جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "همه گیری شناسی" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer and the main reason of cancer-caused mortality in Iran. The awareness of cancer epidemiologic and pathologic characteristics helps to prevent the prevalence and incidence of cancer. This comparative descriptive study was conducted on patients with lung cancer referring to Ekbatan and Shahid Beheshti Hospitals during 2001-2016. Risk factors as well as clinical and demographic data were collected from medical records. The mean age of the patients was 61.11 ±12.23 years and 166 patients (83%) were male. A total number of 120 (66.7%) patients lived in urban areas. The frequency of patients who had a positive history for consumption of opioid, industrial drugs, cigarette, and hookah were 2%, 0%, 42.2%, and 1%, respectively. The most common symptoms were cough and dyspnea.  The time interval between the appearance of clinical signs and diagnosis was 5.32 months. The most common paraneoplastic symptom was bone pain (45.5%), and the most frequent pathologic form was squamous cell carcinoma (33.5%). The right upper lobe (27.5%) and left upper lobe (23.5%) were the most common lobes. Since the time interval between clinical signs and diagnosis was long and squamous cell carcinoma was the most common type of cancer, it is important to control risk factors, specifically smoking, to  prevent cancer.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a worldwide health problem with increasing prevalence. It is often associated with negative health outcomes, including depression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression in patients with COPD. This cross-sectional study with a descriptive-analytic design was conducted on 103 patients referring to the respiratory disease clinic and admitted to the pulmonary disease department of Shahid Beheshti teaching Hospital, Hamadan, Iran from April to September 2018. The inclusion criteria were the diagnosis of severe and very severe COPD according to the medical history, physical examination, and standard spirometric methods. The patients with lack of bereavement, trauma, and the use of antidepressant drugs were excluded from the study. Depression levels were measured using 21-items Beck II depression questionnaire. The results of the study showed that 57 patients (55.3%) were males and 46 cases (44.7%) were females. The majority of the subjects (33%) were in the age group of 50-59 years old. According to the results, the prevalence of depression in the study population was 66%. There was a significant relationship between spirometric parameters of forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of the pulmonary volume, forced expiratory volume at 1 second and COPD severity (P=0.024, P=0.003). With regard to the high prevalence of depression among people with severe and very severe COPD, it is necessary to consider psychological counseling for patients

Trichomoniasis is one of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Thus, we aimed to determine the prevalence of this infection among women in Bahar city, Iran, and evaluate drug susceptibility of the isolated parasites.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 850 females visiting the health centers of Bahar city, during 2016. The diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection was carried out by using wet mount and Dorset culture medium. In the next step, the obtained parasites were transferred to Diamond Medium and after the preparation of their pure cultures, they were placed under laboratory and aerobic conditions to test their drug sensitivity.
Four (0.5%) isolates of T. vaginalis were obtained from the participants. Drug sensitivity of the isolates after 48 h ranged between 1.6 and 25 µg/ml, with the mean and standard deviation of 12.6±8.26 µg/ml.
We found that the prevalence of trichomoniasis in the studied women in this region is lower than most parts of Iran. Due to the importance of this infection, this prevalence rate is significant and needs proper diagnosis and treament.

Anemia is one of the most common problems during pregnancy, whose maternal and fetal complications have been reported in many studies, most of which do not show any correlations and some at times were in contrast.
The present study aims to compare post-delivery maternal and fetal complications among anemic and non –anemic women who have been admitted to Al-Zahra hospital for delivery.
This study was conducted through a case-control analysis among 422 pregnant women who delivered their babies in the third trimester of their pregnancy. 211 cases of anemic women with HB The mean age was 28.80±6.68 yrs for anemic women and 28. 33.71yrs for the non-anemic. There was a significant difference between various levels of BMI among anemic and non-anemic women who had delivered a baby (p=0.029) but no significant statistical difference between the means of the two groups was observed (p=0.13). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of parity (P=0.55), pre-eclampsia(P=0.79), placenta abruption(P=0.72), preterm labor(P=0.25), neonatal Apgar score (P=0.44)¡ IUFD (P=0.12), IUGR(P=0.57),neonatal meconium excretion(P=0.23). The mean, the standard deviation, and the median of ferreting among anemic women were 44.68 ± 29.04 and 40, respectively and the mean and the standard deviation of TSH were 1.53±2. 16and its median was 2.
In this study, a significant association between maternal anemia and pregnancy and fetal complications was observed. The results could be due to the removal and treatment of people with hereditary anemia. Therefore, further studies considering different types of anemia are suggested.

