جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « چشم انداز زمان » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Divorced women experience more psychological problems, especially depression, compared with married and single women. To explain depression and why it is an underlying factor, we can refer to the self–esteem vulnerability model. According to this model, low self–esteem is considered a risk factor for depression. One of the psychological aspects that can increase a person's ability to cope with self–esteem and are related to depression is psychological flexibility. Conscious attention to the present and the process of acceptance, in addition to the processes of committed action and behavior change, can cultivate psychological flexibility. Another variable that can reduce the probability of depression is the perspective of time. It seems that depression is an essential factor in divorced women after experiencing divorce, which is experienced as high stress and can be influenced by other psychological factors. Hence, this study aimed to develop a model of self–esteem vulnerability and depressive symptoms with the perspective of time, acceptance, action, and psychological flexibility in divorced women.

The current study is analytical based on structural equation modeling in terms of collecting information. The statistical population of this research comprised all divorced women referred to counseling centers in Gonbad City, Iran, in 2020–2021. The research samples consisted of 204 divorced women selected by available sampling. The study data were gathered via the Beck Depression Inventory–II (Beck et al., 1996), Rosenberg Self–esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II (Bond et al., 2011). After preparing and compiling the research questionnaires and obtaining the necessary permits, the consulting centers of Gonbad were referred, and the questionnaires were given to the participants. In general, 250 questionnaires were distributed, and 204 complete questionnaires were collected. The data were analyzed using The Pearson correlation coefficient structural equation modeling in SPSS version 24 and LISREL version 8.5 software.

The results showed that the direct effect of self–esteem on depression was significant (β=–0.49, p<0.001). Also, the indirect effects of self–esteem on depression (β=–0.17, p=0.022), self–esteem on psychological flexibility (β=0.12, p=0.031), self–esteem on acceptance and action (β=0.03, p=0.047), time perspective on depression (β=–0.08, p=0.039), and time perspective on psychological flexibility (β=0.05, p=0.042) were significant. The total effect of self–esteem on depression was significant (β –0.66, p<0.001). On the other hand, good fit indices indicated a good fit of the model (GFI=0.96, AGFI=0.90, CFI=0.94, IFI=0.94, NFI=0.94, NNFI=0.90, RMSEA=0.079).

According to the findings, it is concluded that self–esteem as an underlying factor is an essential indicator of a person's vulnerability to suffering from depression. It is suggested that self–esteem should be targeted as a critical factor in interventions to reduce depression, especially in divorced women.

The purpose of the present study was to explain the mediating role of time perspective in the relationship between metacognitive awareness and academic self-disability.

Descriptive correlational research method and the research population included 8946 male students of the second secondary school in the public schools of Shahriar city. And the sample size of 378 students was randomly selected from among 37 public schools by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Research tools included Eskra and Denison's metacognitive awareness questionnaire (1994), Zimbardo's time perspective questionnaire (1994) and Jones and Rudwalt's (1990) self-handicapping questionnaire.

Hypotheses were tested through correlation and structural equation modeling method. Correlation coefficients showed that there is an inverse relationship between metacognitive awareness and self-disempowerment. There is a direct relationship between time perspective and metacognitive awareness. And it is inverse between time perspective and academic self-handicapping. The structural model obtained from the research indicates the two-way effect of time perspective on academic self-disability. On the one hand, it reduces the time perspective of academic selfincapacitation. And on the other hand, it reduces academic selfhandicapping through increasing metacognitive awareness. The perspective of time plays a mediating role in this path.

Therefore, this model is a universal model in educational and skill learning, it is suggested to pay more attention to these variables in workshops or skill-training and counseling sessions.

