جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « هورمون درمانی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Hypothyroidism is one of the disorders that is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. One of the first responses to thyroid hormone administration is to reduce systemic vascular resistance and increase cardiac output and heart contraction.

In this study, which was performed as a quasi-experimental study (before and after), 50 patients were referred to the endocrinology and internal medicine clinic of Towhid Hospital in Sanandaj (in two groups of 25 patients receiving medication and the group that did not receive medication) They were included in the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Blood pressure, heart rate, and ECG were performed by a cardiologist after recording them.

The mean age of patients participating in the study was 48.0 ± 7.74 years. Compared the patients receiving the drug and the other group, in terms of sex distribution and age, showed results; There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p value > 0.05) However, in terms of comparing blood pressure and heart rate indices in the before and after stages, the two groups showed a statistically significant difference between patients receiving medication and patients who did not receive medication in terms of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the previous phase of hormone therapy (p value < 0.01).

Special attention to hypothyroid patients according to the obtained results, Control, follow-up, and planning for these patients, by those involved in the matter and those responsible for the health sector, seems important and necessary and should be taken into consideration.

Gender disorder or sexual dysfunction is a complex psychological problem and these patients are more vulnerable to psychological problems, such as anxiety due to gender issues and pressures on them. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of empowerment baced education on the anxiety of transgene patients under hormone therapy.
The present study is a randomized clinical trial with 87 transgender patients in 1397 affiliated with the Tehran Welfare Center. The samples were selected based on inclusion. After explaining about goals and obtaining written consent, patients were randomly assigned to two groups of intervention and control. Demographic information questionnaires and Spiel berger's anxiety and history questionnaires were completed by both groups. In the intervention group, educated based on empowerment-based education (perception of threat, problem solving, training participation, and evaluation). For 3 months, follow up was conducted once a week by phone. In the experimental group 3 months after the intervention, and in the control group 3 months after completing the initial questionnaire by completing the questionnaires, the results were analyzed by using SPSS software version 24 and by descriptive ststistics, independent t-test, paired t-test and Fisher's Exact Test. P<0.05 was considered meaningful.
According to the findings, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics and disease records before the intervention (P>0.05). After intervention, it was revealed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in the mean of apparent anxiety (P = 0.045). However, there was no significant difference in the mean of anxiety anxiety between the two groups (P = 0.731).
Based on the findings of this study, education had effect on clients' apparent anxiety; so it is suggested that educational nursing interventions should be designed and implemented to reduce the anxiety of these patients based on empowerment model.

The pattern of incidence of asthma varies with age and sex, as females suffer more than males. Some asthmatic women report premenstrual exacerbation of asthma symptoms as well as variation of its severity during pregnancy, thus it is believed that sex hormonal changes could affect asthma. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is a routine and accepted procedure which is used for treatment of several cases such as irregular periods, hirsutism, menopausal manifestations, acne, osteoporosis and amelioration of the symptoms in some autoimmune disease. HRT could reduce the magnitude of variations in estrogen and progesterone over the menstrual cycle. According to increased asthma prevalence among women than men and regarding to expression of estrogen and progesterone receptor on lung and immune cells, we aimed to determine the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) alone and in combination form on expression of T-bet and IFN-ɣ cytokine secretion, in correlation with Th1 cell subset of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) (as crucial cells that could affect cytokines’ balance) in asthmatic patients versus non-asthmatic healthy controls.
The diagnosis of asthma was confirmed on the basis of clinical symptoms and detection of allergen specific IgE. Then PBMCs were isolated and cultivated in 24-well plates in the presence or absence of 1% phytohemagglutinin (PHA), 10-8 M of estrogen and 10-6 M of progesterone, followed by mRNA isolation. After reverse transcription, real-time quantitative PCR was performed to evaluate the expression level of T-bet. We also measured the concentration of the related cytokine (IFN-ɣ) in supernatants by ELISA.
The expression of T-bet as well as secretion of IFN-ɣ which is a Th1 related cytokine was significantly increased when a combination of both hormones were applied in case group compared to controls [Median: 84.04 (IQR: 77.32-177) and Median: 71.52 (IQR: 68.85-84.04) pg/ml respectively], however, treatment with these hormones alone did not show any significant effects.
We concluded that, treating PBMCs with estrogen and progesterone alone or in combination as an in vitro example of HRT, has stimulatory effect on Th1 cells’ behavior that may have a role in improving (sometimes worsening because of the complex role of CD8 cells) of allergic asthma symptoms. It is crucial to clarify the effect of these hormones on differentiated T helper cell population, which requires more studies to understand the effect of sex hormones on allergic asthma

