جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کلرهگزیدین » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Tooth decay is the most common chronic disease in the world. Streptococcus mutans is the most important bacteria that cause tooth decay. The most common chemical method to prevent tooth decay is using mouthwash. Chlorhexidine is used as a standard mouthwash. The use of herbal compounds with antibacterial effect is preferable to chlorhexidine due to less side effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combination of different concentrations of chlorhexidine mouthwash and ethanol extract of Pinus gerardiana medicinal plant on oral pathogens (Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans).

A combination of different concentrations of chlorhexidine mouthwash and ethanol extract of Pinus gerardiana medicinal plant was prepared and its effect in different dilution against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans was investigated by disc diffusion, well diffusion, and prevention of biofilm formation methods.

The results of disc diffusion, well diffusion, and biofilm method showed that the ethanolic extract of Pinus gerardiana medicinal plant alone had no significant antimicrobial effect on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans and it was not comparable to chlorhexidine.

According to the findings of this study, the antibacterial and antifungal effects of chlorhexidine gradually increased with the increase in concentration, and 0.2% chlorhexidine had the highest inhibitory effect on bacteria and fungi under the present study.

Prescribing Chlorhexidine mouthwash is currently considered the standard anti-plaque treatment. One of the active antimicrobial compounds in the Iranian shallot extract is a flavonoid called Shalomin II. The purpose of this study was to compare the antibacterial effect of Shalomine II and Chlorhexidine on Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus mutans bacteria in human saliva.

Methods and Materials:

 In this in-vivo study, about 300 grams of white shallots were collected from Zagros Mountains. Then the aqueous extract was mixed with ethyl acetate (Razi, Iran) at a ratio of 50:50 and mixed for 10 minutes. Microbial resistance and antimicrobial sensitivity of microorganisms were determined using E-test. The bacteria investigated in this study were Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus mutans. A combination of 0.5% Shalomin II and 2 % chlorhexidine was prepared and diluted at eight different concentrations. The different mixtures were then cultured on the bacteria plate. This experiment was repeated three times. Then the plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and examined for halo radius size. The location of the closed region indicated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

The MIC values associated with chlorhexidine against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus strains was 0.31 mg/mL and 0.16 mg/mL, respectively, and the MIC associated with Shalomin II against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus was 1.95 mg/ml. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.002). It was also found that the antibacterial effect of chlorhexidine was greater against Lactobacillus acidophilus compared to Streptococcus mutans.

Shalomin II had antimicrobial effects against both bacterial strains, and displayed a relatively similar inhibitory effect on Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus mutans. However, its inhibitory effect was not as strong as 0.2% chlorhexidine.

Preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) as one of the most common and also the most fatal complications caused by intubation and mechanical ventilation in intensive care units (ICU) has always been emphasized in countless studies. Chlorhexidine mouthwash is commonly used as a gold standard in the control of dental plaques and prevention of VAP. Given the increasing prevalence of gram-negative infections due to resistance to commonly used antibiotics and the associated complications, this study aimed to investigate and compare the impact of tea tree oil/aloe vera herbal mouthwash, known for its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, on the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

This study is a double-blind randomized clinical trial. 62 intubated patients, aged from 16 to 65 and hospitalized in the intensive care units of Hazrat Waliasr Hospital in Arak City in 2023, were assigned using a simple randomization method in two interventions (tea tree oil/aloe vera mouthwash) and control groups (chlorhexidine mouthwash). Mouthwash bottles were covered before distribution. None of the patients, colleagues (nurses), and the specialist determining the final result of the study were aware of the allocation of patients in the intervention or control group. Oral care in both groups was performed by washing hands, wearing gloves, evaluating the mouth condition, adjusting the pressure of the endotracheal tube cuff (20-30 Cm.H2O), brushing with a soft toothbrush, mouthwash twice daily and open suctioning of oral and subglottic secretions. Lastly, at intervals of 3 days (to assess the incidence of early VAP) and 7 days (to assess the incidence of late VAP) after the intervention, the modified clinical pulmonary infection score (MCPIS) was calculated and a score greater than or equal to 6 was considered as a diagnosis of pneumonia. This tool has been utilized in similar studies and its validity and reliability have been confirmed. Eventually, the data was statistically analyzed using the chi-square test, independent t-test, and repeated measures test to investigate the effect of the intervention over time with SPSS version 20 software.

