جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « antimicrobial susceptibility » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

 Escherichia coli is one of the main causes of various diseases worldwide, whose multidrug-resistant strains have caused many public health problems by producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). The resistance rate varies in different regions. Thus, it is necessary to identify ESBL-producing strains in each region and their antibiotic sensitivity in order to find appropriate treatment options. Hence, the present study aimed to detect the ESBL-producing E. coli strains and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in Tabriz, Iran.

 This study was conducted at the Imam Reza Hospital in Tabriz from November 20, 2022, to April 20, 2023. A total of 400 E. coli isolates were collected from different clinical specimens. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method. ESBL-producing isolates were detected by the double-disc synergy test method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.

 Out of 400 E. coli isolates, 211 (52.75%) were obtained from females, and 189 (47.25%) belonged to males. The mean age of patients was 52.1±27.9 years. Overall, 279 (69.75%) were confirmed as ESBL producers. These producers were mainly recovered from outpatients. The highest antibiotic resistance was observed to ceftriaxone (86.25%) and tetracycline (80.75%), and the least antibiotic resistance was related to imipenem (8%) and amikacin (16.25%), respectively. The rate of antibiotic resistance among ESBL producers was higher than among non-ESBLs.

 The present study reported a high prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli among patients referring to Imam Reza hospital in Tabriz. Carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and nitrofurantoins were confirmed as the most efficient drugs for these bacteria, whereas cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides were the least effective agents.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most prevalent infection among the community and hospitalized patients.

This study aimed to investigate the current antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among UTI agents in Tehran, Iran.

This retrospective study analyzed 9836 urine samples collected from hospitalized patients within 2019 - 2020. The antibiotic susceptibility for commonly-used antibiotics was tested according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.

Based on the findings, Escherichia coli was the most prevalent etiological agent of UTIs (72.3%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (13.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.8%), Acinetobacter spp. (2.8%), and other species (6.7%). Of isolated microorganisms, 943 cases (97%) belonged to gram-negative bacilli; however, 32 cases (3.05 %) were gram-positive cocci. The susceptibility rates of E. coli to amikacin, nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, imipenem, and cefoperazone were 88.4%, 87.5%, 68.3%, 65.9%, and 62.6%, respectively. The sensitivity rates of Klebsiella spp. isolates for amikacin, nitrofurantoin, and imipenem were 87.6%, 71.5%, and 68.9%, respectively.

The results of the present study characterized the misuse of antibiotics in Iran. Iranian surveillance studies will assist clinicians in choosing the most appropriate empirical treatment and preventing infections caused by resistant organisms.

One of the most critical concerns in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from nosocomial infections is antibiotic resistance due to transferable resistance genes. This study aims to investigate the relationship and role of integrons in the transport of OXA-type genes in the production of carbapenem-resistant isolates.

In this study, 270 isolates of K. pneumoniae were isolated from patients with urinary tract infection symptoms hospitalized at Milad hospital of Tehran during 2017-2018. The biochemical methods confirmed K. pneumoniae isolates. Also, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using an E-test method. Carbapenem-resistant isolates were confirmed using an automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing system (Phenix BD USA). The presence of OXA genes, integron, and its class were determined by PCR method.

According to our findings, the most effective antibiotics against uropathogenic K. pneumoniae isolates were piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem, respectively. Out of the 270 isolates, 27 (10%) were detected as carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates. Moreover, 47.2%, 40.1%, 39.2%, and 36.4% of K. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and amoxicillin/clavulanate, respectively. A significant proportion of isolates had class I integron. Meaningful differences in OXA-51, 58, and 24 genes were found in carbapenem-resistant and carbapenem-susceptible K. pneumoniae isolates. No significant relationship was observed between class 1 and 2 integrons and other studied gene determinants of antimicrobial resistance.

According to the observed results, OXA-23, OXA-24, OXA-58, and OXA-51-like groups were the most prevalent genes in carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates, respectively. Also, 97.9% of carbapenem-susceptible K. pneumoniae isolates had class 1 integron.

Antibiotic resistance against uro-pathogens is a worldwide health concern. The aim of this study was to determine the causative bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility patterns among hospitalized patients with community acquired urinary tract infection (UTI).

This cross-sectional study was performed in 2016-2018 in Isfahan, Iran. Urine samples were examined for strain identification and antimicrobial resistance pattern using standard tests. Stratification was done based on gender and age (<20 and >20 years) groups. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were applied to assess differences in etiology and susceptibility rates between groups.

