جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « antidiabetic » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex condition characterized by various factors, including abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low high‑density lipoprotein‑cholesterol, high blood pressure, and elevated fasting blood sugar. Obesity, marked by the expansion of fat mass and increased fat cell production, is closely linked to MS. This review explores the role of adipose tissue (AT), particularly epicardial AT (EAT), in the development of MS and other cardiovascular complications. Notably, EAT, located around the heart and coronary arteries, is implicated in cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure through the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Emerging therapies, including glucagon‑like peptide‑1 receptor agonists and sodium‑glucose co‑transporter‑2 inhibitors, have shown promise in reducing EAT thickness and improving cardiovascular outcomes. However, distinguishing visceral fat from subcutaneous fat in obese individuals remains a challenge, necessitating further research to develop targeted interventions. In conclusion, EAT plays a critical role in cardiovascular health, and ongoing studies are required to advance our understanding and develop precise interventions to mitigate its impact on cardiovascular diseases in at‑risk individuals.

The genus Bauhinia consists of about 300 species and is widely distributed in most tropical countries of the world.

The antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and quantitative analysis of stem, leaf, and seed extracts of B. vahlii (the synonym name of Phanera vahlii) were investigated.

The antioxidant activity of the crude extracts and fractions was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. The antidiabetic activity was investigated by α-amylase inhibition assay. The toxicity of plant extracts was assessed by brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) using Artemia salina as a biological test organism.

The aqueous fraction of the leaf showed a high total phenolic content of 168.47 ± 1.94 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoid content was found maximum in an aqueous fraction of leaf with 158.51 ± 2.99 mg QE/g. The stem extract showed potent antioxidant activity with IC50 1.91 ± 0.33 µg/ml as compared to the standard quercetin IC50 3.46 ± 0.40 µg/ml. The DCM (Dichloromethane) fraction of the leaf exhibited noteworthy α-amylase inhibition properties with IC50 112.70 ± 2.0 µg/ml as compared to the standard acarbose of 9.34 ± 2.0 µg/ml. The antimicrobial results showed that the methanolic extract of stem and seed exhibited the zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae but failed against E. coli. The methanol and aqueous extract of the leaf showed toxicity against brine shrimp nauplii with LC50 257.63 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml, respectively.

This study showed Bauhinia vahlii is rich in flavonoid and phenolic content and the plant may be a rich source of natural antioxidants and antidiabetic agents that could be isolated as the drug candidate.

The need to search for reliable process indicators for effectiveness of anti-diabetic therapy have been expressed in the literature. Process indicators have been described as important processes that contribute to the achievement of outcomes.

This study seek to identify and propose evidence based process indicators for good outcome (effectiveness) of anti-diabetic therapy in a Nigerian University Teaching Hospital.

A crossectional study using questionnaire about degree of subjects’ knowledge/practice of lifestyle/dietary modification based on set criteria was conducted. Glycemic control based on latest monitoring tests and physician’s remark were extracted from case note of each selected subject. Sample Size, n=1200. Subjects were selected by systematic random sampling (Sampling Interval=1).

Three Hundred and Thirteen (77.7%) out of 403 subjects who had good glycemic control were effects of exercise those who had excellent knowledge about signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia, beneficial effects of exercise, treatment and excellent practice of self monitoring. About 311 (77.2%) out of 403 subjects who had good glycemic control were those who had excellent knowledge about dietary modification. Almost 308 (76.4%) out of 403 subjects who had good glycemic control were those who had excellent knowledge about lifestyle modification. Three Hundred and Six  (75.9%) out of 403 subjects who had good glycemic control were those who had excellent knowledge about complications of diabetes mellitus. Significant proportion of subjects who had excellent practice of lifestyle/dietary modification had good glycemic control.

Evidence based process indicators for good outcome (effectiveness) of anti-diabetic therapy have been identified/proposed as degree of  knowledge about signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia, complications of  diabetes mellitus, beneficial effects of exercise, treatments, dietary modification and lifestyle modification. Other process indicators identified/proposed are degree of practice of self-monitoring, lifestyle and dietary modification.

Ethnobotanical studies have shown that Suregada zanzibariensis roots are used by traditional healers and the community for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the ethyl acetate extract of Suregada zanzibariensis roots (EAESZ) on blood sugar levels, lipid profile, and pancreatic histology in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats.

