جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « causality » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »
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Background
Ischemic stroke (IS) is the leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels hadno potential risk on ischemic stroke. However, higher LDL-C levels were closely related to IS. Based on two antagonistic viewpoints, a Mendelian randomization (MR) study was designed to evaluate the causal effects of LDL-C levels on IS.
MethodsDatasets of LDL-C levels and ischemic stroke were acquired from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Weighted median method was conducted for main analysis, and MR-Egger and inverse-variance weighted (IVW) methods were performed for auxiliary analyses. Heterogeneity and pleiotropic tests were utilized to confirm the reliability of this study.
ResultsA total of 359 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with LDL-C levels (P < 5 × 10−8) and 337 SNPs were available in ischemic stroke with eliminating outliers. LDL-C levels were significantly associated with ischemic stroke (OR = 1.104, 95%CI = 1.019 - 1.195, P = 1.52 × 10-2). MR-Egger and IVW showed directionally similar estimates (MR-Egger: OR = 1.120, 95%CI = 1.040 - 1.207, P = 3.12 × 10-3; IVW: OR = 1.120, 95%CI = 1.064 - 1.178, P = 1.17 × 10-5).
ConclusionLDL-C levels had causal effects on IS, providing insights into the design of future interventions to reduce the burden of ischemic stroke.
Keywords: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Ischemic stroke, Mendelian randomization, Causality} -
سابقه و هدف
علی رغم پیشرفت های فراوان در زمینه درمان نارسایی قلبی، هنوز میزان بستری مجدد در این بیماران نسبتا بالا می باشد، که این امر موجب تحمیل هزینه به بیماران و بیمارستان می شود. لذا این مطالعه با هدف تعیین علل مراجعه مجدد مبتلایان به نارسایی قلبی بستری شده در مرکز قلب فاطمه زهرا ساری در سال 1401 طراحی و اجرا شد.
مواد و روش هادر این مطالعه توصیفی- مقطعی، 309 بیمار مبتلا به نارسایی قلبی که برای بار دوم به مرکز قلب فاطمه زهرا ساری مراجعه کرده بودند، به روش نمونه گیری در دسترس در سال 1401، انتخاب و مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. ابزار پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه اطلاعات دموگرافیک و علل بستری مجدد بود که روایی محتوای کیفی آن توسط 5 نفر از متخصصین قلب بررسی و تایید شد. نمونه ها با استفاده از 21SPSS ، آمار توصیفی، فراوانی نسبی و مطلق، میانگین و انحراف معیار مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند.
یافته ها54 درصد نمونه ها مرد و 46 درصد زن بودند و میانگین سنی آن ها 12±66 سال بود. تنگی نفس در 88 درصد افراد گزارش شد که طبق معیار ارزیابی انجمن قلب امریکا بیش ترین درجه شدت آن 2 (در44 درصد موارد) بود. افزایش درد قفسه سینه قبل از بستری مجدد نیز در 30 درصد افراد گزارش شد که طبق معیار ارزیابی جامعه قلب کانادا بیش ترین شدت آن 2 (54 درصد موارد) بود. عدم رعایت برنامه بازتوانی در میان 74 درصد بیمارانی که دارای برنامه بازتوانی بودند، مشاهده شد. عدم رعایت رژیم دارویی (28 درصد)، تپش قلب (28 درصد)، رخداد استرس زا (22 درصد)، فعالیت سنگین (21 درصد)، عدم رعایت رژیم غذایی (21 درصد)، مصرف دخانیات (7 درصد)، بیماری عفونی (4 درصد)، قطع دارو (4 درصد) و مصرف الکل در 3 درصد بیماران مشاهده شد.