Among 1180 patients, Escherichia coli was the commonest pathogen (68.1%) followed by Enterococcus spp. (8.8%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (8.0 %). Non-E. coli pathogens were more frequent among males (41.8% versus 24.8% in females, P<0.01) and in those aged under 20 years (61.0% versus 22.2% in older than 20 years, P<0.01). Isolated bacteria revealed high susceptibility to imipenem (94.9%), meropenem (92.2%), and amikacin (91.9%); moderate sensitivity to gentamicin (64.4%), cefepime (52.6%) and ceftazidime (47.2%); and low susceptibility to ceftriaxone (41.8%), cefotaxime (40.0%), ciprofloxacin (38.6%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol (31.3%). The sensitivity of isolates to ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, amikacin and ciprofloxacin was significantly higher in females. Compared to the older age group, uro-pathogens were more susceptible to ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and gentamicin in patients aged under 20 years.

We found that imipenem, meropenem and amikacin were good choices for empiric therapy of complicated or severe hospitalized patients with community acquired UTI; and gentamicin, cefepime and ceftazidime were acceptable as initial choices in non-severe infections in the area.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are widely associated with pulmonary diseases. Evidence is lacking on the transmission of NTM from one person to another. Hence, it has gained lower public health priority than tuberculosis.

We determined the prevalence and antibiotic resistance rate of NTM isolated from sputum samples of patients with pulmonary infections.

A total of 375 duplicate sputum samples were collected from 375 patients on consecutive days. The NTM growth was assessed using BACTEC 960 mycobacterial growth indicator tubes. The GenoType Mycobacterium CM/AS line probe assay was used for the species-level identification of mycobacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using the auto-MODS assay.

The overall NTM prevalence rate was 34.4%. Mycobacterium avium complex (24.8%) was the predominant species identified, followed by M. kansasii(24%) and M. abscessus complex (20.2%). Of the 129 NTM isolates tested for antibiotic susceptibility, 62.8% were resistant to rifampicin, 60.5% to levofloxacin, 58.1% to ofloxacin, 55.8% to ethambutol, 49.6% to isoniazid, 48.1% to streptomycin, and 41.9% to amikacin. Seventy-three (56.6%) isolates were identified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates.

Mycobacterium avium complex was the predominant species identified, and the majority of the organisms were resistant to commonly used anti-tuberculosis drugs. The high prevalence of NTM and drug resistance towards the tested antibiotics suggests that NTM can no more be ignored as a contaminant, reiterating the need for periodic surveillance and species-specific treatment for effective management of diseases caused by NTM.

 Enterococci are one of the opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms that can cause significant problems for human and animal health. Enterococcus faecium seems to be more resistant to antibiotics than E. faecalis. It is thought that pathogenic E. faecium can develop antibiotic resistance very quickly, and the ability to transfer this feature is considered to be an important health risk.

 This study aimed to determine the prevalence, biotypes, and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of E. faecalis and E. faecium strains isolated from 267 routine urine and stool samples that were brought to the microbiology laboratory of Regional Training and Research Hospital of Van, with permission of the patients.

 In the present study, enterococci using species-specific primers to examine E. faecalis and E. faecium multiplex PCR technique was applied. Biotyping of the isolates was used to identify them as E. faecalis and E. faecium by molecular techniques, and antibiotic susceptibility of all samples was examined, as well.

 The isolates were identified by multiplex PCR using species-specific primers for E. faecalis and E. faecium. Biotyping based on 13 biochemical tests showed that 72.5%, 12.5%, and 15% of E. faecalis strains were of biotypes I, II, and III, respectively, whereas E. faecium strains could be divided into biotype I (10%), biotype II (12.5%), biotype III (27.5%), and biotype IV (50%). Additionally, all E. faecalis strains were found to be susceptible to penicillin G and imipenem. On the other hand, 95% of the E. faecalis strains were found to be resistant to clindamycin, 77.5% to tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 42.5% to erythromycin, 32.5% to gentamicin, and 17.5% to ciprofloxacin. Of E. faecium strains, 37.5% were found to be resistant to clindamycin, 32.5% to penicillin G, 27.5% to erythromycin and imipenem, 20% to ciprofloxacin, 17.5% to tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 15% to gentamicin, and 5% to vancomycin.

 In conclusion, the identification of E. faecalis and E. faecium strains by PCR is reliable and faster than biochemical tests. Additionally, the results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests may provide important contributions to the clinical approach.

Arcobacter species are food-borne and zoonotic enteropathogens. Defined breakpoints for the investigation of antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter are missing.