According to the results, 64.5% of the participants were male and 35.5% of them were female. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of average age, gender, reason for admission, history of underlying diseases, invasive interventions, average number of drugs and antibiotics, type and amount of nutrition, and duration of mechanical ventilation. The incidence of early-onset pneumonia was 9.7% in the intervention group and 12.9% in the control group. Although the incidence was lower in the intervention group, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P-value=0.99). The incidence of late-onset pneumonia in the intervention group was 12.9% and 16.1% in the control group. Despite of lower incidence of late-onset pneumonia in the intervention group, there was no statistically significant difference (P-value=1.00). Moreover, according to the results of Bonferroni's paired comparisons test, the difference in the average MCPIS score between 3 days and 7 days later in the intervention group was not significant and did not increase significantly (P-value=0.06), which means that in this group, the effect of the intervention can be seen at this time.

Oral care using tea tree oil/aloe vera mouthwash or 0.2% chlorhexidine has no preference or significant advantage over each other, and both can be effective in reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia. Considering the lower incidence of early and late pneumonia in the intervention group, it is recommended to conduct studies with a larger sample size and also use accurate oral assessment tools to confirm the removal of dental plaque (plaque score) in this population of patients.

Oral hygiene is integral part of nursing attention in the intensive care unit.The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of chlorhexidine and chamomile mouthwash on the incidence of oral lesions in patients admitted to ICU of Hasheminejad Hospital in Mashhad.

This research is double-blind clinical trial.In this research,70newly hospitalized patients with Intoye were examined in the ICUdepartment of Hasheminejad Hospital in Mashhad in2015.The patients were divided into two groups of35people by lottery.In the first group,chlorhexidine mouthwash and in the second group,chamomile was used mouthwash.Mouth evaluation was done for4days.Data collection was done using demographic information,mouth score evaluation was done with MPS tool.The data was analyzed using SPSS16software.

The results showed that chamomile and chlorhexidine mouthwash is effective on oral lesions. On the first day,there was no significant difference in terms of oral lesions in the two groups(p<0.05),but the second and third days,the difference between the chlorhexidine and chamomile groups in terms of The incidence of oral lesions was significant(p<0.05).On the fourth day,there was no significant difference in the amount of gum and oral mucosa disorders in the two groups(p<0.05).The amount of oral lesions on the fourth day in both groups was It decreased significantly and oral lesions changed from moderate to mild.

Chamomile mouthwash and chlorhexidine are effective in improving and controlling oral lesions and dental plaque.Although chlorhexidine has faster effect on improving oral mucosa and gum disorders,chamomile has same effect as chlorhexidine in long run.Therefore,according to the benefits of herbal mouthwash,its use can be recommended as alternativ.

 Periodontal disease causes the destruction of tooth supporting tissue. Anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the causes of this disease. Recently, due to the many side effects of mouthwashes and antibiotics, herbal materials have been receiving attention. licorice plant, with the scientific name Glycyrrhiza glabra, has antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the purpose of this laboratory study is to investigate the antibacterial effect of different concentrations of licorice root ethanolic extract compared to doxycycline and chlorhexidine on Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria.

 After preparing Porphyromonas gingivalis(ATCC 33277) bacteria from Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and bacterial culture and preparation of the plant and extraction, 6 dilutions of the extract were prepared. The test was carried out against Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria along with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash and doxycycline 100 mg antibiotic, with two methods of disk diffusion and microdilution. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests in spss26 software at a significance level of 5%.

 All six concentrations had significant antibacterial properties compared to each other and to chlorhexidine and doxycycline(P=0/001). The inhibitory concentration of extract, MIC70 and MIC90, was related to 6.25 and 200 mg/ml concentrations, respectively. The inhibitory percentages of chlorhexidine and doxycycline were 82.4% and 77.8%, respectively.

 Licorice root ethanolic extract showed a very good antimicrobial effect. So that in higher concentrations, an equal or even greater effect was obtained than the chlorhexidine and doxycycline.