Previous research has shown that effective learning cannot be explained by cognitive factors alone. The aim of this study was to determine the role of factors such as sense of human agency, meaning of education, and time perspective in predicting academic achievement motivation among medical students. This study was a descriptive-regression correlational study. It included 200 medical students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in the first semester of the 99-98 academic year. The students completed four scales of academic achievement motivation, sense of human agency, meaning of education, and time perspective. Pearson correlation and multiple regression methods were used to analyze the data using SPSS ver. 24. Findings showed that the motivation for academic achievement has a significant relationship with the components of human agency and the meaning of education. Also, 0.22 of the total variance of academic achievement motivation was predicted by these three components. As a result, the findings can help university officials to design effective intervention programs to promote and maintain student motivation to take effective action.

 Given the importance of upbringing faithful youths in our religious teachings, some institutions organized various activities to encourage them to develop positive attitudes to religious beliefs and practices. One of the most important activities in this regard is I'tikaaf, which has wide social and personal effects. This study attempted to compare the perspective of time, spiritual well-being and psychological well-being in the youth participating and not participating in the I’tikaf rite in Tabriz, Iran.

 The method used in the present study causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study included all participants aged 35-38 years in the I'tikaf ceremony in 2018 in Tabriz, out of whom 250 people were selected and 220 people filled in the questionnaires. 220 people were matched with the study group Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and MANOVA. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

 The results showed that there was a significant difference in the components of purposeful life, self-acceptance and the total score of psychological well-being between the two groups (P<0.01). The mean related to religious wellbeing was significantly higher in the non-participating group (P<0.01). Finally, the mean related to the components of negative past, future and destiny in the participating group and the mean of the hedonistic component in the non-participating group was significantly higher (P<0.01).

 Based on the findings, participating in religious activities such as I'tikaaf is probably an opportunity for participants to improve, purify their souls and promote human virtues. By participating in this spiritual ceremony, people try to confront their negative past, rebuild their life goals, and achieve perfection. These results can help to present valuable strategies for promoting mental health of the society.

 In this research, which conducted in 2020, the aim was to explain the Self-Acceptance based on Body Image, Gender Role with mediating of Time Perspective among  Post-Menopausal Women aged 45-60 in Tehran. The sample group was consisted of 710 available Post-Menopausal women.

The research method was correlation with the structural equation model approach. The statistical population of the study was postmenopausal women aged 60-45 years old in Tehran in 2020. The sample group participated in this study by available sampling method of 355 women and with their unconditional acceptance questionnaires by Chamberlain and Haga (2001). , Multidimensional self-bodybuilder and Mikolka (1990), Bam gender role (1974) and the time perspective of Zimbardo and Boyd (1999) were evaluated. Spss and Lisrel software were used to analyze the data.

According to the results of the model, self-acceptance in postmenopausal women based on body image, gender role mediated by time perspective, had a good fit. The results of path analysis showed that the direct effect of time perspective on self-acceptance is significant (t = 2.69, β = 0.43) and body image (t = 2.57, β = 0.39) and gender role ( T = 2.57, β = 0.26) indirectly affects its acceptance due to time perspective. The results also showed that the variables within the model predict 23% of their acceptance variance and 46% of the time vision variance.

Comparing with the Gender role, the Body image is a better predicted-able for Unconditional Acceptance in postmenopausal women,  with mediating Time Prospective, through the factors “past positive”, futuristic, and “Present Hedonistic.”

With the advent of positive psychology, human capabilities and abilities has been the focus of psychology researchers. This research has been done for evaluation of the effectiveness of spiritual happiness training (based on Quran) on psychological capital & time perspective at Hazrat-e Masoumeh University students in Qom city.

This research was a quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study was all students of Hazrat Masoumeh University in 2019. A total of 30 volunteer students were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (each with 15 members). In the test group, spiritual happiness training (based on the Quran) was performed for eight sessions (90 minutes each session), but the control group did not receive any intervention. In this research, Psychological capital questionnaire (Luthans, 2006) and Time Perspective questionnaire (Zimbardo & Bouyd, 2006) were used for data gathering. Descriptive indicators and analysis of Covariance were used for analyze the data with using SPSS 21 software.