استنتاجبا توجه به این که بیش ترین علت بستری مجدد بیماران نارسایی قلبی به دلیل تنگی نفس بوده و عدم رعایت برنامه بازتوانی، رژیم دارویی و غذایی نیز درصد بالایی از علل بستری مجدد این بیماران را به خود اختصاص داده است، رعایت برنامه بازتوانی به دلیل تاثیر زیادی که بر بهبود وضعیت تنفسی دارد، توصیه می شود. هم چنین آموزش بیماران در این زمینه، مشاوره و رعایت توصیه های پزشکان پس از ترخیص می تواند در عدم بستری مجدد و بهبود کیفیت زندگی بیماران موثر باشد.
کلید واژگان: نارسایی قلب, بستری مجدد, علل, بازتوانی}Background and
purposeDespite so many advances in the treatment of heart failure, the rate of readmission is still relatively high which imposes additional costs on patients and hospitals. Therefore, this study was designed and implemented to determine the causes of rehospitalization of heart failure patients admitted to Fatemeh Zahra Heart Center in Sari during 2022.
Materials and methodsIn this descriptive study, 309 patients with heart failure, who were admitted at Fatemeh Zahra Heart center for the second time, were selected by available sampling method during 2022. The data collection tool was a questionnaire which included demographic information as well as factors associated with readmission of heart failure patients. The qualitative content validity of the questionnaire was checked and confirmed by five cardiologists. The samples were analyzed using SPSS V21 applying descriptive statistics of relative frequency, absolute frequency, mean, and standard deviation.
ResultsDyspnea was reported in 88% of the patients, and according to the NYHA Class evaluation criteria, the highest level of severity was 2 (in 44% of cases). An increase in chest pain before rehospitalization was also reported in 30% of the patients, and according to the CCS Class evaluation criteria, the highest level of severity was 2 (in 54% of cases) Failure to comply with the rehabilitation program was observed among 74% of patients who had a rehabilitation program. The other main reasons for readmission of heart failure patients in order of priority were failure to comply with medication regimen (28% of patients), palpitation (28%), stressful event (22%), heavy activity (21%), non-adherence to food diet (21%), smoking (7%), infectious disease (4%), discontinuation of medication (4%), and alcohol use (3%).
Conclusion.: Considering that dyspnea was the main reason for rehospitalization of heart failure patients, and non-compliance with the rehabilitation program, non-observance of the drug, and food diet regimen accounted for a high percentage of readmission, it is recommended to emphasize compliance with the rehabilitation program due to its great impact on improving the respiratory condition. Furthermore, it is beneficial to educate patients on adhereing to their diet and medication, using consultations, and following the doctors' recommendations after discharge. This can be effective in preventing rehospitalization of patients and improving the quality of their life.Keywords: heart failure, patient readmission, causality} -
مجله دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، سال هشتادم شماره 11 (پیاپی 262، بهمن 1401)، صص 908 -915زمینه و هدف
روش تصادفی سازی مندلی نسل جدیدی در روش تحلیل آماری است که از تغییرات ژنتیکی، به عنوان متغیرهای ابزاری در داده های حاصل از مطالعات غیرتجربی به منظور ارزیابی و برآورد تاثیرات علی عوامل خطر استفاده می کند.
روش بررسیداده های این پژوهش مقطعی از دی 1381 تا مهر 1399 از پایگاه PubMed جمع آوری شده است. روش تصادفی سازی مندلی رویکردی برمبنای روش های متاآنالیز است.
یافته ها:
در این پژوهش به معرفی روش تصادفی سازی مندلی، طرح های مطالعه آن، روش های آماری موجود برای برآورد، محدودیت های این روش و بسته های نرم افزاری موجود برای اجرای آن پرداخته شد.
نتیجه گیری:
هنگامی که ما به دنبال یافتن ارتباط علیتی هستیم اما امکان استفاده از کارآزمایی بالینی به عنوان روش استاندارد وجود ندارد، می توان از طرح تخصیص تصادفی مندلی به عنوان روشی قدرتمند در مطالعات مشاهده ای استفاده کرد.
کلید واژگان: علیت, ژنتیک, انواع مطالعات علوم پزشکی, تصادفی سازی مندلی, مطالعات مشاهده ای}BackgroundMendelian randomization (MR) is a new generation in the statistical method that uses genetic variants as instrumental variables in data from non-experimental studies to evaluate and estimate the causal effects of risk factors.