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) are one of the most common hospital pathogens due to antibiotic and biocide resistance, which has become of the major problems in hospitals. This study was conducted in order to determine the pattern of antibiotic resistance, the minimum inhibitory concentration of chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride, to investigate the prevalence of biocide resistance genes norA, smr and qacAB and to measure the time-kill assay of biocides in VRE isolates.

In this study, 50 isolates of VRE were collected from teaching hospitals in Isfahan and confirmed by microbiological testing. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine was determined by broth microdilution method. Prevalence of biocide resistance genes and determining the killing power of biocides were investigated by PCR and time-kill assay respectively.

Among 50 clinical isolates, all isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin and susceptible to linezolid. We reported the MIC range of benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine 4-8 μg/ml and 1-8 μg/ml respectively. The frequency of norA, smr and qacAB genes were 84%, 56% and 24%.

The results of the present study showed that in addition to linezolid as the drug of choice for vancomycin-resistant isolates, the biocides chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride also had a very good lethal effect on these isolates. But due to the high resistance to other antibiotics, it seems necessary to do an antibiotic sensitivity test.

With the increase of elderly population nowadays, the prevalence of denture stomatitis has increased, the etiology of which is Candida albicans .Due to the effectiveness of antifungal drugs to treat this disease. The purpose of this study was Evaluation of antifungal effect of denture adhesive after combination with three separate substances, chlorhexidine, nystatin and chamomile extract, against Candida albicans  .

This experimental study was performed on candida albicans (in vitro) in microbiology laboratory, faculty of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University of shiraz in 2019-20. The standard species of Candida albicans was inoculated in Sabord dextrose agar medium and incubated at 37 ° C. The denture adhesive was prepared according to the factory instructions and entered in standard antibiogram size molds and 50 microliters of chlorhexidine, Matrica and nystatin mouthwashes were combined with the denture adhesive, respectively. The combined materials were added to Candida albicans medium by disc diffusion and well method and the plates were incubated for 24 hours. Finally, the diameter of the stunting halo was measured in millimeters to test the research hypotheses of Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric tests (mean of several independent groups), Mann-Whitney (mean of two independent groups) and single-group mean, at the level of 0/05 significance used.

All compounds acted significantly differently compared to their raw state (P <0.05). The matrica-denture adhesive combination (10.66 mm) was better than the matrica alone (9.61mm) and nystatin(25.94mm) was more effective than the nystatin-denture adhesive(23.33mm). Chlorhexidine was also more effective than the combination with denture adhesive. Comparison of mean rank values shows that the combination of denture adhesive and nystatin is significantly more effective than other compounds and the effectiveness of chlorhexidine-denture adhesive and matrica-denture adhesive is not significantly different from each other (P> 0 / 05).

The combination of all three mouthwashes with denture adhesive has anti-candida effects, among which the combination of nystatin with denture adhesive has the strongest effect, secondarily the combination of chlorhexidine and denture adhesive, and finally the matrica composition.

Periodontal is a group of inflammatory diseases that can cause tooth loss. This study investigated two types of mouthwash, chlorhexidine and green tea of the Irsha and Colgate brands to patients with moderate chronic periodontitis based on gingival factors, including gingival index (GI) and sulcus bleeding index (SBI).

Ninety patients were divided into three equal groups: chlorhexidine, Colgate green tea, and Irsha green tea. The sampling patients were randomly selected among adults with moderate chronic periodontitis. The SPSS statistical software (version 22) was used for data analysis. An independent t-test was used to investigate the significant difference between treatment groups and paired t-test was used to assess the significance of GI and SBI parameters before and after treatment with mouthwash in each group of patients. P-values less than 0.05 indicated significant differences between the groups.

There was no significant difference between the chlorhexidine and Colgate green tea groups regarding the GI index (P=0.023). However, Irsha green tea has significantly reduced the GI index compared to chlorhexidine (P=0.025) and Colgate green tea (P=0.021). In addition, the statistical results did not show a significant difference between chlorhexidine and Colgate green tea in terms of the SBI index (P=0.116). However, Irsha green tea has significantly reduced the SBI index compared to chlorhexidine (P=0.003). The amount of SBI index in the two green tea brands was similar (P=0.445).