Ethical Considerations: 

The objectives of the study were explained to the participants and their oral verbal satisfaction was obtained.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between the post-test mean of the test and control groups in the variable of psychological capital (123±11/237) and positive past (23/733±6/963), negative past (7/065±18/266), pleasure present (36/533±4/983), fatalistic present (9/80±3/405) & Future (4/66±2/093) (P<0/000).

Spiritual happiness training )based on the Quran( is effective in increasing psychological capital and moderating students' time perspective.

Given the likelihood of recurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and the ineffectiveness of therapeutic approaches in the lasting improvement of the symptoms of this disorder, accurate identification of the factors involved in initiating and maintaining PTSD is of paramount importance. The aim of this study was to determine the role of childhood injuries, time perspective and experimental avoidance in post-traumatic stress disorder.

The subjects of the present descriptive-cross-sectional research were 131 patients with PTSD (72 females and 59 males) who were seeking treatment at the health centers of Shiraz in spring, summer, autumn and winter of 2018-2019, which were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the Structured Interview for Axis I and II disorders(SCID). The PTSD Checklist—5 (PCL-5), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire(CTQ), Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II (AAQ-II) were used. Data were analyzed with the structural equation modeling(Correlation coefficients and regression) in Amos software (23-ver).

The results indicated that the proposed model was well fitted (CFI=0.95, GFI=0.92, TLI= 0.93, IFI= 0.95, NFI= 0.90, RMSEA= 0.07), and all of the direct and indirect path coefficients were significant at the alpha level of 0.01. So that time perspective and experiential avoidance significantly mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and PTSD symptoms. That relationship between childhood trauma, time perspective, experimental avoidance, and PTSD symptoms was significant. All variables (childhood trauma, time perspective, and experimental avoidance) were able to directly predict PTSD symptoms. Also, time perspective and experimental avoidance significantly mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and PTSD symptoms.

In sum, the results of the present study are consistent with the time perspective theory for PTSD and the conceptual model of this study, so that people who have been abused or rejected as children form a negative temporal perspective which in turn leads to the use of negative emotion regulation strategies to deal with negative emotions. The findings of this study suggest that it is necessary to consider the role of childhood trauma, experimental avoidance and time perspective in treatment protocols for people with PTSD.

Time perspective is a fundamental dimension of the psychological structure of time and there is often a seductive process that is balanced among past, present and future or mainly focused on a realm. From this, it can be said that time perspective has a regulator of human actions and affects its activities and psychological states. A balanced attitude toward time dimensions reflects mental health, while extreme attitudes toward living in an unhealthy way toward time dimensions. Since anxiety is one of the most important problems of human society. Considering the importance of adolescence and how to deal with problems, the aim of present study was investigation the effect of time perspective training on the creation of time balance and reduction anxiety of students. 

This applied research was in the category of semi–experimental research with pre–test, post–test and follow–up with experimental and control group. The research population were ninth grade of girls in Tehran who were studying in the academic year of 2016–2017 and multi–stage random sampling was done. Among students who did not have time balance, they were randomly divided into two groups (n=30 for each group). Data collection tools were ZTPI questionnaire, CattLllchr('39')s anxiety questionnaire (CAQ) and time perspective training package. The experimental group was trained for 10 sessions twice a week while the control group did not receive any training. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics of variance for repeated measures analysis ANOVA and Bonfroni was used to analyze the data through SPSS software version 22.

To analyze the variance for repeated measures, we examined the assumptions of this test such as Shapiro–Wilk test, Leven test results showed the normality of the distribution of scores on both research instruments. Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity test results confirmed the equality of variances assumption. The mean of the time balance variable for the control group in the pre–test was 21.91, in the post–test, 21.82 and in the follow–up period, was 21.92, and for the experimental group in the pre–test, 20.23, in the post–test, 27.77, and the follow up was 27.59. The mean of anxiety in the control group was 25.72 in the pre–test, 25.64 in the post–test and 26.66 in the follow–up phase, and for the experimental group in the pre–test 27.69, in the post–test 21 and in the stage the follow up was 21.04. The results showed that the F–value in time balance variable was significant p<0.001, and considering that the mean of the experimental group in the time balance variable was higher than that in the control group and post–test and follow–up stages. In addition, the findings showed that the F–value in the anxiety variable was significant p<0.001, and considering that the mean of the experimental group in the anxiety variable decreased in comparison with the control group in the post–test and follow–up stages. 