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world that is affected by various genetics, epigenetic and many other environmental factors. Estrogen is one of the risk factors for this cancer. This factor lead to genetic alterations and the beginning and promotion of breast cancer.
In this review, we provide information using databases of NCBI, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Ovid MEDLINE, about the molecular basis of breast cancer, the effect of estrogen hormone, and estrogen receptors on cancer incidence, the use of anti-estrogens such as Tamoxifen in treatment of breast cancer and mechanisms of resistant to these drugs.
Anti-estrogens such as tamoxifen play an important role in treatment of estrogen-receptor positive breast cancers by preventing estrogen binding to its receptors in these tumors. Finding the molecular basis of breast cancer will help us to achieve effective treatment for breast cancer.
Increased estrogen and estrogen receptor highly influence the incidence of breast cancer. Tamoxifen is standard adjuvant therapy for women with ER-positive [], but there is some intrinsic or acquired resistance to endocrine treatment that require further investigations.

Hormone therapy is widely used to control the menopause symptoms، prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease، osteoporosis and dementia in old women. This study was performed with aim to identify the long-term effects of hormone therapy on menopausal problems. This study was performed as a review of 25 articles related to hormone therapy after menopause between 1999 and 2010. Searching was performed in databases including ISI web of Science، Up to date، and Scopus using keywords of menopause، hormone therapy، complications of hormone therapy، estrogen and progesterone. Inclusion criteria included the insertion of search terms in the title or keywords of the article. Articles with incomplete data and articles which only their abstracts are available were excluded. In relatively healthy women، continuous combined hormone therapy significantly increases the risk of venous thromboembolism or coronary events، stroke، breast cancer and gallbladder disease. Long-term hormone therapy with estrogen alone significantly increases the risk of stroke and gallbladder disease. In general، the only benefits of hormone therapy are reducing the incidence of fractures and colon cancer with long-term use. Hormone therapy is not an indication for routine management of chronic disease. There is a need for more evidence on the safety of hormone therapy to control the menopausal symptoms. It is believed that short-term use of hormones is relatively safe for healthy younger women.

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common disorder in reproductive age in women and treatment of it can promote the quality of life in women، but characterizes and side effects of each therapeutic methods based on cultural context of society may affect the quality of life. Therefore، the objective of this study was comparison of quality of life in physical، emotional and social dimensions in two groups of women with hysterectomy and hormonal therapy. In this comparative study quality of life in 54 women with hysterectomy and 54 women with hormonal therapy in reproductive age due to AUB in selected clinical centers in Isfahan was compared. Non-controllable uterine bleeding، systemic disease، oophorectomy، premature menopause، tend to have pregnancy، using of herbal or non-hormonal drugs were failure to log in criteria. Random classification sampling was used. The data collection tool was the standard questionnaire of quality of life which was completed six month after treatment. Findings showed that mean scores of quality of life in total and in physical and emotional dimensions in hormonal therapy were higher than the hysterectomy group significantly (p<0. 05)، but the mean scores of quality of life in social dimension in study groups was no different. The findings showed that quality of life in physical and emotional dimensions followed by hormonal therapy are better than hysterectomy.

Menopause happens in the life of all women. During this process women inter to the new era of life that have many side effects and difficulties. The purpose of study was to evaluate the frequency of hormone therapy and other supplements. This cross-sectional study carried out on 384 menopausal women who attended in medical and health centers of Hamadan city in 2012. The way of sampling was multi- stage cluster. Data were collected through interviews with women in the clinics in the health centers. Data processing and statistical analysis were performed by using SPSS 16. 0. The results revealed that mean age of menopause was 38/3 ± 45/48 year. 81. 5% of the women were taking supplements that used hormone therapy (9. 1%)، and 72. 4% used non hormonal supplement that included calcium (38. 3%)، vitamin (27. 3%) and herbal drugs (6. 8%). Regarding to this results x2 test showed that age at menarche، smoking، mother education، BMI، type of menopause، and use of supplements in different menopause groups was not statistically significant (p >0/05). The results showed that 81. 5% of menopausal women were taking supplements from which 72. 4% was non-hormonal supplements. Therefore، effective educational programs with supplement interventions can improve the quality of life in postmenopausal women.

Frequency and morbidity of hot flushes has led to development of multiple hormonal and non hormonal treatments in the recent years. Fluoxetine and citalopram with limited side effects and high tolerability by most women with hot flushes have attracted the researcher's attention but there are plenty of rooms for disagreement on their effectiveness. In this study the effects of fluoxetine, citalopram, hormone therapy and placebo on perimenopausal flushes, were compared with one another. This study was a randomized clinical trial (RCT). The study population included 46 to 55 year old women with hot flush who had lack of menstruation and reached menopause for at least 1 year. Sampling method was blocked randomization and the patients were divided into four groups including fluoxetine, citalopram, hormone therapy and placebo groups. The collected data were introduced into the SPSS software and analyzed by chi- square, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests. There were no significant differences between the groups in the mean duration of menopause, history of any chronic disease, drug use and frequency of hypertension before intervention (p<0.05). But there was significant differences between the values of the mean age of the groups before intervention (P=0.03). The mean frequency of hot flushes decreased by 57%, 74.7%, 81.8% and 80% after intervention in estrogen + progesterone, fluoxetine, citalopram and placebo groups respectively (P<0.001). Considering the high rate of success of the treatment of the hot flushes with citalopram and fluoxetine and few side effects of these drugs, they can be regarded as good alternatives to hormone therapy and for thoese who are not willing to take estrogen.

