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Background &

Academic enthusiasm is one of the most important components that is defined as the psychological capital of students and their direct effort to learn and acquire skills and the desire to improve the level of success. According to researchers, academic motivation includes three dimensions: behavioral, emotional and cognitive. According to researchers, parents, as the first and most important factor in the socialization of the child, is the most favorable place for the growth and intellectual and physical excellence of children. In the meantime, children's perception of parenting and their upbringing methods as a personal resource can be one of the factors that directly and significantly affect academic achievement. Also, the results of some studies indicated that the authoritative style and quality of communication with the father had a positive and significant effect on academic motivation and the relaxed style of mothers had a negative and significant effect on academic motivation. Another factor that explains the academic motivation of students that is related to the family is the socio-economic status of the family. The results indicate that there is a direct relationship between parents 'economic status and children's academic achievement and the socio-economic status predicts students' academic success. Other factors affecting academic motivation include the goals of achievement in students. According to the theory of achievement goals, students according to the goals they adopt widely in Educational activities are involved. Therefore, according to what has been said and considering the importance of students' academic success, which is always one of the most important issues in education, as well as the need to pay attention to academic motivation as a key factor in academic success, the purpose of this study is to answer The question is whether academic motivation can be explained by the perception of parenting styles, the socioeconomic status of the family mediated by development goals? Does the designed model fit well?

The present study is a quantitative research in terms of measurement, fundamental purpose in terms of research and causal research in terms of non-experimental method, ie structural equations. The statistical population of the present study consisted of female high school students in theoretical disciplines (literature and humanities, experimental sciences, mathematics and physics) studying in high schools in Tehran in the academic year 1398-1397. Since in this study, the community is unknown and very large; Therefore, the sample size was 385 people. Also in this study, due to the large statistical population of students, stepwise cluster sampling method was used. Thus, at first, among the geographical areas of Tehran, five areas (north, south, east, west, center) were randomly selected and then from among the selected areas, girls' secondary schools were randomly selected. Also among the classes; A class in the experimental, mathematical, and humanities disciplines was randomly selected. A researcher-made questionnaire based on the family socio-economic status was distributed and collected among the sample. Finally, descriptive statistics, Kalmogorov-Smirnov test and Pearson correlation coefficient tests and structural equation modeling were used for inferential analysis of data.

The results showed that the perception of parents' educational styles has a significant effect on academic motivation. Socio-economic status also has a significant effect on academic motivation. On the other hand, it was found that achievement goals have a significant effect on academic motivation. Another finding showed that the observed effect is significant. Finally, it was found that the intensity of the effect of achievement goals on academic achievement is significant. The results presented in Table 2 also showed that the perception of parents' educational styles mediated by achievement goals has a significant effect on academic achievement. Also, socio-economic status has a significant effect on academic achievement by mediating achievement goals. Therefore, it can be concluded that the perception of parents' educational styles and socio-economic status of the family has an effect on academic achievement through the mediation of achievement goals.

The results showed that the perception of parents' educational styles has a significant effect on the overall score of academic motivation and its components (emotional, cognitive and behavioral). Explaining this finding, it can be said that when parents consider factors such as warmth, intimacy, autonomy and independence in raising their children, they encourage their children in verbal relationships and prevent them from being pragmatic and behavioral, These parents also give the necessary reasons when they forbid the child from something or expect from him. In contrast, parents who are careless in their upbringing and careless about their children cause their children to experience the highest levels of anxiety. Another finding showed that socio-economic status has a significant effect on the overall score of academic motivation and its components (emotional, cognitive and behavioral). Explaining this finding, it can be said that environmental deprivation and lack of stimuli for mental and social development are important factors in the educational decline of children and adolescents. This is because a significant percentage of students who seriously suffer from academic failure are often people who live in families with extremely low socioeconomic status and are strongly exposed to economic and cultural poverty, which is why It severely reduces their academic motivation. Another finding showed that achievement goals have a significant effect on the overall score of academic motivation and its components (emotional, cognitive and behavioral). Explaining this finding, it can be said that people who have an inner motivation for progress, when they are in challenging situations, use all their strength and knowledge to overcome this situation. Students with attentive goals see challenging situations as opportunities to learn; Therefore, it is logical that there is a significant relationship between attentional goals and academic motivation. The results of the study showed that the socio-economic status of mediating achievement goals has a significant effect on the total score of academic motivation and its components (cognitive, emotional and behavioral). Explaining this finding, it can be said that the low socio-economic status of some students is not the cause of lack of motivation and poor academic performance, but the factors that are usually associated with low socio-economic status, on their motivation and academic performance.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the social factors affecting addiction and to provide a sociological analysis of drug addiction and finally to investigate the effect of addiction on social health.