The results showed that time perspective training had an impact on the time balance and anxiety of students and this effect remained stable during two–month follow–up phase. Therefore, anxiety of the students after training in the experimental group reduced compared to the control group and there was a significant difference between the two groups. In addition, the time perspective components in the experimental group were more balanced than the control group.

Patients with the last stage of renal disease are hemodialized with premature death but suffer from a wide range of problems that affect their quality of life. The evaluation of quality of life helps to address patients' problems fundamentally and to rehabilitate the therapeutic methods. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the relationship between time perspective and trust on God with quality of life in hemodialysis patients.

In a descriptive-correlational study, using the Morgan table, 92 patients who were referred to Allameh Bashlol Gonabadi Hospital in the first three months of 2018 who had the criteria for entering the study were selected. Data gathering tool was Zimbardo and Boyd's Time Perspective Questionnaire (1999), Tavakol on God Boulhari et al. (2000), and quality of life of Crower et al. (2002). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis using SPSS software version 22.

The results of correlation showed that the relationship between negative past and present and somewhat negative quality of life, relationship between positive past, pleasure and future with positive quality of life and relationship between trust on God and positive quality of life (01/0> p). Also, the perspective of time and faith in God are able to predict the quality of life of patients with hemodialysis.

Therefore proper planning with the focus on these factors can help to improve the quality of life of hemodialysis patients.

Academic dishonesty has become a worrying problem as students' deliberate attempts to distort, falsify or fabricate their academic assignments. This study aimed to evaluate the Psychometric of academic dishonesty scales for high school students.

In this descriptive-correlational study, 606 boy and girl students of high schools of Ahvaz city were selected using multistage cluster sampling in 2018-19 academic year. Witherspoon et al. (2010) and Zimbardo and Boyd Time Perspective Scale (1999) were used to collect data. Confirmatory factor analysis, correlation coefficient and convergent validity were used to assess the validity of the scale and internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and split method used to assess the reliability of the scale. Data analysis was performed using AMOS 21 and SPSS 22 software.

Two-dimensional structure of the academic dishonesty scale, including traditional and advanced cheating behaviors fitted well with the data. The validity and reliability of the scale were confirmed. There was a significant positive correlation between traditional cheating behavior with past negative, past positive, present hedonistic and present fatalistic (p<0.05) and also, contemporary cheating behavior with past negative, present hedonistic and present fatalistic (p<0.01). Moreover, there was a significant difference between mean scores of the girls and boys (p=0.001).

The findings indicate that the academic dishonesty scale is a valid and reliable tool for measuring academic dishonesty behaviors in high school students. Use of this scale in psychological, educational and counseling study on high school students is recommended.

Time perspective therapy is one of the modern treatments that in recent years has been used in order to decrease the symptoms of the disorder and increasing the quality of life in patients with PTSD. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on increasing the psychological well-being and happiness of veterans with PTSD.

This quasi-experimental research with pretest-posttest design, with one control group, was carried out among the veterans with PTSD, who referred to the Amiralmomenin Hospital in Isfahan in 2017. Among them 30 people of veterans with PTSD were selected through convenient sampling method and randomly assigned into the control and experimental groups (n=15 in each group). Experimental group was treated in 8 sessions in 90 minutes with time perspective therapy while the control group received no cure. The research instruments were the Oxford happiness questionnaire and Ryff psychological well-being questionnaire, which were completed in two stages of pretest and posttest. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software, through one-way analysis of covariance and multivariable analysis of covariance tests.

By controlling the effect of pretest, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of psychological well-being and happiness of veterans with PTSD in the control and experimental groups in the posttest step (p<0.05).

Time perspective therapy can be effective in increasing the psychological well-being and happiness of veterans with PTSD.