The effectiveness of Colgate green tea mouthwash in reducing GI and SBI index was similar to chlorhexidine; however, the effect of Irsha green tea mouthwash on these indices was significantly less than that of chlorhexidine mouthwash. Between the two brands of green tea, no noticeable changes in the reduction of the SBI index were observed.

Although different methods have been recommended for cleaning orthodontic retainers, a standard method has not yet been introduced. The present study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial effect of three different methods in cleaning Hawley and Essix retainers. A total of 30 patients with orthodontic appliances who were candidates for receiving orthodontic retainers after their treatment were divided into two groups, including Hawley and Essix (n=15 each). Each patient used three home disinfection protocols for cleaning the retainers. Protocol 1: the patients were instructed to clean their retainer using their received toothbrush and toothpaste 3 times a day. Protocol 2: the patients cleaned their retainers the same as in protocol 1. In addition, they were instructed to spray the retainer with 0.12% chlorhexidine for 30 min every night. Protocol 3: the patients were instructed to soak their retainer in distilled white vinegar (50%) for 15 min every night and then clean their retainer in the same way as in protocol 1. Each protocol was applied for 2 weeks, and there was a 2-week wash-out interval between the protocols. At the end of each protocol, samples were taken from each retainer and the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies was counted and compared between the groups. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis (P≤0.05). Antibacterial effectiveness of the three cleaning protocols did not show a significant difference in the Essix and Hawley groups (P=0.510 and P=0.095, respectively). However, a significant difference between the two types of retainers was observed when the patients used protocol 2 for cleaning the retainers. Spraying chlorhexidine or soaking in vinegar following brushing of the retainers was equally effective as brushing the retainers with toothpaste alone.

Teeth whitening is one of the ways to increase beauty, which makes a person's face look more beautiful, and as a result, increases a person's self-confidence. Yellow teeth cause discomfort to many people; Therefore, many people go to the dentist to whiten their teeth. In our clinical trial study, 126 patients referred to the dental school of Yazd University of Medical Sciences were divided into two groups of 63 people and then one of them. Assafoetida and chlorhexidine mouthwashes were randomly selected according to the envelope method and administered for one week. After supra gingival scaling followed by brushing, patients were asked not to use any other method to control plaque for a week, and only twice a day, a tablespoon (approximately 15 ml) was prescribed each time. Rinse completely in the mouth for half a minute and do not eat anything until an hour later and do not rinse your mouth with water.
This report presents some of the 63 patients referred to the School of Dentistry of Yazd University of Medical Sciences, taking into account the conditions of inclusion in the study. According to the table below, 48 of them stated that their tooth color It has turned dramatically white.

One of the most important duties of a nurse is oral care of anesthetized patients that can prevent many complications. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the effect of mouthwashes (echinacea, listerine and chlorhexidine) on the microbial flora and the severity of oral health disorders in intensive care units.

This study was a clinical trial in which 180 patients in the intensive care unit of Imam Hossein and Shohada Tajrish hospitals in Tehran in 2020 were studied. Individuals with a level of consciousness less than 8, with an endotracheal tube, within the age range of 15-65 years, were assigned into three groups of 60 people by randomized hexagonal blocking method. To collect the data, in addition to the saliva sample test, the "tooth value" (BOAS) was used and each of the mouthwashes of Echinacea, Listerine, and Chlorhexidine were used twice a day for the patients in the groups and after a weekthe data were collected. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software.

The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the three groups in terms of the frequency of positive and negative bacterial cultures before and after the intervention. In addition, the use of mouthwashes changed the severity of oral hygiene disorders from moderate to mild (p <0.05).

Since the use of all three types of mouthwashes reduces the severity of oral hygiene disorders and considering the benefits of herbal compounds, Echinacea can be suggested as a suitable alternative to other mouthwashes, especially chlorhexidine.

The composition of the oral and pharyngeal microbial flora of patients admitted to the intensive care unit within 48 hours after admission easily changes from gram-positive streptococci to dominant gram-negative pathogens and this can increase the incidence of infection and death of patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of salvadora presica (Miswak) against chlorhexidine on Gram-negative oral bacteria.