The method used in this research is a survey method and due to the comparative nature of the research, it is of a comparative causal type. In order to achieve the goal of the research, first, a questionnaire including the measurement of personal characteristics, the level of religiosity, the level of feeling of anomie, the level of connection with society, economic and social base, family opportunities and the level of communication with delinquent friends, as variables affecting addiction. And it was completed through interviews with 63 drug users who visited the clinic and 89 students of Payam Noor Gonbad (non-users). Then, relying on the research done on social health in Iran and identifying its components, an analysis of the impact of addiction on social health was tried. Sampling method of full coverage consumer group and nonconsumer group sample is available.

According to the results, 70% of drug users are between 20 and 25 years old. 80% of users have accepted the suggestion of drug use from their friends and 86.5% of non-users believe that users should be avoided. Also, the results of the t test showed that there is a statistically significant difference between consumers and non-consumers in terms of the investigated variables. Also, the logistic regression analysis, which reveals the contribution of each variable in the explanation of the dependent variable, showed that according to the socio-economic base variable, the amount of communication with delinquent friends and the amount of feeling of anomie had the largest contribution in the explanation of the dependent variable.

Examining the concept of social health and its components also showed that the problem of addiction actually challenges various components of social health such as the absence of poverty, absence of violence, social justice, social security, life satisfaction, social participation, social cohesion and social acceptance. confronts in such a way that it is possible to improve the status and index of social health in the society by solving the problem of addiction as a problem.

The purpose of this study is to explain academic motivation based on socio-economic status mediated by achievement goals. The present study is a correlational type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study includes all of the high school female students in Tehran in 2018-19 academic year. The statistical sample of the study included 385 students who were selected based on a randomized multi stage clustering method. Research data were collected using Pintrich (1991), Elliott and McGregor (2001) and the researcher-made questionnaire of the family socioeconomic base; And analyzed by Smart PLS 2.0 and SPSS 22 software. Findings from the study showed that socio-economic status and development goals were able to directly explain academic motivation; The results also showed that socio-economic status has a significant effect on academic achievement through the mediation of achievement goals. The findings of the present study indicate that academic enthusiasm is affected by the simultaneous and synergistic effect of different structures such as family-environmental structures (socio-economic base) and cognitive structures (development goals).

Characteristics of any job and its socio-economic outcomes are related to the social health of the working population. Social health attempts to identify the mutual effects of social interaction on the individuals’ well-being. An individual’s positive or negative willingness to the society-benefiting environmental subjects with high sensitivity, care, and intelligence along with the ability to understand the others, share their experiences and emotions, and actively participate in the social processes falls in the field of social health. In a society where the conditions are becoming healthier, an individual with social well-being is expected to adaptively see the conditions improving, accepting his society with all its positive and negative aspects and attempting to help the society’s improvement. In addition to its importance in terms of the individual and occupational health and interaction with the coworkers and other society members, social health is important in terms of the public health. If a baker does not have a proper social well-being, not caring about his society, the bread health of a majority of the population may negatively change, leading to low quality bread. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the social health of the bakers and the related variables in Isfahan, Iran.

This study was cross sectional-analytical and was conducted in 2017. The statistical population consisted of 469 bakers working in 171 traditional bakeries in Isfahan, who were selected out of 633 qualified bakeries by stratified sampling method in proportion to the size according to Cochran formula with the confidence level of 95% and error level of 0.07. The data were collected by the Adult Social Health Questionnaire (validated by Rafiey et al.) and Demographic Information Questionnaire. Each individual’s score were derived from 29 questions in the social health questionnaire with the components of social interaction, social responsibility, conscientiousness, attitude to society, empathy, family relationship, and social participation. In addition to the overall score, each component was scored. The social health was classified into five groups: very weak, weak, medium, good, very good, with their relationships with the demographic variables and each individual’s perceived social-economic status being assessed. The data were analyzed by Spearman correlation test and non-parametric covariance in SPSS 20.

Three individuals worked in most of the studied bakeries. The mean age was 39.9 (±11.83). Those who worked in the bakeries had the work experience of 1 to 65 years with the average of 18.3 years (±12.31). Half of them had lower than 16.5 years of experience. However, 17% of the bakers had higher than 30 years of experience. Their social health scores were 18 to 40 (The minimum and maximum scores possible in the social health questionnaire were 10 and 145, respectively). Among the bakers, 3%, 36%, 27%, 26%, and 7% fall in very weak, weak, medium, good, and very good classes, respectively. 95.7% of the bakers viewed their socio-economic status to be in the 5th of 10 grades or lower in the society. Most of them (79.7%) evaluated their income to be low. These bakers’ social health had positive and direct relationship with their work experience (P-value≤0.05), such that an increase in each of the two variables by one unit increased the other by 0.304 and 0.316, respectively. The married individuals’ mean social health score were approximately higher than that of the unmarried ones by 9.7. Moreover, the social health of those with medium income was higher than that of the individuals with income by 6.22 (P-value=0.34).Discussion and

The social health status was weak to medium among the traditional bakers in Isfahan. This seems to be resulted from the limited number of the bakers, alternating working time (early morning and late night), and reduced productive social interactions of them. The bakers probably do not have proper responsibility for their role in the society and are weak at understanding the others. These individuals might not have appropriate relationships with their families and relatives, not participating in the society improving programs. They also might not find themselves having a share in the society, being separated from it. These individuals have a relatively low subjective assessment of their socio-economic status. The mentioned bakers must be improved in the components of social interaction, empathy, conscientiousness, and attitude to society. Interventions are required, such as redesigning the workplace to increase the interactions between the bakers and people while observing the food hygiene. Moreover, programs have to be implemented to enhance the bakers’ social activities. The improvement of their business environment through socio-political pursuance to increase their income and reduce punishments of the governmental organizations probably enhances the bakers’ social health.

