نگرش

Today, delayed childbearing has become one of the most common patterns of reproductive behavior in the world. The first important factor in the formation of fertility intention is the person's attitude towards childbearing. This study aims to investigate the work-related stress and attitude towards childbearing in married women working in the hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.

This is a cross-sectional correlational study conducted from August to December 2023 on 470 married female employees of hospitals affiliated to the IUMS, who were selected by a quota random sampling method. The data collection tools included a sociodemographic form, the health and safety executive (HSE) questionnaire, and Söderberg et al.’s attitudes toward fertility and childbearing scale (AFCS). Pearson's correlation test, independent t-test, and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data in SPSS v.20 software. 

The mean AFCS score was 65.89±12.24, and the mean HSE score was 106.08 ± 23.76. Among the HSE domains, the control domain had the highest score, and the peer support domain had the lowest score. The total HSE score (r=-0.684, P<0.001) and all its dimensions had a negative and significant relationship with the AFCS score (P<0.05). The AFCS score was significantly different based on shift work (P=0.002), employment status (P=0.035), number of children (P=0.015), having a job in other hospitals (P=0.004), and monthly income (P<0.001). The HSE score was significantly different based on work shift (P<0.001) and number of children (P=0.010). Job satisfaction had a significant relationship with the AFCS and HSE scores (P<0.001). 

Work-related stress can reduce the attitude of married female employees of hospitals towards childbearing. Since job satisfaction can improve this attitude, hospital managers should pay attention to this factor and use effective educational interventions to reduce their work-related stress and increase their positive attitudes towards childbearing.

Deciding to have children is based on the shared decision-making of the couples and their attitudes towards this issue. Several factors, including marital quality, can affect the couples’ attitudes towards having children. This study aims to determine the relationship between marital quality and the attitudes towards childbearing and fertility in married women from Kashan, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 280 married women aged 15-49 who referred to selected comprehensive health centers in Kashan city, Iran, in 2021, who were selected using a multi-stage sampling method. The data collection tools were a sociodemographic form and the Persian versions of the revised dyadic adjustment scale (RDAS) and the attitudes toward fertility and childbearing scale (AFCS). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data, and Pearson’s correlation test, t-test, analysis of variance, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyze the data in SPSS software, version 16. The significance level was set at 0.05.

The mean age of women was 29.97±6.48 years. Their mean AFCS and RDAS scores were 71.64±15.33 and 50.52±10.94, respectively; both were above average. Also, there was a positive and statistically significant correlation between the AFCS and RDAS scores and their domains (P=0.001), except for the dimension “fertility requires the fulfillment of prerequisites”.

The increase in marital quality can improve the attitude of couples towards childbearing and fertility.

 Rapid population growth and uneven development in Iran have resulted in a critical water scarcity crisis, with domestic water consumption significantly exceeding global averages. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of citizens in Sari regarding appropriate water consumption.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Sari in 2023. A sample of 450 individuals was selected from the target population using a simple stratified sampling method. Data were collected using a revised version of the Amiri Baghbadrani Questionnaire (2022), which was tailored to align with the study's objectives and the characteristics of the participants. The questionnaire assessed knowledge (score range: 0-12), attitudes (score range: 9-45), and practices (score range: 10-50) related to water consumption. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, employing the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

Of the 300 distributed questionnaires, the average scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice of Sari citizens regarding proper water consumption were 5.14±1.92 (moderate), 36.36±4.25 (good), and 49.42±5.05 (good), respectively. Additionally, the knowledge domain demonstrated a significant relationship with occupation, gender, and place of residence; the attitude domain exhibited a significant relationship with age and education; and the practice domain revealed a significant relationship with gender, occupation, and education (P<0.05).

The findings revealed that the levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding water-saving behaviors among citizens in Sari were moderate, good, and good, respectively. These results underscore the importance of education and the cultivation of a culture of water conservation to transform knowledge and positive attitudes into action.

Children have been identified as potential carriers of the corona virus disease, and their vaccination plays a vital role on breaking the transmission chain of this disease. Considering that the final decision-makers regarding children's vaccination are their parents; It seems that any change in parents' knowledge, attitude or level of anxiety can affect the spread of the covid-19 pandemic. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between knowledge and attitude with parents' anxiety towards covid-19 vaccination in their children.