In this clinical trial study, patients were selected by available sampling and divided into two groups by simple random sampling. Patients in the intervention group received oral care with a Miswak and the control group received chlorhexidine mouthwash. Colony status of Gram-negative bacteria in patients' mouths before the intervention and finally on the fifth day of the study were evaluated by sampling oral secretions and the obtained information were compared using Fisher's exact test.

The mean and standard deviation of age were 34.2±13.6 years which did not differ significantly (P=0.72). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding gender (P=0.28). As the main target, no significant difference was observed between the two groups before treatment (P=0.16). However, after treatment the two groups had a statistically significant difference in the Gram-negative bacteria colonies (P<0.0001).

Salvadora presica (Miswak) had more effect on oral bacteria than chlorhexidine.

Malva sylvestris is one of the most important plants used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and health industries in most developing countries and has antiseptic properties. Salvia officinalis is an herbaceous plant belonging to the family of Lamiaceae (Labiatae) and one of the most important herbal plants used as a disinfectant in traditional and modern medicine. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate essential oil components of Malva sylvestris and Salvia officinalis collected from Meshgin Shahr Ardabil Province, Iran, and their anti-bacterial properties on common bacteria of oral infection, compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash.

In this research, Malva sylvestris and Salvia officinalis were collected from the Anzan region, Meshgin Shahr, northwest of Iran. The essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus, and gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry devices were used to analyze essential oil compounds and accurately measure the compounds. Afterward, the effect of the essential oil of these plants on the common bacteria of the oral infection was evaluated through disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA).

According to the results, the essential oils of Malva sylvestris and Salvia officinalis had significant inhibitory effects on different types of gram-negative and -positive bacteria. The comparison of the mean growth inhibition zone of these plants' essential oils with chlorhexidine showed that the antibacterial property of the plants' essential oil mixture on Streptococcus mutans was higher than that of chlorhexidine mouthwash, which was significantly different. On the other hand, a relative increase in the diameter means of the growth inhibition zone was observed by plants' essential oils mixture on Klebsiella pneumoniae, compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash, which was not significantly different (p < 0.05). Moreover, it was found that the essence of these herbs showed relatively similar results to that of chlorhexidine.

According to the findings, the essential oil of Malva sylvestris and Salvia officinalis had a good anti-microbial effect against the common bacteria of oral infections. As a result, the mixture of essential oil of these plants with different concentrations, after performing more comprehensive studies, can be an appropriate alternative for chemical drugs and chemical mouthwashes in the treatment of oral bacterial infections.

Given the role of Solobacterium moorei in bacteremia, septicemia, oral infections, halitosis, and periodontal diseases and previous research defects considering the important role of laser in comparison with the application of antimicrobial agents, the purpose of this research was to compare the effect of 810nm and 940nm lasers on Solobacterium moorei in vitro situation.

The research has employed an experimental method. The standard strain of solobacterium moorei bacteria was cultured in a liquid medium (BHI), incubated for 48 hours at 37°C and 10% CO2, and then, the number of bacteria in the liquid medium was diluted to a standard concentration of 1McFarland. The colonies randomly assigned to five groups. In the first group, the control of sterile absorbent paper points was prepared in 50μl bacterial suspension. Initially, it was immersed for 2 minutes, placed on an empty sterile plate, and immersed in sterile physiologic serum. After 30 minutes, all paper points were removed from the plate, immersed in 7ml of Broth letheen medium, and incubated at 37°C for 1 hour. The 810nm diode laser was expose to the second experimental group and the 940nm diode laser was expose to the third experimental group for 10 seconds with 200mv power. Two types of antimicrobials including Chlorhexidine 0.2% and sodium hypochlorite 2.5% were used in the fourth and fifth groups, respectively. Finally, CFU rates were set through standard and bacterial counting methods. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS-20 software and Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests.

The CFU of solobacterium moorei was significantly reduced in all the interventional groups (p> 0.05). The reduction of solobacterium moorei in the sodium hypochlorite group, chlorhexidine group, 810nm diode laser group, and 940nm diode laser group were 93%, 92%, 80%, and 60% respectively. 