Introduction & Stroke is the third cause of death in developed countries and the most common neurologic disease resulting in disability. Nowadays, several risk factors for stroke are recognized properly. Life style and risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes are different among various cultures and countries. This study was designed to evaluate strokes epidemiology and their cardinal risk factors in patients who referred to Farshchian hospital of Hamedan during 2014-2015. In this cross sectional-descriptive study 684 files of patients hospitalized in neurology ward of Farshchian hospital has been evaluated whose diagnosis was confirmed by clinical signs and CT scan study during 2014-15. Their information was derived to complete the check list including age, sex, location and cardinal risk factors such as history of past stroke, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, dyslipidemia and history of cardiac diseases. Corresponding data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software. Of 684 patients, 355 individuals (51.9%) were males and 329 individuals (48.1%) were females, of whom 547 cases (79.97%) had ischemic stroke and 137 cases (20.03 %) had hemorrhagic stroke. The mean age for women, (67.83 years,) were meaningfully more than that of men (64.18 years), (P=0.0002), and the group age of 60 to 69 years with 29.68 percent had the most abundant cases of strokes overall. 396 individuals (57.89%) were urban and 288 individuals (42.11%) were rural. 245 individuals (35.82%) had previous stroke and 294 individuals (42.98%) had familial history of stroke. The most frequent risk factors were hypertension with 54.24 percent, cardiac diseases with 35.38 percent, smoking with 29.68 percent, diabetes type 2 with 19.01 percent and dyslipidemia with 18.42 percent in order of abundance. The relation between cardiac disease and urbanity was meaningful (P=0.02), and in hemorrhagic stroke, prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher than ischemic stroke (P=0.009). Hypertension (P=0.006), familial history of stroke (P=0.00001) and cardiac diseases (P=0.01) in patients with recurrent attack were meaningfully more often. This study indicated that women suffer from stroke at older ages than men and abundance of stroke in men is a decade prior than women. Amidst common risk factors, cardiac disease in urban population is higher and prevalence of hypertension in hemorrhagic stroke is higher than ischemic cases. Hypertension, familial history of stroke and cardiac diseases in patients with recurrent attack are more frequent as well.

Introduction & Jaundice is a common problem in infants in the first days after birth. Jaundice due to serious complications such as kernicterus requires special attention. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors affecting neonatal jaundice. In this cross-sectional study of 579 infants admitted to the Imam Sajjad Yasouj hospital in 2014 were studied using, convenience non_probability sampling method. By reviewing data type and RH, hemoglobin, G6PD, direct Coombs test - total bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin was extracted. Gender, weight, gestational age, Apgar score, method of delivery, number of previous breast feeding and jaundice in infants were examined. Using SPSS software, descriptive statistics and independent t-test, ANOVA and chi score, data analysis was performed. In this study on 3461 newborns, 579 infants (72.16%) had jaundice. G6PD deficiency in infants was 12.95%. In this study, the prevalence of risk factors for premature yellowing was ABO incompatibility and G6PD deficiency pre-maturity, pottery hematoma, and RH incompatibility, respectively. Of total number of 579 cases, 58.2% were born through normal vaginal delivery and the rest through cesarean section and also 53.2% were boys and the rest were girls. The most common blood groups were A and AB and the most common blood group of mothers was O. The mothers’ mean gestational age was 38± 2. Among infants with jaundice, 15.9% were premature (35-37week) and 3.45% (20 cases) suffered from neonatal infections due to their mothers’ infection during pregnancy. There was no significant relationship between sex, type of delivery, birth weight, Apgar score, history of mothers’ drug use in the birth prevalence of premature hepatitis (P> 0.05). But, a significant relationship between the frequency of breast-feeding, pre-maturity, ABO incompatibility and G6PD and jaundice was found (P<0.05). The prevalence of hepatitis was 16.72%, largely due to ABO incompatibility and G6PD deficiency. It is recommended to determine the infants’ blood group (especially infants of mothers with blood group O) and measure neonatal bilirubin to prevent injury in infants who are at risk.