The current study is a cross-sectional study that was conducted from June to September 2022. A total of 250 parents of children and adolescents under 18 years of age referring to health centers in Ilam city were selected and invited to the study by available sampling method. The data were collected using demographic information questionnaire, the Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Concern questionnaires of COVID-19 vaccine (KAPC) and COVID-19 vaccination anxiety questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation were used in SPSS version 24 software.

In the parents participating in the present study, the level of anxiety and attitude had a direct and significant correlation (r=0.54, P<0.05). While no significant correlation was observed between the level of anxiety and parents' knowledge (r=0.07, P=0.24).

Based on the findings, there is a statistically significant relationship between parents' anxiety and their attitude. Therefore, it is suggested that children's nurses as well as community health policy makers provide appropriate educational spaces to promote parents' positive attitude toward the covid-19 vaccination in order to reduce parents' vaccination anxiety

Mental health is a state of well-being in which each person understands their potential abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, have productive and fruitful work and be useful for his society, and since students are one of the most important strata of society and as future managers, they play an important role in the future administration of the country and the growth and development of the society, their mental health has special importance. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the attitude and practical commitment to prayer and its effect on the mental health of Iranian students.

Identification and retrieval of studies was done through searching SID, Magiran, IranDoc, Noormags, Civilica, Ensani Portal databases and Google Scholar without publication time limit (from the beginning to the end of November, 2023). After reviewing the articles, twelve studies with a total sample of 4135 students, which met the inclusion criteria, were systematically reviewed.

The results of the included studies showed a statistically significant relationship between commitment to prayer and reducing depression, increasing mental health, and life satisfaction of students (p<0.05). The effect of gender (women more than men) on the tendency to prayer was also observed in the results of the studies.

Considering the direct effect of prayer on the mental health of students, it is suggested that comprehensive and effective measures be taken in cultural planning and university policies to promote culture associated with performing prayer in universities to improve the mental health of students.

Nurses frequently confront critical situations involving death and mortality, which require specific emotional and practical skills. Integrating a conceptual model of death into nurse training could be an effective strategy to help them acquire these essential competencies.

This study aimed to assess the educational impact of a conceptual model of death on the attitudes of nurses working in emergency and intensive care units at selected Aja hospitals.

A semi-experimental study was conducted in 2023, involving 96 nurses from Aja hospitals with experience in end-of-life care. The study included two intervention groups and one control group, with nurses randomly assigned to each group. For the intervention groups, the researcher facilitated two workshop sessions with 8-10 participants per group, focusing on Model A8 content and incorporating shared experiential learning. No intervention was administered to the control group. Data collection involved a demographic questionnaire, the Nurses' Attitudes toward Death Scale, and the Templer Death Anxiety Scale, administered before the intervention, immediately afterward, and two weeks later. Data were analyzed using parametric tests, with a significance threshold of 0.05.

Demographic variables did not significantly differ among the three groups (P>0.05). Preintervention death attitude scores were similar between the intervention groups (1: 137.12±35.16, 2: 140.65±76.13) and the control group (141.78±40.15) (P=0.445). Post-intervention and two weeks later, death attitude scores revealed significant differences across groups (intervention 1: 126.53±9.68, 2: 133.12±9.88, control: 133.12±14.53) (P<0.001). The difference between the control group and the emergency department remained significant two weeks after the intervention (P<0.001).

Based on these findings, it is recommended that training on the concept of death be incorporated into the education of nurses in emergency and intensive care settings to enhance their preparedness and competency in end-of-life care.

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease, first identified in humans in 1970. Considering the importance of physicians' knowledge and attitude toward treating this disease, the current study was designed and implemented to determine the attitude and knowledge of family doctors in Sari, Iran, regarding monkeypox.

The present study is a descriptive and analytical study, with the statistical population comprising family doctors in Sari. Initially, a questionnaire containing questions evaluating the knowledge and attitude of family doctors was designed. Subsequently, data were collected through a census method. After data collection, the information was analyzed using SPSS version 16 and relevant statistical tests.

The participants in this study were 117 family doctors working in urban and rural areas. Descriptive data showed that 55% of the participants were male, while 45% were female. Additionally, 62% worked in urban areas, and 38% worked in rural areas. The average age of the participants was 47.10±8.07 years, and their average work experience was 17.30±5.17 years. The average knowledge score was 9.30±3.42, and the average attitude score was 3.5±1.70. Analytical data also indicated that the attitude score had a significant relationship with gender, while the knowledge score was significantly related to the place of work.