According to the research results among different interventions, sodium hypochlorite had the highest effect and 940nm diode laser had the least effect on reducing of Solobacterium moorei

Salvia officinalis is an herbaceous plant that belongs to the family of Lamiaceae (Labiatae). Salvia officinalis is one of the most important herbal plants used as a disinfectant in traditional and modern medicine. The aim of this research was to study of antibacterial Effect of Salvia officinalis essence and comparison with chlorhexidine on some of the common oral infections of Bacteria.

In this research, Salvia officinalis was collected from the Anzan Meshgin-Shahr area in the northwest of Iran. The essential oil was extracted by Clevengerchr('39')s apparatus, GC and GC/MS devices were used for the analysis of essential oil compounds and accurate measurements of the compounds. Then, the effect of the essential oil of the Salvia officinalis and control on the common bacteria of the oral infection was evaluated in two ways: Disc diffusion And minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

According to the results, the essential oil of the herb has a significant inhibitory effect on the types of gram-negative and positive bacteria. Also, comparing the diameter of the non-growth of the plant with chlorhexin, it was found that the essence of the herb medicine showed relatively similar results to that of the chlorhexin.

According to the findings, the essential oil of the herb has a good anti-microbial effect against the common bacteria of oral infections. As a result, the essential oil of this plant with different concentrations, after completing studies, can be an appropriate alternative for chemical drugs and chemical mouthwashes in the treatment of oral bacterial infections.

Discoloration of resin composite restorations can lead to patient dissatisfaction. 0.2% Chlorhexidine and Persica mouthwashes are among the agents that cause discoloration. The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of discoloration caused by the0.2% Chlorhexidine and Persica mouthwashes on resin composite samples.

This in-vitro experimental study was conducted in Kashan and Isfahan School of Dentistry in 2020-2021. Number of 30 disc-shaped samples were fabricated from Charisma Diamond resin composite. The initial color of samples was measured by CIE Lab system in spectrophotometer. Then samples were divided into 3 groups (A, B, and C) (n = 10).The control group (A) was placed in distilled water, group B was immersed in the 0.2% Chlorhexidine mouthwash and group C was immersed in the Persica mouthwash. The color of the samples was measured again afterwards. Data were analyzed with One-way ANOVA and t-Test (α = 0.05).

The amount of l, a, b and ΔE after using 0.2% Chlorhexidine and Persica mouthwashes increased. The mean of Δl, Δa, Δb and ΔE showed significant differences between groups (p value < 0.05).

The discoloration of Persica mouthwash was more than 0.2% Chlorhexidine mouthwash and control group.Therefore, for patients with resin composite restorations, 0.2% Chlorhexidine mouthwash is better.

Resistance of oral pathogenic bacteria to chlorhexidine mouthwash is increasing; therefore, researchers are looking for a replacement of chlorhexidine with suitable herbal mouthwash. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Plantago major (a native strain of Khorasan, Iran) with and without zinc oxide nanoparticles on Streptococcus mutans.

In this in vitro study, the samples were tested in two groups of hydroalcoholic extract of Plantago major leaves with and without zinc oxide nanoparticles. To determine the minimum bactericidal concentration and minimal inhibitory concentration, agar diffusion and broth dilution methods were applied, respectively. A concentration of 500 ppm zinc oxide nanoparticles with a 0.4 nm diameter was used continuously in all stages of the experiment. The materials used in this study consisted of a standard strain of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), chlorhexidine 0.2% as a positive control, and distilled water as a negative control.

The mean diameter of the growth inhibition zone was obtained as 15±1 mm for the hydroalcoholic extract of Plantago major leaves with zinc oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 1.56 mg/ml. The same extract at the same concentration, however without zinc oxide nanoparticles, showed the mean diameter of growth inhibition zone of 7.67±0.57 mm. The results of the t-test were indicative of a significant difference between the two groups (P-value<0.001).

In this study, the antimicrobial effect of Plantago major leaves extract with or without zinc oxide nanoparticles was well established. This research is peculiar since it revealed the effectiveness of low concentrations of this plant in killing Streptococcus mutans.