Experimental: 

Rats were induced to have diabetes by interstitial injection of streptozotocin nicotinamide, followed by daily oral administration of the ethyl acetate extract of Suregada zanzibariensis roots (EAESZ) for 28 days at doses of 350, 500, and 700 mg/kg body weight. The effect of EAESZ on serum lipid profiles and pancreatic β-cells in diabetic rats were examined after 28 days of administration of the extract. While fasting, blood glucose levels were measured every seven days.

The administration of EAESZ at doses of 350, 500, and 750 mg/kg significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose levels compared to the diabetic control rats. Also, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) levels decreased while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels increased in all treated groups compared to diabetic control rats. Furthermore, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in body weight of treated diabetic rats compared to standard control diabetic rats, while there was a significant difference (P<0.05) with diabetic control rats.

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 These results indicate that EAESZ has high antidiabetic potential along with significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. However, more studies are needed to identify and isolate compounds responsible for those properties.

 Secondary metabolites from plants have been found to play an important role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the chemical components of Annona muricata leaf chloroform fraction (CFAm) and its in vitro antioxidant properties, as well as inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymatic activities.

 Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was engaged in the identification of phytochemical constituents. Antioxidant activities such as DPPH free radical scavenging ability, reducing power capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, singlet oxygen scavenging capacity, as well as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition were carried out using standard in vitro methods.

 GC-MS analysis of CFAm revealed the presence of 23 phytochemicals, out of which 5 compounds had the highest % compositions (i.e., octadecanoic acid (20.35%), 2-propanone, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) (12.04%), isocomene (22.60%), 9, 12, 15 octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (28. 98%), and quercetin, 5TMS derivative (18.28%)). Also, CFAm demonstrated a significant (P<0.05) inhibition against DPPH (IC50= 26.33±1.39 mg/mL), with OH free radical scavenging capacity (65.46 ± 1.39 mg/100 g), singlet oxygen scavenging capacity (55.24 ± 1.22 mg/100 g), and showed ferric reducing power (84.52 ± 2.84 mg/100 g). Also, CFAm exhibited a significant (P<0.05) inhibition against α-glucosidase (IC50= 71.06 ±1.45 mg/ mL) and α-amylase (IC50= 73.88±1.58 mg/mL) in a concentration-dependent manners.

 The remarkable properties demonstrated by CFAm, which are essential for the management of DM, could probably be credited to the presence of the various identified phytonutrients.

 

Management/ treatment of illness and maintenance of well-being using herbal medicines is the oldest and most popular form of healthcare practice known to humankind that has been practiced by all cultures in all ages throughout the history of evolution. The ethanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leave was evaluated for it pharmacological potency in alloxan-induced diabetes in albino rats.

Twenty-four adult male albino rats weighing 120-180g were randomly divided into six groups of four rats per group. Group I (Normal control) were given 0.2 mL of water. Group II (Negative control): were untreated diabetic rats. Group III were Diabetic rats treated with reference drug (glibenclamide at 5 mg/kg b.wt) which served as positive control. Group IV – VI were Diabetic rats treated with Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg b.wt, 400 mg/kg b.wt, and 600 mg/kg b.wt, respectively. Administrations were done orally for 14 days. Blood was collected from the tail of the rats to determine the blood glucose level on the 4th, 9th and 14th day of the study.

The extract significantly reduced the blood glucose level. The Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract showed dose dependent significant (P<0.05) decrease in the triacylglycerol (TAG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), Cholesterol, total white blood cell (TWBC), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin, urea, creatinine level as well as significant (P<0.05) increase in hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and albumin level when compared with diabetic untreated group (negative control). Diabetic-related alteration in rat serum biochemical indices were significantly improved by the extract.

 The outcome of the research gave credence to the folk use Jatropha tanjorensis leaf in the treatment of diabetes and its health related dysfunctions