The results of this study indicate that the knowledge and attitude of family physicians in Sari regarding monkeypox were at a satisfactory level. Therefore, automated information dissemination systems in the field of infectious diseases can effectively be utilized to spread information about important infectious diseases.

 Considering the increase in the number of genetic disorders among human diseases and the importance of genetic counseling in prevention and the role of physicions in providing counseling, this study aims to determine the evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and performance of health specialists regarding the referral of necessary cases to genetic counseling and genetic tests were done in Bushehr in 2020.

 This research was a cross-sectional descriptive analytical study that was conducted using a questionnaire containing demographic information and questions in three areas of knowledge, attitude and performance of doctors regarding the referral of necessary cases to genetic counseling and testingin Bushehr with the participation of 95 doctors. Spearman, U-Man-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis correlation tests and Tukey's Post Hoc test were used for data analysis.

The average scores of doctors' knowledge, attitude and performance were 70.30 ± 7.45, 89.21 ± 10.77 and 38.25 ± 20.60, respectively, which indicates good knowledge and attitude and poor performance of doctors in this field. There was a significant difference in the performance score among doctors of different disciplines. A statistically significant relationship was obtained between knowledge and performance, attitude and performance and between participation in the genetics training course and performance.

 According to the findings of the study, holding effective and practical training courses, preparing a referral guide for doctors and establishing a standard genetic services center to improve the status of genetic counseling in Bushehr in order to control and prevent these diseases seems necessary.

There are numerous debates surrounding euthanasia in terms of ethics, religion, and law, with both opponents and proponents viewing it from their perspectives and presenting their specific reasons. This issue has sparked various controversies in the realms of ethics, religion, and medicine and is considered one of the most contentious ethical topics in medicine. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the attitudes toward euthanasia among nurses working in the Intensive Care Units of educational and therapeutic hospitals affiliated with North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

The current descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed on 164 nurses working in special departments of Bent Al-Hoda, Imam Ali, and Imam Hassan hospitals in Iran. The euthanasia attitude scale was used in this study. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 23) with a significance level of < 0.05.

Results of the present study showed that 50.6% and 49.4% of nurses had negative and positive attitudes towards euthanasia, respectively. Average scores of moral consideration, practical consideration, respect for life, and naturalistic beliefs were 34.19, 7.88, 11.66, and 5.54, respectively. Moreover, there was no statistically significant relationship between the type of attitude towards euthanasia and demographic variables.

Given the sanctity of compassionate death in terms of jurisprudence and shariah, the phenomenon of euthanasia should be addressed more carefully in the training course for nurses.

Cosmetic surgery is defined as a method of maintaining, restoring, or enhancing the physical appearance through surgical and medical techniques, and considering that in recent years, people's attention and interest in surgical and non-surgical methods have greatly increased and about 90% of these procedures are performed by women. This study aimed to determine the effect of life skills training on the attitude of female students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences towards cosmetic medicine interventions.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 80 female dormitory students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in 1402 in two randomly selected intervention and control groups. Data were collected using the demographic and attitude toward cosmetic surgery (ACSS) and body image fear (BICI) questionnaires. Training was conducted in 6 one-hour sessions for 3 weeks in a face-to-face manner using a question and answer method. Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and analytical statistics including independent t-tests and paired t-test were used to analyze the data and Spearman correlation were used to analyze the data.

The participants in the study before the intervention were homogeneous in terms of demographic variables and average score (ACSS) and (BICI) (P ≥ 0.05). After the educational intervention, there was a significant difference between the average score of (ACSS) and (BICI) in both the test and control groups (P ≤ 0.05). The test group participants had a significant decrease in the average score (ACSS) and (BICI).

Life skills training was able to help the intervention group students reduce their body image fears by improving skills such as informed decision-making, management, and coping with their loss in a healthy way. Therefore, the results of the present study confirm the effectiveness of life skills training on female students' attitudes towards cosmetic medicine interventions.

Indoor air quality is a critical factor influencing the health and well-being of individuals in society, as polluted indoor air can lead to various diseases. Consequently, this study examined the awareness, attitudes, and performance of health workers in Khorramabad City, Iran, concerning indoor air pollution, as well as the correlation of these factors with demographic variables.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 using a researcher-developed questionnaire to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and performance of health workers in the health centers of Khorramabad City. A total of 149 individuals from the Khorramabad health center participated in the study, and after receiving education, 140 of them agreed to complete the questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using independent t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson's correlation coefficient via SPSS software.