The study was performed to investigate the incidence and antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter species in animals and poultry meat samples procured from slaughterhouses in Iran. To investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, samples were collected from cattle (n=100), sheep (n=100), goat (n=100), broiler chicken (n=100), turkey (n=100) and quail (n=100). Arcobacter isolates of meat samples were isolated, investigated by PCR method and antibiotic resistance was also investigated. The susceptibility was assessed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion.

The results showed that 52 samples (8.66%) were positive for Arcobacter spp. The most prevalence were observed in broiler chickens (26%, n=26 samples), quail (13%, n=13 samples), turkey (8%, n=8), cattle (3%, n=3), sheep (1%, n=1) and goat (1%, n=1). Arcobacter butzleri had highest prevalence among Arcobacter species. All the isolates showed sensitivity to gentamicin, streptomycin and tetracycline.

Poultry meat is a potential source of infection with Arcobacter that must be considered in slaughterhouses in Iran. Arcobacter species showed sensitivity for a broad spectrum of antibiotics that can be used during infection with Arcobacter species.

In the study we sought to determine the patterns of regional antibiotic resistances among uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolates. Our finding could be useful for better recognition of regional antibiotic resistances and scheduling a program to control this condition.

In the study, 270 nonduplicate UPEC isolates were examined from urine samples of outpatients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). All isolates were identified by gram staining and standard conventional biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by disk diffusion (Kirby–Bauer) method. The commercial antibiotics disks (PADTAN TEB Co., Iran) were applied in the study, included amikacin (30 μg), gentamycin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), and nalidixic acid (30 μg).

Most of the patients were female (221, 81.9%). The highest resistance was observed for nalidixic acid (56%), followed by ciprofloxacin 39.64%. In contrast, the lowest resistance was seen for amikacin (3.90%) and gentamicin (10.04%). Moreover, 19.62% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR).

Amikacin and gentamicin could be chosen as first line antibiotics in treatment of UTIs. Continuous monitoring studies recommended for acquire a suitable regional antibiotic resistance pattern.

Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is globally spread and threatening. Culturing of N. gonorrhoeae is the only method to collect live isolates for investigation antimicrobial resistance profile. Therefore, quality assessment of N. gonorrhoeae culture is essential for successful isolation of gonococci. This study was conducted to evaluate deferred and bedside culture of N. gonorrhoeae depending on the year season and temperature condition of transport media temporary storage.

Urogenital swabs from 46 symptomatic heterosexual patients with gonorrhoea and subculture of N. gonorrhoeae in 46 suspensions in concentrations 1.5 × 108 CFU/ml were subjected to the study. Non-nutritive transporting medium Amies Agar Gel Medium with charcoal (Copan Diagnostics Inc., Brescia, Italy) was used for deferred culture and selective Chocolate agar TM+PolyViteX VCAT3 (BioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France) for both tested methods of culture.

The specificity of both bedside and deferred methods of culture was 100%. The sensitivity of deferred culture was higher than of bedside culture (82.6% vs 47.8%, p<0.0005). Deferred culture showed significantly higher sensitivity comparing to bedside culture in summer (100% vs 50%, p=0.003), and comparably the same as for bedside culture in autumn, winter and spring.

The viability of N. gonorrhoeae subcultures was significantly higher in refrigerated samples from transport media than from ambient one after exposition from 48 to 96 hours. Optimal viability of N. gonorrhoeae was observed when transport swabs were kept refrigerated up to 48 h (73.9-93.5%) or ambiently – up to 24 h (87%). Updating laboratory guidelines regarding sampling and timely specimen processing might improve gonococcal culture performance.

Urinary tract infections are common health problem affecting millions worldwide. Antibiotic resistance among uropathogens (Ups) is prevalent in many countries. In the absence of any available data in the region, this hospital-based study investigated the pattern, frequency and susceptibility of Ups at Prince Mutaib Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Aljouf Region, Saudi Arabia.

A retrospective assessment of UPs and their antibiotics susceptibility was conducted from January 2017 to December 2017 using the fully automated Vitek2 system (BioMérieux, France).

Among the 415 uropathogens isolates, the most prevalent bacteria were Gram-negatives comprising 137 (51%) E. coli; 46 (17.2%) Klebsiella spp.; 30 (11.2%) Pseudomonas spp.; 25 (9.3%) Proteus spp.; 14 (5.2%) Acinetobacter baumanii and 16 (5.9%) others. On the other hand, Enterococcus spp. were predominant among Gram-positive isolates representing 54 (36.7%), 47 (32.0%) Staphylococcus spp., 22 (15.1%) Streptococcus spp., and 13 (8.8%) S. aureus, and 11 (7.5%) others. Gram-negative Ups showed multidrug resistance towards the majority of the tested antimicrobials (ampicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, fosfomycin, aztreonam, and nitrofurantoin). While high resistance patterns by Gram-positives was also seen against cephalosporins, penicillins, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline.