Since the leaves of some Pistacia species are used in traditional folk medicine for diabetes, this study investigated the in vitro antidiabetic effect (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) of Pistacia vera leaves. Additionally, the current study investigated the antihypercholesterolemic (cholesterol esterase), antiobesity (pancreatic lipase), and antioxidant activities (i.e., total antioxidant capacity, DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power) of P. vera leaves. The aqueous-alcoholic leaf extract inhibited α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 7.74 ± 0.72, 11.08 ± 3.96, and 168.43 ± 26.10 µg/mL, respectively. It was determined that the crude extract had high DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing power, and moderate metal chelating activity. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) subextract obtained by the liquid-liquid fractionation of the crude extract showed potent α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The EtOAc subextract (5.794 ± 0.027 g/100 g subextract) was standardized by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography based on β-pentagalloyl glucose, which showed inhibitory effects on both amylase and glucosidase enzymes. Fifteen compounds, seven of which are organic acid derivatives and eight of which are flavonoids, were identified by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis in the crude extract of P. vera leaves. Seven of the fifteen phenolic compounds detected in the crude extract by LC-QTOF-MS have both glucosidase and amylase inhibitory effects. As a result, P. vera leaves can be a potential source for compounds with high antioxidant effects that show inhibitory effects on enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion in the prevention and treatment of diabetes or can be evaluated as a standardized extract.

Medicinal plants and herbs contain a plethora of phytochemicals that have demonstrated promising therapeutic potential in the management of hyperglycemia. Therefore, this study was undertaken to develop a fortified nutraceutical biscuit with antidiabetic potential. Fortified biscuits were prepared by adding medicinal plants. Their chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity and antidiabetic potential were evaluated. Data were comparedusing one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Fisher’s LSD test at a 5% level of significance. Substitution of medicinal plants with wheat flour increased the moisture content from 8.24 to 9.86% and protein content from 1.28 to 1.86%. A decreasing trend was observed for ash (1.45-1.21%), fat (11.81-11.45%) and carbohydrate (77.22-75.62%). The TPC of biscuits varied from 7.11 to 9.69 (mg GAE/100 g), where sample C showed a significantly higher (p <0.05) TPC than others. The TFC of biscuit samples ranged from 17.95 to 32.07 (mg QE/100 g). Gradual increasing of medicinal plants to plain biscuits manifested an enhancement of the overall antioxidant activity (8.12 to 9.14%). Furthermore, sample C showed the highest inhibitory activity against the dominant digestive enzymes such as α-amylase (66.9%) and α-glucosidase (51.4%), which were accountable for the prompt digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. The findings of this study showed that fortification of biscuits with medicinal plants would improve the therapeutic properties of the biscuits with increased antioxidant and antidiabetic potency.

Extreme production of free radicals in the human body causes direct damage to biological molecules that leads to the different types of diseases. The natural or synthetic antioxidants inhibit directly the production or restrict propagation or nullify the free radicals produced in the human body to protect the immune system.

This study aims to quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities and toxicity test for the methanol extracts of aerial parts of traditionally used medicinal plants like Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Cupressus sempervirens L. and Lantana camara L.

The total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method and the total flavonoid content (TFC) by aluminum chloride assay. The α-amylase inhibition activity was performed to evaluate the antidiabetic activities of plant extracts.

Lantana camara showed the highest phenol content (10.20 ± 0.343 mg gallic acid equivalent /g extract) and flavonoid content (1.87 ± 0.160 mg quercetin equivalent /g extract) among the three plant samples, respectively. The methanol extracts of Lantana camara showed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 106.18 ± 11.390 µg/ml. In addition, Ageratina adenophora methanol extract was found to inhibit α-amylase activity with IC50 value of 1.84 ± 0.007 mg/ml. The methanol extract of Ageratina adenophora was found to be toxic against brine shrimp with median lethal concentration (LC50) value of 833.68 µg/ml.

This research shows that the traditionally used medicinal plants are the rich and potent sources of natural antioxidant and antidiabetic compounds which may be the potent natural drug candidates in the future drug discovery process.

 Entandrophragma cylindricum (EC) is a tree with a widespread presence in various West African countries. It has wide folkloric use as an anti-sickling, antimalarial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and is widely used traditionally in treating diabetes across West Africa. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of the methanolic leaf extract of Entandrophragma cylindricum (EC) in rats.

Induction of Diabetes mellitus was done by Streptozotocin (STZ) via intraperitoneal route injection. Animals were apportioned into five groups (n=5) for contrasting the activity of EC at three EC doses (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg p.o.) against the standard drug (Glibenclamide) and control groups. Rats having elevated glucose levels above 250 mg/dL were considered diabetic and used for the study. Normoglycemic test, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), STZ-Induced diabetes, in-vitro antioxidant properties of EC extract, and in vivo antioxidant property of the serum were assessed.