Health workers' performance regarding indoor air quality had the highest score of 60.50, while the scores for attitude and knowledge were 51.85 and 17.82, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the scores of knowledge, attitude, and performance between men and women (P > 0.05). The level of education had a significant relationship with the average scores of knowledge and performance. Consequently, the highest scores in knowledge, attitude, and performance were observed among individuals with a bachelor's degree or higher. In contrast, no significant relationship was found between the scores of knowledge, attitude, and performance with age or work experience.

Given the limited awareness among health workers regarding indoor air pollution, coupled with their significant role in disseminating health information to the community, it is essential to conduct training courses on this topic to enhance the knowledge of health workers.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming numerous fields, particularly healthcare. In Iran, where AI is an emerging discipline, there is a notable gap in knowledge and understanding in this area. This study aimed to explore medical students' acceptance, knowledge, attitudes, and readiness regarding medical artificial intelligence.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 117 medical students selected through convenience sampling. The study utilized a structured questionnaire comprising four sections: demographic characteristics, readiness (22 items rated on a five-point Likert scale), acceptance (28 items rated on a five-point Likert scale), knowledge (8 items rated on a three-point Likert scale), and attitude toward artificial intelligence (13 items rated on a five-point Likert scale). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27, employing descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, Pearson correlation tests, and regression analysis. A significance level of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The findings indicated that the mean levels of readiness (50.66±84.13), knowledge (23.17±27.3), and acceptance (25.95±63.14) were moderate, while the mean attitude level (51.46±01.6) was good. A direct and statistically significant relationship was observed among readiness, knowledge, acceptance, and attitude toward artificial intelligence (P<0.05), except for the relationship between readiness and attitude, which was not statistically significant (P=0.516). Regression analysis showed that attending artificial intelligence training courses (Beta=22.5, P=0.013) and knowledge about artificial intelligence (Beta=0.41, P<0.001) were strong predictors of readiness for medical artificial intelligence. These relationships remained statistically significant in both simple and multivariate linear regression analyses. Additionally, artificial intelligence usage and acceptance were identified as independent predictors of readiness in simple linear regression.

Medical students at Babol University of Medical Sciences showed a positive attitude toward artificial intelligence, indicating its growing relevance in medical education. These findings suggest that education planners should focus on improving students’ knowledge, readiness, and acceptance of AI through well-structured courses and training programs. Such efforts could help better prepare students for the increasing role of AI in healthcare.

Sudden cardiac arrest is one of the main causes of death and an important health care problem. It is important for nurses to acquire the cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skills and know the latest changes in the CPR guidelines. The present study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of nurses and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) in Ardabil, Iran, regarding the 2020 CPR guidelines.

In this descriptive study, 360 nurses and EMTs working in hospitals affiliated to the Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2022 were included by stratified random sampling method. Data collection was done using a questionnaire that surveyed the demographic characteristics and measured the knowledge, attitude, and practice of participants. The data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 26 using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation test, ANOVA, and t-test.

Participants included 176 females (48.9%) and 184 males (51.1%). In overall, the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice were 15.42±4.07 (out of 25), 45.75±8.73 (out of 56), and 95.18± 16.65 (out of 120), respectively. A significant difference was observed in the scores of knowledge, attitude, and performance based on gender, where males had higher scores than females (P<0.05).

The knowledge of nurses and EMTs in Ardabil regarding the latest CPR guidelines is not enough, which requires special attention and providing continuous training and education to them. The knowledge of males was higher than that of females, which requires special attention to the education of female nurses and EMTs in Ardabil.

Work and activity in the psychiatry department affect the scope of people's thinking and judgment and their performance. Considering that similar studies in this field are limited in the country and there has been no study in this field in South Khorasan province, this study aimed to compare the state of attitude, fear, and stigma towards psychiatric disorders in medical interns before and after training. It was in the psychiatric ward.

The present study is descriptive and comparative. Our study population was the students of the psychiatry department in the academic year 1401-1402. In this study, the abbreviated form of the OMI questionnaire was used to evaluate students' attitudes regarding psychiatric disorders, the stigma questionnaire of health care providers (OMS_HC) was used to assess stigma, and the Lerary negative evaluation short form questionnaire was used to assess fear.

The average score of attitude, fear and stigma among students at the beginning and end of the study was not significantly different from each other (P>0.05). The average changes in attitude, fear and stigma scores according to gender, educational level, marital status, place of residence of students did not differ significantly from each other (P>0.05).