Introduction & Iran is among the countries with a variety of scorpion species، particu-larly dangerous ones. Death due to scorpion sting occurs in all parts of the country. Mortality from scorpion sting depends on various factors such as scorpion species، age of the stung per-son، stung body site and geographical area. Considering the fact that so far no research on the fauna and epidemiological aspect of scorpion stings has been done in Hamadan city، we con-ducted this research. This is a cross sectional- descriptive study. To determine the scorpion fauna of the region using a random cluster sampling in specified locations from May to Sep-tember in 2013 and was attempting we caught scorpions and put them in containers of alcohol (70%) and identified them based on Iran scorpions´ key. In order to investigate cases of scor-pion stings، we referred to the health center of Hamadan province and using questionnaires، we collected data related to the patients during 2010-2013. The data were analyzed by SPSS software. A total of 98 collected scorpion species named Mesobuthus eupeus، Androctonus crassicauda، Odontobuthus doriae and Razianus zarudnyi (Family: Buthidae)، were identified. Mesobuthus eupeus species with 89. 7% of the samples collected had the highest frequency. Totally، 797 cases of scorpion sting were documented in the Health Center of Hamadan Prov-ince، including 498 (62. 5%) male and 299 (37. 5%) females. The results of this study showed that most cases of scorpion stings in the age group of 25 to 34 years، in 2011 in July and in the rural areas were 29. 6%، 33. 1%، 28. 9%، 64. 4%، respectively. The most stung organs were hands، with 48. 2%. All patients (100%) during the study were treated. Due to the low-risk species of scorpions in the region and lack of mortality reports in the past few years، it is recommended to revise administering anti-scorpion serum in the health centers. Adequate training and awareness related to scorpions and prevention is the first step in reducing scorpion sting.

Introduction & Nowadays، parasitic infections are a major health problem throughout the world، particularly in developing countries. Considering the crucial role of women in fam-ily health care، this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated demographic fac-tors of intestinal parasitic infections in mothers visiting urban and rural health care centers of Hamadan city. This cross sectional study was conducted on 253 (128 rural and 125 ur-ban) mothers visiting urban and rural health care centers of Hamadan. After receiving in-formed consent and filling the questionnaire، stool samples were examined by formalin-ether concentration technique، trichrome and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining methods. The results were analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Of the 253 mothers studied، 52 (20. 55%) were infected with intestinal protozoa. The infection rate in urban and rural inhabitants was 14. 4% and 26. 56%، respectively (P=0. 02). Blastocystis hominis was the most frequently detected parasite with prevalence of 14. 62%، followed by Entamoeba coli with 5. 92%. Moreover، Giardia lamblia was found only in 0. 79% of mothers. There were significant relationships between parasitic infections and contact to animals، level of education، location، method of washing vegetables and occupation. The results of the present study showed a high prevalence of parasitic infections in mothers living in rural areas compared to urban inhabitants. Therefore، it is necessary to pro-mote the public health awareness of rural population to reduce the frequency of parasitic in-fections.

A successful program for patients’ referral from small district medical centers to the public referral hospitals indicates a social development and well-managed healthcare service. This study was done to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric patients referred from district cities to Imam Reza hospital, Razavi Khorasan province as well as assessing the status of the patients’ referral system in 2009-2010. This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad, Iran. We evaluated 220 patients who had been referred from Razavi Khorasan district cities to our center in 2009-2010. Demographic characteristics, primary and last diagnosis, and vital signs on admission were recorded and analyzed. A total of 220 patients with mean age of 31± 34 months were recruited in this study. 56% of patients were neonates and infants. There was significant inverse correlation between the length of hospital and the patients’ age as infants aged 0-1 month had the longest duration of hospital stay (6.41± 3.69). The most common primary diagnoses in the origin hospitals included pneumonia (21%), poisoning (15%), and congenital heart disease (11%). These diagnoses were significantly correlated with final diagnoses (P = 0.03, Kappa=0.58). Moreover, a significant correlation between severity of abnormal vital signs and mortality was observed (P = 0.001). In this study we found that neonates had the longest duration of hospital stay. Referral pattern and the relationship between severity of abnormal vital signs and mortality showed that setting up an appropriate protocol for patients’ referral can reduce unnecessary referrals and consequently decrease healthcare costs.