With the onset of the modern era and the formation of a consumerist culture, various types of lifestyles stemming from the development of a consumerist spirit embodied modern human life. According to Giddens, as religion and social identity become more and more weakened, the body and consumer goods become more and more important in identifying individuals. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the sociology of traditional and modern consumer lifestyle and some of its individual and social factors among Kerman citizens.

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted in Kerman in autumn 2016. The statistical population consisted of all citizens of Kerman over 18 years of age. 400 of them were selected and studied by multistage cluster sampling. Data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire on consumer lifestyle based on four components of leisure, body management, nutrition and shopping patterns in both traditional and modern dimensions. The other part of the questionnaire was based on personal and contextual information and social class information (socio-economic database). Data were analyzed by SPSS software in two parts: descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t-test and one-way ANOVA).

The results showed that respondents have a more traditional consumption lifestyle. Respondents had a more traditional style in subjects such as leisure, body management, nutrition, and shopping patterns, all four components of the consumer lifestyle. Traditional lifestyle shows a significant difference in terms of gender, age, marital status, and residential neighborhood. In addition, modern lifestyle showed a significant difference in age and marital status, but gender and residential neighborhood did not differ significantly from modern lifestyle. Also, there is a significant difference in consumption pattern in both traditional and modern dimensions in terms of socioeconomic status.

In today’s context, the role of traditional institutions such as family and religion in socializing individuals is declining and some kind of cultural disruption is prevalent in society; in this context, individuals, especially young people, build a modern and distinct identity for themselves, influenced by modernity and consumer culture. They are. The socio-economic base as a combination of cultural, socio-economic factors plays a decisive role in constructing individuals’ identity and differentiation.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the major problems of war veterans that also impacts on other family members, including spouses. The present study was conducted to study the interactive effect of social economic status and support on life quality and mental happiness of wives of veterans with PTSD in Mashhad.
The current study is a descriptive-correlational study that was conducted on wives of veterans with PTSD in Mashhad in 2014. To this aim, simple sampling was followed and the data were gathered based on PTSD symptoms, Life Quality, Oxford Happiness, and Perceived Social Support Questionnaires. SPSS 16 software and Multivariate Analysis of Variance was used to analyze the data.
Hypotheses testing was conducted for 302 samples. Veterans’ average age was 43.4 years. Wives’ average age was 36.3 years old. The results of Multivariate Analysis of Variance indicated that the severity of PTSD symptoms, the rate of wives’ perceived social support, the level of veterans’ education, the level of their wives’ education, and the family’s economical level simultaneously explain 0.71 of the changes of mental happiness and life quality of Veterans’ wives.
It was concluded that wives’ perceived social support, the severity of PTSD, and their economic and educational level play an important role in Veterans’ wives mental happiness and life quality.

Socio-economic status has been considered as an important factor that affects health related behaviors. According to recent studies, patients show different coping strategies against their disease based on their socio-economic status; so this study was designed to evaluate the effect of this factor on the coping behavior of patients with breast cancer.
This study was performed on 100 breast cancer patients referred to the Clinic of Iranian Center for Breast Cancer for further follow-ups. Demographic characteristics of patients were recorded and their coping behaviors were assessed by CWQ-R questionnaire. The socio-economic status was identified according to their educational and occupational status, family income and place of residency. The patients were divided into three categories (high, medium and low) with respect to their socio–economic status .Statistical correlations of coping behavior with socio-economic status were analyzed by SPSS 14 software using Anova and Kruskal-Wallis tests and by using univariate and multivariate regression analysis.
The mean age of patients was 44.1 ± 9.5 years (23-75). In terms of socio-economic status, 20%, 66% and 14% of the participants belonged to the high, medium and low categories respectively. Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant correlation between socio-economic status and coping behavior of patients in people with high social-economy ststus was the better and this relation was significant (p-value = 0.000). Between socio-economic status and coping ways behaviore strategies, only with avoid coping Strategy did not have significant relation (p-value = 0.138) and in the other strategies, was a significant relationship. Also regression analysis showed a significant relationship between the factor of having two or more children (as one of the demographic factors) univariate and multivariate both on patients coping behavior (p-value = 0.002).
The results indicated that patients with higher socio –economic status got higher coping score. In other words, their intellectual, emotional and behavioral efforts when face stressful situations were more. This can confirm the importance of psychological support and counseling in breast cancer patients with lower socio-economic status.