In recent years there has been considerable investigation about the potentials of soyfoods to reduce the risk of cancer, particularly breast cancer. Isoflavones are compounds with a chemical structure similar to estrogen and can bind to estrogen receptor. The relationship between soyfoods and breast cancer has become a controversial issue because of concerns -based mostly on some in vitro and rodent data- that isoflavones may stimulate the growth of existing estrogen-sensitive breast tumors. However; some have indicated that soy isoflavones have antitumor and antiproliferative effects. The epidemiologic data are generally consistent with the animal studies, showing no increased risk. In limited clinical studies there is no evidence that isoflavone intake increases tumor growth or proliferation of carcinoma cells. Also, epidemiological studies on breast cancer survival showed that soy isoflavones decrease recurrence and mortality of disease. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that in healthy women the pharmacologic dose of estrogen has very low if any risk for breast cancer. Because of the increasing popularity of soyfoods and the commercial availability of isoflavone supplements and existing concern regarding the estrogen-like effects of isoflavones in the breast, more clinical research seems to be necessary.

Introduction & Urinary complications are a common disorder which affects the quality of life of women. The objective of this study was to compare the therapeutic effects of Tibolone and classic hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the urinary complications of menopausal women. This randomized controlled trial study was conducted at Tarbiat Modarres University in 2007-2008 on 100 menopausal women which were divided into two therapeutic groups. Women in the first group used 2.5 mg tibolone plus one tablet of Ca+D daily. Women in the second group used HRT classic (0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogen and 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate) plus one tablet of Ca+D daily, for six months. Before and after each treatment, frequency, urgency, nocturia, stress and urge urine incontinence was recorded. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS software using independent sample t-test, Mann-Whitney test, Wilcoxon test, and Fisher test. The data showed that the two groups were matched in age, menarche and menopausal age, gravid, education level, occupation and socio-economic level (P>0.05). After six months, all of the urinary complications reduced after treatment in each group,but Wilcoxon test showed that only the reduction of nocturia was significant (P=0.007, P=0.03). Mann-Whitney test showed that all of these complications in the HRT group reduced more in the tibolone group, but this reduction statistically wasn’t significant (P>0.05). Treatment by classic hormone replacement therapy reduces the urinary complications of menopausal women in comparison with Tibolone. Therefore care should be taken for considering of an appropriate medical approach in these cases.

Menopause is one of the stages in women’s lifewith a lot of problems and osteoporosis as the most common of itscomplications. This study was designed to assess the comparative effects oftibolone and HRT on osteoporosis in postmenopausal healthy women. Tiboloneis a synthetic steroid with estrogenic, progestogenic and androgenic properties.

A total of 107 women aged 45-64 years wererandomly assigned to two groups: 52 women received 2.5 mg tibolone plus Ca-D daily; 55 received 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogen plus 2.5 mg ofmedroxy progesterone acetate (CEE/MPA) plus Ca-D. At baseline and after 6months of treatment, we measured bone turnover markers. Bone mineral densitywas measured in the spine and neck of femur by dual energy X- rayabsorptiometry (DEXA) at baseline and after 9 months of treatment.

ALP serum and Ca/Cr urinary decrease significantly in those takingtibolone and in those taking HRT. T score, Z score and BMD increasedsignificantly in the spine and femur in those taking tibolone. In those treatedwith conjugated equine estrogen and medroxy progesterone acetate T score, Zscore and BMD in the spine and femur also increased significantly. Nosignificant difference was observed between tibolone and CEE/MPA groups.

Tibolone had beneficial effects on bone mineral density and boneturnover markers. It may be a good alternative to HRT in postmenopausalwomen who would not accept a vaginal bleeding and breast tenderness.

