomics related texts. Although, nowadays metagenomics is used to screen samples but now as a perfect technique beside the medium application and other traditional techniques will have better position. The highest usage of metagenomics is in clinical cases where with conventional techniques cant be discovered microbial reasons. So for tests and analyze information need to skilled scientists.
This paper focuses on some of the latest achievements of Metagenomics and its application in new drugs, detection of enzymes, potential of biotechnology and environment.

Introduction & Nowadays, the electronic devices are being used in our living environments and workplaces. The effect of magnetic fields from electronic devices on the microorganism has been taken into special consideration. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of magnetic fields on the microorganism exiting in water.
Material & In this study two solenoid with 250 standard coil connected to a power source were used. So, a magnetic field (intensity of 100,200 and 300 mT) was created. The effect of magnetic fields was investigated in laboratory condition on temperature, pH, turbidity, total coliforms, focal coliforms and heterotrophic bacteria plate count of water samples. Also the effect of the time passed (10,20,30,40 and 50 mintues) on the cases and control samples was surveyed.
Results showed that the use of magnetic fields cause a significant increase in MPN/100 ml, coliform, total coliform and heterotrophic bacteria plate count in experimental samples in comparison with the control samples. Also, in most samples, this increase was more effective in 100 mT. According to the results, a slight increase was observed in temperature, pH and turbidity of samples under the influence of applied magnetic field.
The main results obtained in this study indicated that the magnetic fields lead to an increase inMPN/100 ml, coliform, total coliform and heterotrophic bacteria plate count. In contrast, the results did not confirm the effect of magnetic fields on temperature, pH and turbidity of the water solution.

The use of plant-derived antimicrobial agents can play a beneficial role in the control of human diseases. In this regard, this study was performed with the purpose of assessing the antimicrobial activity of artichoke on five human pathogenic species, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans.
In this experimental research, agar well method was used to assess the diameter of inhibition zone, pour plate method to measure the susceptibility of pathogenic strains against extract, and three methods including broth macrodilution, broth microdilution, and triphenyltetrazolium chloride indicator, were used to measure minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration.
In this study, the maximum diameter of inhibition zone of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of artichoke in a concentration of 800 mg/ml was related to the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the yeast Candida albicans, and the minimum zone diameter was reported for Salmonella typhi. The results of MIC of the aqueous extract of artichoke for Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Candida albicans were 256, 32, 64, 64 and 32mg/ml, respectively, and the MIC of the ethanolic extract were 128, 32, 16, 16, and 16mg/ml, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration of artichoke extracts was equal to or greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration.
The results of this study indicated that artichoke can be considered as a valuable plant to combat infectious diseases, since it showed significant antimicrobial effects, especially against Grampositive bacteria and the yeast Candida albicans.

Disinfection is a process which pathogenic microorganisms on non-living surfaces are destroyed, so choose of appropriate disinfectant and standard disinfection methods can be effective in reducing nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of common disinfectants on microorganisms isolated from different parts of Shahid Sadughi accidents burns hospital in Yazd in 2011. In this cross sectional descriptive-analytic study the sampling method has done randomly. In this study 240 samples were collected from 30 different parts of surfaces of 4 different parts of hospital. 30 samples before and 30 samples after disinfection were taken for each disinfectant. The samples were cultured on blood agar and EMB culture media in the Microbiology laboratory of Medical Sciences University. Disinfectants of Deconex 50 AF, Descoscid, Epimax SC and Silvosep have investigated. Data were analyzed using T-test. The average of bacteria isolated from 4 parts of the burn unit of the hospital, before disinfection by Deconex 50 AF, Descoscid, Epimax SC and Silvosep were 33737.49, 25784,18, 35085.65, 30504.77, respectively and after disinfection were, 14.3, 18569.42, 2.15 and 5.63, respectively that all of these disinfectants, have shown a significant difference (p<0.05) in decreasing of microorganisms. More commonly isolated microorganisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermice, Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli and yeast. The results showed that these disinfectants were effective against isolated microorganisms and also the number average of bacteria have shown a significant difference before and after disinfection and the most effective disinfectants was Epimax SC.