The observed widespread multidrug resistance clearly warrant implementing stricter control measures, local guidelines of antimicrobials usage, and continuous epidemiological surveys at hospitals and communities.

Anaerobic infections have been reported for many years, and there is an increasing trend in these infections worldwide, but anaerobic infections have not received sufficient attention. Rapid identification is important for the treatment of anaerobes because of their different antibiotic-resistance profiles.

This study aimed to analyze the hospital’s present condition to improve anaerobic culture detection rates and enhance the monitoring of anaerobes in hospitals.

This study retrospectively analyzed sterile body fluids sent to the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University in the form of culture bottles in 2017. Finally, 28 strains of obligate anaerobes were isolated, then combined 16S rRNA gene sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to identify the strains and performed separate antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

The results showed that these two methods are highly consistent. There were 17/28 (61%) Gram-negative and 11/28 (39%) Gram-positive bacteria. The predominant bacteria were Bacteroides fragilis (15/28). Ten strains were isolated from the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department. The next most frequently affected departments were General Surgery (17.86%) and the ICU (17.86%). We analyzed the resistance to penicillin, cefoxitin, clindamycin, metronidazole, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid by using the agar dilution method. The resistance rates to clindamycin were relatively high but relatively sensitive to metronidazole.

The results of this research indicate that we should pay attention to the cultivation of anaerobic bacteria, especially in certain high-risk departments.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an opportunistic pathogen that is able to cause different types of life-threatening infections from acute bacteremia to often chronic osteomyelitis, endocarditis, infections of indwelling devices and wound infections. These chronic infections are highly recalcitrant to antibiotic treatment. Owing to the increasing incidence of S. aureus infections and resistance with long-term treatment with available antibiotics, S. aureus is notorious. Research for new drugs, especially from natural sources is ongoing. Plants were commonly used in the treatment of diseases by a primary human from ancient times. Exhibiting minimum side effects, ease of use, availability, and commonly cost-effective are the advantages of plants. So in the last few decades, research on herbal medicine is getting popularized.

In this systematic review, we aimed to review antimicrobial potential of essential oil and different extracts (methanolic, ethanolic, ethyl acetate, ether or aqueous extracts) from 31 genera of medical plants, including 83 species against S. aureus and its most frequent resistant strain, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) for introducing themas potent therapeutic agents. To find intended articles, we searched in several databases using a list of suitable keywords.

The essential oil of T. caucasicus has the best inhibitory effect on S. aureus. However, extract of 8 plant species has also the acceptable inhibitory effect. Surprisingly, essential oil of some plants showed better anti-staphylococcal effect than standard antibiotics. Moreover, twelve plant species have effective inhibitory effect against MRSA.

Some of the evaluated Iranian plants such as T. parthenium, T. vulgaris, T. eriocalyx, T. persicus, A. millefollum, P. harmala, H. scabrum, and S. urmiensis with acceptable MIC or inhibition zone have the potency of antimicrobial activity, especially against S. aureus and MRSA. According to the comparison, essential oil of Thymus caucasicus with the MIC value of 0.31 g/mL for S. aureus and 2.5 g/mL for MRSA has the best inhibitory effect. So the mentioned natural extract, especially essential oil of T. caucasicus can be a candidate for drug design with the goal of the treatment of S. aureus infections.

Antibiotic resistance, especially in Gram-negative uropathogens such as Escherichia coli, is the main barrier to treat urinary tract infection (UTI). In recent years, the dramatically increased resistance of E. coli to quinolones, a group of widely used antibiotics, has become a significant concern.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, we collected 261 E. coli isolates from the urine and stool samples of patients, referred to or hospitalized at Loghman hospital in Tehran, Iran, with either acute or recurrent UTI. The susceptibility testing for quinolones was performed by the disk diffusion method according to the recent protocols.

The frequency of resistant E. coli isolates was higher against nalidixic acid than ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin (67.8% vs. 48.7% and 44.1% respectively). When comparing acute and recurrent phases of UTI, in the urine samples, no significant difference was seen in the frequency of resistant isolates against nalidixic acid and norfloxacin, while this frequency against ciprofloxacin was significantly higher in recurrent UTI (68% vs. 48.2%). However, in the stool samples, the frequency of resistant isolates against nalidixic acid was higher in recurrent UTI (77.1% vs. 55.7%), while no significant difference was seen against ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin in these phases.