Abstract Diabetic foot infection is a major complication of diabetes mellitus and is associated with a high morbidity and cost rate for the patients and community.This study was conducted to investigate demographic, clinical and treatment outcome characteristics of these patients. This study is a descriptive/ analytical cross-sectional research conducted on data from medical records of 204 diabetic foot infection patients admitted to Razi Hospital,Rasht,1390.The main variables of the study were: age, gender, type and duration of diabetes, duration of diabetic foot infection, FBS and BS, history of amputation, smoking, severity of infection, type of treatment (antibiotic therapy /surgery), type of surgery (debridment/amputation) and treatment outcome. The data were analyzed using spss16 software. The association of variables were analyzed using chi-square test. The mean age of the patients was 60.69±11.63 years. 57.8 % of the patients were male. 92.2% of them had type 2 diabetes. The mean duration of diabetes was 14.94±10.4 years.77.9% of the patients underwent medical and surgical treatment for diabetic foot infection. 101 cases (49.5%) had limb amputation. 5 patients (2.5%) died. There was a significant association between BS and FBS on admission and severity of diabetic foot infection(p=0.0001 & 0.03 respectively). High rate of amputations in our study in comparison to other similar studies (about half of our cases versus 14-24% in other studies) shows that further research on the causes and alternative treatment and preventive methods for this problem are required.

Introduction & Cryptosporidium is one of the most important zoonotic and oppor-tunistic protozoa and can cause diarrhea in those with impaired immune systems, as well as the children. Considering the high sensitivity of children against infection caused by crypto-sporidium, its zoonotic nature and lack of treatment, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium infection in children under 10 years old, referred to the health care centers of Hamadan district. This study was conducted in 2013 on 420 children (222 males and 198 females), who were referred to urban and rural health care centers in Hamadan district. Stool samples were examined using formalin-ether method and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. The results were analyzed with chi-square test. Of the 420 children studied, 2 individuals (0.47%) (A 16-month-old boy and a 6-year-old girl) were infected with cryptosporidium spp. The infection was observed only in rural areas and in children that were in direct contact with the animals. The results of this study showed a presence of cryptosporidium in rural areas compared to urban areas and in children in contact with animals. Therefore it is necessary to promote the public health awareness of rural population. (Sci J Hamadan Univ Med Sci 2014; 21 (3): 211-217)

Introduction &

Ocular trauma is one of the important reasons of visual loss which can cause multiple damages to eyelid، eyeball and adenexal tissues. Furthermore، ocular trauma is one of the major causes of unilateral blindness and the third leading cause of hospi-talization in ophthalmology wards. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and characteristics of eye trauma at Farshchian hospital in Hamadan in 2012.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study، 70 patients with ocular trauma، admitted to Farshchian hospital، were studied. We assessed the age، sex، job، educational level، location، cause of trauma، its type and site of injury. The data was analyzed by SPSS 16 software and t،? 2 statistical tests.

The mean age of patients in this study was 24. 01 years (SD= 16. 04). Among 70 pa-tients، 58 people (82. 1%) were males and 12 patients (17. 1%) were females. The most com-mon cause of trauma was observed in 19 patients (27. 1%). The most common location of the trauma in this study was homing، seen in 28 patients (40%). Among the 70 patients، 29 peo-ple (41. 4%) had open globe injuries، 25 people had (35. 7%) closed globe injuries، 5 patients (7. 1%) had burning and 11 patients (15. 7%) had adenexal injury.

The results showed that most ocular traumas occur in the early ages and in males. The most common type of them is open globe injury and the most common cause is a sharp.

Introduction & Cryptosporidium is one of the important pathogenic agents of gastero intestinal tract of mammals، especially human and domestic animals. This parasite is one of the principal causative agents of mortality in young animals. Considering the zoonotic importance of the parasite، infected animals can be very dangerous to the public health. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidial infection in humans، cattle، sheep، horses، dogs، domestic fowls and turkeys in Hamadan and its suburbs and also to evaluate the role of the animals of this area in transmission of the infection to human inhabitants of Hamadan. In this cross sectional descriptive study fecal samples were collected from 477 cattle، 220 sheep، 158 horses، 210 dogs، 200 domestic fowls، 200 domestic turkeys and 300 humans in Hamadan city. Cryptosporidium oocysts were concentrated by using the formalin-ether sedimentation method followed by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique and examined by light microcopy. The prevalence rate of the infection in cattle، sheep، horses، dogs، domestic fowls، domestic turkeys and humans was 15. 93%، 8. 6%، 12. 6%، 3. 8%، 2. 5%، 4% and 5. 33%، respectively. Cryptosporidium can cause diarrhea by itself or with other microbial agents in inhabitants of Hamadan. Considering the high prevalence and intensity of the infection in the cattle of the suburbs of Hamadan and with regard to the results of the other researches in the world and Iran، cattle are one of the most important sources of the infection for the inhabitants of Hamadan.