Phytochemistry revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, deoxy-sugars, and anthraquinones. The three doses of EC (150, 50, and 25 mg/kg) used in the study caused a significant decrease in blood glucose levels in the STZ-induced diabetic rat model. Also, EC (150, 50, and 25 mg/kg) produced a significant (p< 0.001) increase respectively in the body weight from day 0 to day 30 when compared with the untreated diabetic rat. Our results indicated that EC might be a potent free radical scavenger, as it scavenged the 2,2 -diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydroxyl radical, and NO radicals in vitro. EC also showed a significant anti-lipid peroxidative effect in vivo. Histologic analysis revealed the regenerative impact of EC on the β-cells of diabetic rats.

Findings revealed that EC possess antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects.

Allium cepa (A. cepa) is a medicinal plant widely used as spice in food and has been reported to have antiinflammatory, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anticancer, and antioxidant properties amongst others. The peels from this vegetable also possess antioxidant, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antihypertensive activities to mention few. A. cepa peels is used by traditional healers to treat and or manage different ailments but little is known about the safety of A. cepa peels. This study evaluated the safety of aqueous extract of A. cepa peels (AEACP) in female Wistar albino rats. Oral acute toxicity was evaluated using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guideline 423, three (3) oral doses of extract (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) were used for the subacute toxicity study. The effect of AEACP was evaluated on the: body weight, relative organ weight, hematological parameters, hepatic and renal parameters. The effect of AEACP was also evaluated on the histology of the kidney and liver. The median lethal dose (LD50) was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg and administration of AEACP produced no significant (p˂0.05) differences in body weight, relative kidney weight, creatinine, and uric acid when compared with control group. There was a significant (p˂0.05) reduction in relative liver weight, serum sodium, and serum chloride level in 500 mg/kg group and the percentage reduction in comparison with control was 15.24 ± 1.98, 42.45 ± 2.40, and 9. 65 ± 1.07 respectively. The PLT and ALT in 125 mg/kg group was significantly (p˂0.05) lowered by 26.26 ± 2.96 and 39.46 ± 3.04 when compared with control. The WBC, uric acid, Albumin, and D. bilirubin values in 500 mg/kg group were significantly reduced (p˂0.05) compared with 125 mg/kg group with percentage reduction of 32.10 ± 2.31, 7.79 ± 1.03, 17.89 ± 2.34, and 27.37 ± 2.79 respectively. Urea level in groups treated with 125 and 250 mg/kg of AEACP was significantly lower than the control group and the percentage reduction was found to be 54.17 ± 2.10 and 37.15 ± 1.98 respectively. The histopathological examinations showed no traces of toxicity as the architecture of the liver and kidney were preserved. Acute and subacute use of Allium cepa peels produced no toxicity and its folkloric uses is safe and hence encouraged.

Juniperus speciesgrowing in Turkey are used for various medicinal purposes in traditional folk medicine. We aimed to evaluate in-vitro antidiabetic (α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition assays), antiobesity (pancreatic lipase inhibition assay), and antioxidant (ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing activity, metal chelating activity, and phosphomolybdenum assay) activities of the extracts obtained from branches, leaves, and fruits of Juniperus macrocarpa and Juniperus excelsa. The branch (IC50 =  67.1 ± 1.7 µg/mL) and leaf ethyl acetate extracts (IC50 =  83.4 ± 0.8 µg/mL) of J. macrocarpa exhibited the strongest activity on the α-glucosidase enzyme. Besides that, J. excelsa leaf methanol extract exerted remarkable α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 950.1 ± 3.5 µg/mL). Only J. macrocarpa branch and J. excelsa leaf ethyl acetate extract slightly inhibited pancreatic lipase enzyme with 2963.3 ± 736.4 and 2343 ± 557.8 µg/mL IC50 values, respectively. The RP-HPLC-DAD analysis results demonstrated that the more active J. macrocarpa extracts are richer in agathisflavone, amentoflavone, and umbelliferone than J. excelsa extracts. With this study, it is concluded that J. macrocarpa branch and leaf ethyl acetate extracts may be a new source of α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity and agathisflavone, amentoflavone can be used in the standardization of the extracts.

