جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « beneficence » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Rehabilitation of people with disability has ethical dimensions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the codes of ethics for rehabilitation in English-speaking countries through a narrative review. In this study, the ethical codes in Australia, Canada, the Unite States, and the United Kingdom were searched electronically through the google search engine, because the language was understandable for researchers. Accordingly, the codes of ethics for rehabilitation (including Orthotics and Prosthetics, occupational therapy, and physiotherapy) were extracted and studied by two researchers independently. A set of professional responsibilities for the rehabilitation services were categorized according to four principles of biomedical ethics and presented as ethical codes for rehabilitation services. As the first step in developing a reliable framework for professional ethics, professional ethics codes for rehabilitation in Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom were reviewed through a narrative review, in order to provide the basis for professional ethics in rehabilitation services based on Iranian Islamic teachings.

Rehabilitation is one of the most important components of health, and includes a set of services to empower people with disability. The first step in providing a secure framework for professional ethics, is identifying the needs and rights of persons with disabilities based on the evidence and scientific documentation, and also the use of experiences from developed countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the available evidence of professional ethics through a narrative systematic review study designed to provide the basis for professional ethics in Iranian rehabilitation services. This was a narrative systematic evidence-based review study. All Persian and English articles published in the past 10 years with the main focus of ethical issues related to the provision of rehabilitation services in physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and orthotics and prosthetics were considered. A structured search of the peer-reviewed literature catalogued in major electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science) was conducted using the following words and their derivatives (Rehabilitation, Human right, Patient right, Professionalism, Justice, Autonomy, Responsibility, Ethics, Bioethics). The initial search by two reviewers yielded 1260 papers. Following review of title and abstract, 98 articles were considered relevant. 67 articles had full text. Full text review reduced this number to 24. To categorize the articles, four principles of biomedical ethics in principlism method. A set of professional responsibilities for the rehabilitation services were categorized in four principles of respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, and also 10 titles outlined in the charter of physicians.

Increasing attention to individual liberties in last decades, has led to considering respect to patients autonomy and involvement in making medical decisions as a critical ethical principle. In spite of a general emphasis on the Importance of the mentioned principle, there is a wide controversy about the logical limitations of respect to patient's wishes and preferences in medical decision making. While a significant number of theoreticians believe in necessity of considering rigid limitations for respect to patient's autonomy, others emphasize on respect to patient's absolute and unconditional right of self-determination. This article explains and analyzes each group's main arguments and finally suggests a functional and logical approach to the principle. This method helps avoidance of disadvantages of unconditional respect to patient's preferences while considering autonomy as an important ethical maxim.

Human inventions and innovations are generally subject to legal protection but some of these innovations are not subject to legal protection. Medical methods are one of the controversial exceptions of patentability of inventions and opponents and proponents of patent ability of medical methods support propound several reasons to prove their theory. While major arguments of proponents are justifying argument of patent system, the argument of opponents can be divided into legal basis, including human rights patent law, and moral arguments. Ethical foundations supporting the medical methods exceptions are stronger than other foundations. So that it can be said patentability of medical methods are in conflict by medical ethics and Ethical foundations are the most important in all foundations. In this article we look at the conflict of patentability of medical methods by medical ethics.

Professionals who provide assisted reproductive technology (ART) services may be approached by patients who have no chance of success of treatment, or can even be harmed during the requested futile treatment. In such cases, what is the moral duty of those who provide treatment services, in particular the physicians? Does the mere request on the part of the patient free the doctor from his/her professional moral responsibilities? On the one hand, principles of individual autonomy and beneficence require the doctor to provide the patient with necessary treatments regardless of the results and consequences. On the other hand, the principle of non-maleficence requires the physician not to impose any harm on the patient. In addition, due to the limitation of resources, doctors are obliged to allocate them to those patients who have a better chance of recovery and use them in cases in which the probability of resource waste is low. However, does this sit well with the principle of justice, especially where the patient is willing to pay all the costs of his/her treatment? Whose interest does the doctor have to prioritize, the patient’s, that of the child resulting from ART, or the society’s? Given the above points, moral training of the team providing treatment services seems necessary so that they acquire the essential skills to make the right decisions in difficult situations such as those mentioned above.

Biotechnological developments in the present age are making grounds for the outbreak of ethical challenges that responding to them has appeared in the show of the current paradigm in the ethical examinations of biotechnology and its normative components. Notwithstanding, the measurement of four principles of the contemporary biotechnological ethics and the observance of the noncoordination and necessary coherence among them indicates the divergence and ineffectiveness of the common theory in the biotechnological ethics in respect of its rules and principles. Also, the placement of these principles on humanism, individualism, liberal teachings, preference of the right over goodness and contractualism has driven the biotechnological ethics toward the destruction of the environment and human genetic reserves, uncontrolled megalomania in the man and relativism in the values and we observe obvious minimalism in the attitudes on justice and loss and benefit during the dominance of extreme pragmatistic and epicurean components over the virtual rationality in the common theory. Hence, for solving this problem in the complex and fully vital issues of the biotechnological ethics, coherent and harmonious principles arisen from the monotheistic thought must be drawn up emphasizing on the sacred spirituality so that the biotechnological ethics will be based on the pillars of such principles and in its light, the unruly and powerful horse of the newly-emerged biotechnology will be haltered by the practical wisdom arisen from sublime human values.