Survey of the Status of Estrogen and Prolactin Receptors in Breast Cancer M. Sirati Sabet PhD, F. Karami Tehrani PhD Received: 23/01/06 Sending for Revision: 19/04/06 Receiving Revised Manuscript: 16/08/06 Accepted: 27/09/06 The existence of hormonal receptors in cancer cells is very important in various aspects. Survey of the status of estrogen receptors (ERs) in the evaluation of breast cancer cells is important due to their response to hormonal therapy. Many studies have been recently carried out on prolactin receptors (PRLRs) especially in breast cancer. The aim of the present study was survey of the status of ERs and PRLRs in breast cancer. In this cross-sectional study 40 samples from breast cancer tumors were studied. Estrogen receptor was assessed by radio-ligand binding assay method. Free and total prolactin receptors were also measured using iodinated prolactin (125I-PRL). Magnesium chloride solution (3.5 M) was used to assay the total prolactin receptor. Eighty five percent of tumor samples were ductal tubular carcinoma. In 62.5%, 45% and 62.5% of tumor samples ER, free PRLR and total PRLR were observed respectively. Forty Five percent of the tumor cells expressed both ER and total PRLR. A positive significant relation between ER and free PRLR was observed (p<0.05). There was also a significant relation (p<0.05) between ER and total PRLR. Twenty Percent of tumor cells expressed neither ER nor total PRLR. Since the existence of estrogen and prolactin receptors in breast tumor cells have been shown, application of antiestrogenic and antiprolactin drugs in the inhibition of these tumors growth are possibly of value.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, leading to debilitating the patient and indirectly causing a lot of economical and psychological problems both for the rest of the family and for the society. Because of the high incidence of the disease and no definite treatment for it, a lot of studies are being carried out to find effective therapies. Recent studies suggest that estrogen and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may slow down or stop the progression of the disease. This study was aimed to determine the effect of HRT on the symptoms of the disorder in women with Alzheimer and their EEG changes. This interventional- clinical trial study was carried out on thirty post menopausal women suffering from Alzheimer's disease aged forty-one and over with no contraindications for hormone therapy. For every patient EEG and MMSE were performed and then the patients were randomly divided into case and control groups. For four months, the case group received conjugated-estrogen 0.625 mg with half of a medroxy progesterone acetate tablet daily. The other group received placebo. After two and four month intervals MMSE and EEG were recorded again and finally the data was analyzed by SPSS software, paired and unpaired t tests and at the significant level P≤0.05. Mean MMSE score in the case group two months and four months after intervention was 19.47±2.2 and 19.87±2.53, respectively which were significantly higher than the score before intervention (17.27±2.31) (P=0.001 and P=0.001). Mean MMSE score in the control group after two and four months was 19±4.17 and 19±4.61 respectively, which did not show a significant difference with before intervention mean score (17.73±5.13), (P=0.08 and P=0.192, respectively). Frequency distribution of EEG changes two months after intervention in both groups did not statistically show a significant difference but four months after intervention positive EEG changes compared to other changes in the case group were higher than those in the control group, which was a significant difference (P=0.003). From the findings of this study support the hypothesis that hormone replacement therapy improves symptoms and EEG changes of most women with Alzheimer's disease. Thus, hormone therapy with estrogen and progesterone, while having the least complications, can be beneficial in the treatment of women with Alzheimer's disease.

During extrinsic coagulation pathway, a complex is developed between factor VII, calcium and tissue factor (a cell membrane lipoprotein that is exposed after cell injury). Factor VII needs calcium and vitamin K for its biologic activation. Coronary artery disease can be induced by increased level and activity of the coagulation factors VII, VIII and IX. In postmenopausal period, estrogen can decrease blood lipids and thereby decreases risk of coronary artery disease. However, the exact effects of the estrogen on the other predisposing factors of the coronary artery diseases are unknown. Our objective in this study was to evaluate the effects of oral hormone therapy regimen on fibrinogen and other coagulation factors. 60 menopause women with history of hysterectomy were randomly allocated in 2 groups. One group was treated with conjugated estrogen 0.625mg/day and the other group was treated with conjugated estrogen 0.625mg/day and medroxy progesterone 2.5mg/day. Serum fibrinogen level and activity of coagulation factors VII, VIII and IX and blood lipids level were checked before and 3 months after treatment. In the estrogen alone treated group, mean of factor VII activity showed significant elevation 3 months after treatment as compared with prior to hormone therapy(p<0.05). There were no significant changes in means of coagulation factors VIII, IX activities and serum fibrinogen level in estrogen  medroxy progesterone treated patients before and after treatment (p>0.05). In both groups, honi1one therapy significantly decreased serum cholesterol level and LDL-C and increased HDL-C (p>0.00) but the serum triglyceride level was increased in the estrogen alone treated group. Significant elevation of coagulation factors VII with significant elevation of serum triglyceride in estrogen treated patients is explainable. This study confirms that hormone therapy with this protocol does not change serum fibrinogen mean and activity of coagulation factor VIII and IX. This finding may be real or may be related to inadequacy of samples regarding the wide normal range of coagulation factors and serum fibrinogen. Studies with more prolonged follow-up or more samples are suggested.