The antihyperglycemic effect of the polyherbal combination of the leaves of Momordica balsamina Linn (MB) and Leptadenia hastata (pers) Decne (LH) have been reported in our previous study in addition to its documented dietary usages. However, the bioactive principles are yet to be fully elucidated. In the present study, bioactive antidiabetic compounds from the leaf extracts of Momordica balsamina Linn and Leptadenia hastata (pers) Decne were isolated and characterized. The plant leaves were fractionated with solvents in ascending order of polarity (hexane-chloroform-ethylacetate-methanol) using microwave assisted extraction method. The ethylacetate (MBE) and methanolic (LHM) leaf extracts of MB and LH, having the highest antihyperglycemic effects were purified by column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography. The antihyperglycemic activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and the structures of the most bioactive compounds were elucidated by 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in comparison with reported literature. A pentacyclic triterpenoid (H3) and an isoflavone (LH2b) isolated from MBE and LHM with significant (p < 0.05) antihyperglycemic effects were identified as betulinic acid and 5-methyl genistein respectively. Our study isolated for the first time a triterpenoid and an isoflavone with potential antidiabetic effects from these indigenous antidiabetic plants. This further validates the traditional multi-therapeutic usage of the combination for the management of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and its complications.

Erynginum billardieri</em> has been used to control diabetes in traditional medicine. This research was performed to study the antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and hypolipidemic effects of E. billardieri</em> root extract (EBRE) on streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic male rats.

Experimental approach: 

Type two diabetic animals were treated by three different doses of EBRE  (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), orally administered for 4 weeks. Ultimately, after anesthesia, the glucose, insulin, lipid profiles, hepatic enzyme levels in the blood and liver, and pancreas tissues of the animals were analyzed.

Induction of diabetes caused a diminution in insulin level, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and significantly enhanced the level of other lipid profiles, glucose, and liver enzymes (P</em> < 0.05). Administration of the EBRE to diabetic-male rats significantly reduced glucose level, lipid profiles, and liver enzymes, and increased the level of HDL to near normal.

Conclusion and implications:

 The results of the present study showed that E. billardieri</em> had a positive effect on diminishing the lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and controlling diabetes. The most effective dose was found to be 100 mg/kg.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inhibition of α-glucosidase and antioxidant properties of different tissues of sea urchin Echinometra mathaei.

α-glucosidase inhibition was determined using p-Nitrophenyl-a-D-glucopyranoside as a substrate, and the antioxidant properties were evaluated by 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS),1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and nitric oxide radicals scavenging. Also, antioxidant potential was evaluated by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method.

Among the studied tissues, the highest α-glucosidase inhibition was revealed by the ethyl acetate extract of the shell and Aristotle’s lantern (IC50 = 3.7 and 4 mg/mL, respectively). Shell had the highest ABTS (IC50 = 183) and DPPH (IC50 = 208 μg/mL) radicals scavenging, respectively. And, gonad had the highest antioxidant potential by the FRAP method (1140 μg ASA/mg) and NO radical scavenging (70.68%), respectively.

Antidiabetic potentials of the ethyl acetate extracts of sea urchin tissues suggest that these extracts can be used as antidiabetic drugs.

Nephropathy is one of the major complications of diabetes with oxidative stress as one of the possible mechanisms mediating the event. Natural products with antioxidant property may be a promising therapeutic approach to ameliorate renal damage from diabetic nephropathy hence the renoprotective activity of methanolic leaf extract of Momordica charantia (MEMC) was assessed.

 The effects of MEMC on alloxan-induced nephrotoxicity were examined where toxicity was induced by intraperitoneal administration of alloxan to 50 rats divided into five groups of 10 rats each. MEMC was administered to two groups at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 28 days; glibenclamide administered to another group of diabetic rats. While another group was left untreated, a group of normal rats received only distilled water. Nephroprotective effect of the extract was studied by assessing its effect on oxidative stress markers, antioxidant defence system, immunohistochemistry, histological and serum urea and creatinine analysis.

 Alloxan administration altered renal biomarkers (increased serum urea and creatinine levels), increased renal H2O2 malondialdehyde levels, and decreased reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. Histological studies showed glomerular degeneration and hypercellularity. However, administration of glibenclamide (4 mg/kg) and MEMC ameliorated the alloxan-induced nephrotoxicity. Immunohistochemical studies revealed lower expressions of BCL2 but greater expressions of NF-κB in the kidney of the toxicant non-treated rats compared with the control, glibenclamide treated and MEMC treated rats.