Through taking a medical oath (Hippocratic Oath), physician swears to save the patient’s life and wait for a bright future in the seat of a doctor with full satisfaction from all the times he has passed. Medicine is a profession which is responsible for “treatment of the patient”. Through this job, the physicians are faced with different people from different sexual, social and age groups during a routine day. Though these people are not all the same person, a physician calls them all as a common title of “patient”. The patient also knows that he can indeed trust the physician and explain every problem of himself to the physician. Upon this trust, the patient can convince himself to let the physician decide about his health. A real diagnosis and treatment is possible just in case the physician is fully instructed about the necessary skills related to the patients, people and society, and is completely familiar with his society, its social behavior, rites, traditions and culture as well. The relationship between a physician and his patient must be in a way that the patient is optimistically encouraged to continue the treatment process. A correct doctor-patientrelationship and an appropriate emotional atmosphere in this regardcan play the role of an effective motive for the patient to follow themedical treatment process and to change his behavior in order to achieve the best result. The benefits of the patient consent from his doctor-patient relationship have been described well within the studies. The relationship between a physician and a patient should be in a way that the quadruplet essential principles of medical ethics concerning the patient rights is not ignored; it means that upon these principles, the right of the patient to make decision about the efficacy or inefficacy of the role of the selected physician in his treatment and administration of justice are achieved throughout all related fields. All attributes of a physician can be categorized into one of these four groups and so every feature of a physician can contribute towards following every one of these principles. The main objective of this research is to study the degree of the behavioral and ethical role of a physician in following the medical treatment plan by the patient during a treatment. The research is a cross-sectional study which has been done in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 1387. With regard to the four essential principles of medical ethics concerning the patients’ rights that is, justice, beneficence Non-malfeasance and autonomy, every attribute of a physician is classified under one of these four principles. With regard to these principles, the four questionnaire principles prepared and distributed among medical students of the clinical section and the patients and the result were analyzed using statistical tests and showed that, administration of justice by the physician is considered as the most important factor in decreasing the disobedience of the patient from doctors’ orders in the opinion of both physicians and patients. The physicians’ belief in the patients’ autonomy 37% and the patients’ belief in beneficence of the doctor’s treatment plan 43.5% are the other major factors respectively among all criterions related to justice; to chose the best and the most affordable treatment plan and liability of the physician dedicated the highest statistical number to themselves consecutively by physician and patients. In this research, no relationship is found between the four mentioned principles of medical ethics and population attributes of the examinees like age and education but a significant relationship were found between gender and the belief in the role of justice in decreasing the disobedience of the patient.

Assisted reproductive technology has greatly revolutionized chances of repro-duction offered to infertile couples and it has helped them maintain their family integrity. This technology, like any other new medical technology, has brought up questions regarding its ethical goodness or badness. As its objectives, this article discusses the ethical issues regarding surrogate motherhood according to bioethical principles. Autonomy is one of bioethical principles, which its implication in surro-gacy is referred to as refraining from safe life style, prenatal care or refusal of giving the child to its genetic parents. Complete consultation by independent specialists for all the involved parties could maintain the individuals autonomy in giving voluntary informed consent to this technique and increase her commitment toward the desired responsibility in the contract. Other ethical principles, which are brought up in this process, are beneficence and non-malfeasance. To regard these moral principles, all screening procedures and physical examinations should be practiced with utmost care to minimize any risk to the surrogate mother and the baby. Justice is another ethical issue which is observed in this technology. Surrogacy as a means of commercial profit is instrumentalization and exploitation of low-income women for the interest of high-income people. Establishing methods to control payment for surrogacy and making it an altruistic act, instead of a business, could help eliminate this unethical aspect. Surrogacy could be an ethically acceptable and altruistic act for helping infertile couples if all ethical standards are practiced. Supervision of independent ethics committees is essential for assuring the fulfillment of these standards.

In recent decades, traditional medical ethics which is confined to certain commands and prohibitions, is substituted by modern medical ethics which deals with problems such as euthanasia, abortion, organ transplantation, etc. and tries to find proper ethical solutions. These solutions wittingly or unwittingly are rooted in certain philosophical foundations. The philosophy of medical ethics constitutes the basic part of medical ethics which tries to clarify the right and wrong in practice in various subjects of medicine and health care. Philosophy of ethics, on the one hand, makes an analysis of the principals of ethical theories and on the other hand, it offers some criterions for ethical actions as to what is good or bad. Four principles have been proposed in the West as clues to make decision about medical ethics which are as follows: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. However, some questions or interpretations may arise concerning these principles in various cultures and schools of thought. Evidently there is a different between the philosophical foundations of the Western thought with that of Islamic one concerning ethical decision-making in medicine. Thus it is necessary to explain the philosophical position of medical ethics in Islam which can be realized only through the exchange of views between philosophers and physicians. The authors of this article try to explain the effect of different outlooks in philosophy on ethical decision-makings of physicians with special reference to the necessity of formulating the comprehensive principals of Islam in this field.