The educational programs of the psychiatry department do not lead to the reduction of astigma, fear and increase of students' attitudes compared to the beginning of the study in medical students. The training program for medical interns in the psychiatry department should be revised.

A nurse is considered as an important member of the care team, whose attitude towards patients at the end of life has an important impact on how they provide care. The results of studies have shown different attitudes towards providing end-of-life care by nurses in different cultures.

A descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses (n=250) working in Kashan in 2023 who were randomly selected. Questionnaire of demographic information and attitude towards end-of-life care, job satisfaction and professional commitment in the form of self-reporting by the completed sample and data in SPSS software version 22 by independent t-test, Chi-Square and linear regression was analyzed. A statistically significant value of less than 0.05 was considered.

The findings showed that 177 (73.8%) samples were women and the mean age was 34.78±6.68 years with a mean overtime hour of 137.4±7.54 per month. The mean score of the attitude towards end-of-life care was 105.14±15.95, which was higher than the average, and no statistical difference was observed based on demographic characteristics (p<0.05). The results of the regression test also showed that the variables of age, overtime hours and job satisfaction are predictors of attitude towards end-of-life care (R2: 0.0103, Adjusted R Square: 0.059; p<0.05).
Discussion and

We conclude that the attitude of nurses towards end-of-life care is optimal and the variables of age, overtime hours and job satisfaction can predict a positive attitude towards providing these cares to be. Therefore, paying attention to the factors that increase job satisfaction can improve the attitude towards providing end-of-life care and relieve the pain of patients in the end-of-life stages.

Fertility is a key demographic factor influencing population fluctuations. There is a global trend toward delaying childbearing, and Iran is also undergoing significant changes in this regard. This review study examines the factors influencing childbearing and associated obstacles from 2010 to 2022.

This systematic review utilized PubMed, Scopus, SID, and Web of Science databases to analyze articles published in both Farsi and English from 2010 to 2022. The keywords in both Persian and English included childbearing, attitude, women, reasons, fertility, and obstacles. All studies related to obstacles and factors influencing childbearing published in English between 2010 and 2022 and in Persian up to 2022 were included. In this review, the population (P2) refers to married women, intervention (I3) to the effective factors, comparison (C4) is not applicable given this study's reporting nature, and outcome (O5) refers to childbearing. The search within each database was conducted using title searches, with standardized MeSH terms such as childbearing, attitudes, women, reasons, fertility, and obstacles, combined with operators (e.g., AND, OR) to ensure comprehensive retrieval.

The search yielded 1,254 articles, of which 36 met the inclusion criteria after applying entry conditions, availability of article files, and removing duplicates. Factors such as social and cultural status, urban versus rural residence, educational level, and individuals’ religious and ethnic beliefs significantly impact couples’ decision-making regarding childbearing. Additionally, governmental policies, including support for pregnant mothers, play an influential role.

Analysis of the 1,254 articles showed that economic, social, and cultural factors are significant social determinants of fertility. Ethnic background, education level, family orientation, religiosity, age at marriage, government policies, place of residence, and occupational status were identified as factors influencing childbearing. Religious and traditional values tend to increase fertility rates, especially among families with lower socioeconomic status. Educational programs aimed at improving beliefs and attitudes, promoting positive social norms, and strengthening empowerment skills may significantly enhance Iranian women’s reproductive intentions and behaviors. The findings of this study provide guidance for health policymakers in addressing obstacles to childbearing and supporting population growth in Iran. Additionally, by fostering favorable socio-economic conditions and recognizing diverse fertility behaviors across regions and cultures, reproductive health and pregnancy programs can better align with population growth policies.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a sudden shift towards the use of online teaching method in medical education. This study aims to investigate the knowledge and attitude of medical students towards the online learning of physiology at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS).

This is a descriptive-analytical study conducted in 2021. The study population consists of all students of the School of Medicine (semesters 2-4) at AJUMS. Data collection tools included a demographic form and a researcher-made questionnaire with a content validity index of 0.80-1 and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) of 0.937.

Among 176 participants, 92 (52.3%) were female and 84 (47.7%) were male, with a mean age of 21.76±1.12 years. The knowledge and attitude of medical students regarding online learning of physiology were relatively favorable and positive. The knowledge and attitude scores were 3.51±0.81 and 4.23±1.07, respectively. The mean knowledge score was significantly different between male (Mean=3.65) and female (Mean= 4.11) students, but there was no significant difference in the attitude score between male (Mean=4.36) and female (Mean=4.11) groups.