MEMC showed renoprotective activity in alloxan-induced nephropathy mediated through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This extract could be used in the treatment of acute kidney failure.

Bridelia ferruginea is a plant known for its antidiabetic properties. However, few studies on leaf extracts have induced anti-hyperglycemic activity on normal mice subjected to carbohydrate overload. The current study was designed to assess the effect of the leaf extracts’ fraction on fructose-induced diabetic mice.

The in vitro ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were carried out and the condensed tannins quantified. The vanillin-HCl method was used to characterize the condensed tannins. The antidiabetic effect on fructose-induced diabetic mice was evaluated for 28 days using a fructose-enriched fat diet approach.

The fraction confirmed the antioxidant activity with a reducing power of 800 μg/mL comparable to ascorbic acid at 200 μg/mL. The condensed tannins were estimated at 79.6 ± 3.4 mg catechin equivalent per gram of sample. Significant decreases in blood sugar levels of 6.25% at the 7th day, 11.04% at the 14th day, 12.61% at the 21th day, and 11.35% at the 28th day were obtained in mice treated with the extract dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight, compared to the positive control group. The decreases of 37.11% of triglycerides and 40.16% of total cholesterol were also obtained.

The investigated fraction showed notable antidiabetic activity and might be a good candidate in the treatment of diabetes.

Insulin resistance is caused by the inability of target tissues to respond to insulin. Bay leaf (Eugenia polyantha Wight) extract has been used for the treatment of insulin-resistant type-2 diabetes mellitus (IRDM), but it has low solubility and bioavailability. To overcome these problems, chloroform extract of bay leaves was formulated into a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) using virgin coconut oil (VCO) as a carrier oil. This study aims to produce a micro-herbal medicine and to determine the effect of a micro-herbal preparation derived from bay leaves as an anti-IRDM agent. Homogeneous formulations were evaluated for extract loading, emulsification time, size, size distribution, and the polydispersion index of the droplet nanoemulsion, and their anti-IRDM activitieswereinvestigated on insulin-resistant rats using extracts, SMEDDS, metformin, negative control, and normal groups. Each group consisted of three randomly selected male Wistar rats. Blood cholesterol levels were checked at 0, 80, and 95days and analyzed using ANOVA. The results showed that the optimum SMEDDS formula was tween 80:PEG 400:virgin coconut oil (48%:32%:20%) in a total volume of 5 mL. It has an emulsification time ofless than 1 minute with an average of droplet size of 141.4µm and a polydispersion index value of 0.254. Morphological observation showed that the microemulsion particles were spherical and stable in varied pH media. The hypoglycemic effects of single- dose metformin, SMEDDS, and the combination of ahalf dose of SMEEDS with metformin were 28.3%, 15.6%, and 34.6%, respectively.

Murraya koenigii is a well-known curry leaf tree. Its leaves are used as a spice in food recipe in India. Its related antidiabetic activity is attributed to alpha glucosidase activity of carbazole alkaloids. The proanthocyanidins present in Vitis vinifera contribute to its hyperglycemic activity through antioxidant effect and preservation of β-cell function. Aims and

The aim of this study was to assess antidiabetic effect of the combination of M. koenigii leaves extract and V. vinifera seeds extract.

A total of 36 animals were randomly selected for the study and were divided in six different groups: control group, alloxan (130mg/kg; intraperitoneal [i.p.]) treated group, alloxan (130mg/kg) treatment + M. koenigii leaves extract (300mg/kg; per oral [p.o.]) treated group, alloxan (130mg/kg) i.p. treatment + V. vinifera seeds extract (200mg/kg; p.o.) treated group, alloxan (130mg/ kg) + M. koenigii leaves extract (150mg/kg; p.o.) treatment + V. vinifera seeds extract (100mg/kg; p.o.) treated group, and alloxan (130mg/kg) treatment + glibenclamide (5mg/kg; i.p.) treated group. Treatment was given for 21 days after induction of diabetes.

The combination treated group showed a significant reduction in serum glucose levels when compared to individual test extracts. It also attenuated the elevated activity of alkaline phosphatase enzyme in diabetic rats as compared with the healthy controls. The combination treatment showed reversal of the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (P < 0.001) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (P < 0.001) levels. It also significantly decreased cholesterol level to near normalcy (P < 0.001).

The findings of this study suggest additive antidiabetic effect of the combination of M. koenigii leaves extract and V. vinifera seeds extract.