Regarding the antibiotic type and frequency of the administration, the resistance pattern of E. coli to quinolones seems to differ in acute and recurrent phases of UTI.

Listeria monocytogenes is the etiological agent of listeriosis, a highly fatal infection which causes miscarriage or stillbirth in pregnant women. The objective of this study was to detect the prevalence, serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factors of L. monocytogenes isolated from pregnant women with vaginitis at a tertiary care hospital in Tehran, Iran. During September 2015 to February 2017, a total of 400 vaginal swabs were collected from pregnant women. The presumptive isolates were characterized biochemically. All L. monocytogenes isolates were further analyzed by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. All positive samples for L. monocytogenes were analyzed for presence of virulence genes (hlyA, actA, inlA, inlC, inlJ and prfA). Twenty-two (5.5%) of the samples were found positive for presence of L. monocytogenes. Most isolates are resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (81.82%) and chloramphenicol (54.55%). The majority of tested isolates (59.10%) belonged to serotype 4b, followed by 1/2a (22.73%), 1/2b (13.63%), and 3c (4.54%). The hlyA, actA and inlA were detected in all of the 22 L. monocytogenes isolates, but two, three and five isolates were found to lack inlC, inlJ and prfA, respectively. Only one isolate lacked three inlC, inlJ and prfA genes, and two isolates simultaneously lacked both inlJ and prfA genes. Evaluation of virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility can be highly helpful to develop effective treatment strategies against L. monocytogenes infections. This study is noteworthy in that it documents prevalence, virulence characteristics, and antimicrobial resistance of L. monocytogenes

Salmonellosis is still being reported as the second most common food-borne infection of bacterial origin. The most common serotypes worldwide as salmonellosis agents are Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype enteritidis (S. enteritidis) and S. enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium (S. typhimurium).
In the current study, the researchers investigated food associated S. enteritidis outbreak in factory workers of Turkey.
The same meatball preparation that was consumed by the patients for lunch and dinner was responsible for the food poisoning on July 2014, when 257 workers in the same factory sought medical care. Among 257 individuals with diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, fever, and vomiting, 48 (19%) were hospitalized. Stool samples were plated on Salmonella-Shigella agar and Eosine Methylene Blue agar plates and incubated at 37°C. Colonies morphologically resembling Salmonellae were selected for further identification on the next day using API 20E.
During the outbreak, 10 out of 48 (21%) stool samples and 1 out of 25 (4%) blood culture from patients were positive. On serotyping, the isolates were identified as S. enteritidis (9,12; g,m;-) by the agglutination test. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) used for epidemiological analysis of the isolates showed a similar PFGE pattern. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis was performed by XbaI enzymes. The antibiotic susceptibility tests of isolates were studied according to clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) suggestions by using the disc diffusion method. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, ceftazidime, and cefotaxime.
All patients in the study were treated with ciprofloxacin 2 × 750 mg/day and returned to work on the 7th day.

Shigellosis is a diarrheal disease caused by Shigella spp. The majority of cases and deaths occur among children less than 5 years old. In severe cases, antibiotic therapy is recommended to lessen the risk of serious complications and death. Prevalence of different Shigella species and their antibiotic resistance patterns are changing over the time.
The current study aimed at assessing the changes in the prevalence of Shigella species and their antibiotic susceptibility among 0- to 14-year-old children referred to Children’s Medical Center, Tehran, Iran, from 2009 to 2014.
The results of stool cultures were retrospectively analyzed to determine the prevalence of different Shigella species, their antibiotic susceptibility patterns and their changes in the largest university affiliated pediatrics center in Tehran.
Among 40 700 stool cultures, 507 cases were positive for Shigella spp. Most cases occurred among children under 5 years old. Shigellosis was more prevalent among males. The most common species were Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. In general, they were most sensitive to cefotaxime and most resistant to cotrimoxazole. Resistance to cefotaxime and nalidixic acid increased annually. Resistance to ampicillin had a descending trend. Resistance to cotrimoxazole remained almost constant.
The most common species of Shigella changed from Shigella flexneri to Shigella sonnei over the years. In comparison with the previous studies, resistance to nalidixic acid increased and resistance to ampicillin decreased. The prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Shigella species, at different times and regions are changing. To make appropriate decisions on treatment, it is necessary to monitor the changes.