Sport injury is a matter of concern for both athletes and coaches. Due to a public tendency for martial arts and its traumatic nature, prevalence for injury is high in such sports. The aim of the present study was to review the epidemiology of high prevalent injuries in taekwondo, karate and judo. Searching in specific scientific citations was carried out for relevant articles with the subject coverage of three martial arts (taekwondo, karate and judo) during 1943-2008. Findings showed an average prevalence of the total body injuries (57.06%, 38.27% and 25.93%) for hand, neck and torso in karate, taekwondo and judo, respectively. Comparing the injury incidence percent revealed the high rate of lower limb, head and neck injuries for taekwondo; head, neck and then inferior limb for karate; superior limb and then inferior limb for judo, respectively. The highest percentage of injury types in taekwondo and karate were for contusion and sprain; in judo firstly sprain and then contusion. Injuries in hand, neck and torso account for a high rate of bodily injuries in martial arts. Among the factors involved are the technical errors in the maneuvers made on victims and the mis-performance of the techniques. Determining the predisposing factors for injuries have a significant role in the prevention of forthcoming competitive injuries.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease in many tropical and sub-tropical countries; caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and can be transmitted by sand fly bites (Psychodidae). The aim of this study was the detection of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in Hamadan, Iran. This investigation is a descriptive, cross sectional and retrospective study. The disease was diagnosed based on clinical examination and microscopic observation of the parasite in the ulcer site from April 2004 to November 2010. Data processing and statistical analysis were performed using SPSS software, Ver. 16. The results revealed that number of infected cases in Hamadan were 81 people during the study. Maximum cases have been reported in 2006 (17 persons or 21%) and minimum in 2007 and 2010 (7 persons or 8.6%) in each year. Seventy-seven cases (95.1%) were men and the remaining four patients (4.9%) were female. The statistical difference between them were significant (p<0.01). The majority of cases were groups of 16-30 and 31-45 years-old with 48.1% and 30.9%, respectively. Nearly 77.8% of the patients were living in urban and 22.2% in rural areas. Most of the cases (37.0%) had one and 28.4% two ulcers. The most common location of ulcers were on the hands (50.6%) and then on their feet (23.5%). The steady trend of disease in different years showed that Hamadan city is a non-endemic area. Further epidemiological investigations of disease particularly CL are suggested.

After trauma, multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of disability in young adults. Epidemiologic findings provide health care managers with vast information. Study was designed to determine some of the Epidemiologic variables in MS Patients in Zanjan hospitals in 2007. In this descriptive study, all 96 MS patients were chosen and data were collected by phone and a questionnaire consisted of demographic characteristics, history of MS in family members, age of first admission, chief compliant, number and season of admission, total cost of hospitalization and use of Avonex and Rebife at home. Mean age of samples was 33.5 years and duration of illness was 6.2 years. Majority (66.6%) was female, married (77.8%), lived in Zanjan city (72.9%), owned house (74%), unemployed (74%) and had familial history of MS (7.3%). The ratio of disease in women to men was 2.7 to 1. Treatment cost in 46.9% of samples was between 100-250 thousands Tomans and 34.4% use medications such as Avonex and Rebife. MS is not uncommon in Zanjan. In order to improve the lives of these patients, more comprehensive information regarding their clinical and demographic aspects are needed.

Injury with contaminated sharp devices like used needles is the great potential risk factor in nursing staff. Severity of infectious complications of these injuries demonstrated the value of prophylactic activities. To evaluate epidemiologic features of needle stick injuries and coverage of Hepatitis B vaccine among nursing staff in Bualisina hospital in Qazvin from march 2007 to march 2008. In this cross sectional descriptive study, data of needle stick injuries if staff was gathered by direct interview. For statistical analysis were used t student, chi square and Fisher exact test. P value above 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In this period among 172 nurses, 55 subjects experienced needle stick injuries (32%). There was no statiscaly relationship between needle stick injuries with educational level, gender, and related training courses; but there was a statiscaly relationship between the injuries and the number of continous shifts. Reporting the injury to the hospital supervisors was statiscaly significant in nurses who had university education. According to undesirable complications of needle stick injuries, it is considered to organize educational programs in order to decreasing continues shifts in nursing staff and emphasis major priority of prevention methods.