The knowledge and attitude of medical students of AJUMS regarding the online education of physiology during the COVID-19 pandemic is relatively favorable. The results can be helpful for the studies in the future during health-related critical situations.

HIV is one of the human sufferings with its global prevalence and the lack of effective treatment methods. Therefore, education can be considered an effective solution to prevent new cases. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of two educational methods on the knowledge and attitude of third year high school students.

This research is a semi-experimental study in the form of a census of the survey and selection of all possible examples (400) students of third year high school Chalderan city has done. To collect questionnaire data from triploid including demographic information, knowledge and attitude by the research units in the two pre-test and post-test completed, has been used. People under consideration to three lectures, group discussions have been divided. Data collected by the Software spss16 descriptive and inferential statistical tests and analysis have been.

The results showed that knowledge of students before and after training in three groups, lectures and group discussion and control of statistically significant differences existed. (p<0.001) as the group average speech awareness of 17.46 to 20.54 in group lecture, 17.85 to 22.38 in group discussions from 17.31 in the control group has improved to 18.26. Also, significant difference between the level of student attitudes before and after training among the three groups were observed (p<0.05). Comparing the two methods in education and the level of awareness improved of attitudes were significantly different (p<0.05).

The results suggest that despite the impact of two educational methods on knowledge and attitudes of students (the control group), the effectiveness of group discussion has more than lecture and as a more effective way than this study was accepted.

Quality improvement in the field of public health depends on improving the quality of medical education. The national committee for quality improvement has emphasized on creating a transformation in the management and leadership system of medical science education in the Ministry of Health and Treatment. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine and predict the attitude towards organizational changes based on the components of transformational and interactional leadership styles in clinical and basic sciences faculty members of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences.

In the present cross-sectional descriptive research conducted in 2019, the statistical population which included all the clinical and basic sciences faculty members teaching at Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, the participants were selected from the entire census and available for selection. The Bass multi-factor leadership questionnaire and Dunham scale were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, t and univariate and multivariate regression analysis.

255 clinical and basic science faculty members with an average age of 44.68 ± 7.49 (minimum 28 and maximum 65 years) participated in the present study, 89% of the participants were official or contract faculty members and 11% were professors. 56.5% were faculty members of basic sciences and the rest were clinical. The results of univariate regression analysis indicated that transformational and interactional leadership styles explain 15.3% and 14.7% of the variance or dispersion of attitude scores of clinical and basic medical science professors respectively. The order was not statistically significant (p = 0.387) and (p = 0.979). The results of multivariate or multiple regression analysis (based on transformational and interactional leadership components) also indicated that transformational and interactional leadership style components were 13.5% and 12.7%, respectively. They explain the variance of the scores of attitude towards organizational change in clinical professors and basic sciences of medical sciences, which were not statistically significant (p>0.05).

The components of leadership styles, both transformational and interactional, was not able to predict the attitude towards organizational changes in clinical professors and basic sciences of the University of Medical Sciences.

Ageism develops from childhood, and examining children’s attitudes towards old age can help in understanding the situation and planning for successful aging. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the content of primary school students' paintings in Izeh city to determine their attitudes towards older adults.

The method of this study was quantitative content analysis. First, 145 students were selected by simple random sampling method in the ages of 6–12-year-old in Izeh city in 2019. Then, 284 elderly male and female characters drawn by these students were included in the study as the analysis unit. The Danowski checklist, the Tree diagram and descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage, as well as inferential statistics such as Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression were used to analyze the data.

The mean age of students was 9.28 (±1.85). Analysis of students' drawings showed that although more than half of the drawings (69.4%) portrayed positive stereotypes the grandparents, 88.8% of students did not like getting old and only 23.4% of students had a positive view toward old age. Logistic regression findings showed that being a boy increased the probability of portraying elderly with negative stereotypes by 5 times (OR=5.620; CI=1.34-23.63) and with increasing age more negative stereotypes were observed in students' drawings (OR=1.50; CI=1.03-2.20).

Considering the increase of negative stereotypes among students with increasing age and also more negative stereotypes among boys, it is necessary to pay more attention to this issue in educational programming and intergenerational interventions at schools. Early intervention in childhood, can help prevent ageism in the future aging society of Iran.