MethodsThe weakness of observational studies to detect causality, the difficulties of conducting clinical trials, the dramatic advancement of Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have led to the emergence of a new type of study called MR. It is increasingly being used to determine causality MR is an approach based on meta-analysis methods. The main idea of the MR is based on using the instrument variable (IV) to find the causality between exposure and outcome. This variable does not need to adjust the confounding effects found in observational studies.
ResultsData for this study were collected from the beginning of January 2003 to October 2020 in PubMed. Our results showed that MR has an increasing trend. The data used in MR includes summarized statistical data, individual-level data, and meta-analysis. Choosing the suitable IV is essential to successfully conduct an MR. For an unbiased estimate, three main hypotheses should be considered: 1) The IV has a strong relationship with the desired exposure (i.e., potential risk factor), 2) The IV is not related to the confounding variable, and 3) The IV is not directly related to the outcome and should only relate to the outcome through exposure. If these conditions are not met, one solution is to use robust methods. Besides, this research introduced the study designs, estimation methods, limitations, software packages, and some applications of MR in medical research.
ConclusionWhen we seek to find a causal relationship, but it is not possible to use a clinical trial as a standard method, the MR design can be used in observational studies. Therefore, it is possible to obtain causal relationships between exposure and outcome using the MR.
Keywords: causality, genetics, medical research, mendelian randomization, observational study} -
Objective
The significance of diagnosing the root reason for syncope and taking therequired preventive or treatment measures cannot be overlooked when it comes tooutcome prediction. This study endeavors to examine the role of proBNP in differentiatingcardiogenic and non-cardiogenic syncope in patients presenting to the emergencydepartment (ED).
MethodsWe prospectively performed a cross-sectional study on patients presentingwith acute syncope. All the patients for this investigation were followed up until thedefinite cause of their syncope (cardiac or non-cardiac) was diagnosed and the screeningperformance characteristics of proBNP in differentiation of cardiogenic and noncardiogenic syncope were evaluated.
ResultsThree hundred patients with syncope were studied (64.7% male). In the end,the cause of syncope was determined to be cardiogenic in 133 cases (44.3%). The areaunder the ROC curve of proBNP in the differentiation of cardiogenic syncope from noncardiogenic was estimated to be 78.9 (95% CI: 73.5 – 84.3). The optimal cut-off point forproBNP in this regard was 143.5 pg/mL point. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negativepredictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of proBNP in the mentionedcut-off point were 75.39% (95% CI: 67.61–82.73), 75.44% (95% CI: 68.07–81.62), 71.12%(95% CI: 62.82–78.26), 79.74% (95% CI: 72.46–85.54), 2.46 (95% CI: 1.86–3.25), and 0.25(95% CI: 0.18–0.34), respectively.
ConclusionThe accuracy of proBNP in differentiation of cardiogenic and non-cardiogenicsyncope is fair. ProBNP concentration equals to or higher than 143.5 pg/mL can differentiatecardiogenic syncope from non-cardiogenic with 75% sensitivity and 76% specificity. Itseems that its use for this purpose should be considered with caution and along with othertools
Keywords: Syncope, Causality, Pro-brain natriuretic peptide, Heart failure, Emergency medicine, Diagnosis} -
مقدمه
در جنایاتی که با دستور پزشک صورت می گیرد، تشخیص عامل مسیول و به تبع آن اجرای مسیولیت کیفری همواره با چالش و صعوبت همراه بوده است. در این راستا گاهی مراجع صالح، آرای متناقض در این خصوص صادر می کنند که در پژوهش حاضر به بررسی این موضوع پرداخته شد.
روش بررسیدر این پژوهش تحلیلی مقطعی و گذشته نگر، 116 پرونده در کمیسیون پزشکی قانونی فارس از 1389 تا 1399 از نظر نوع مسیولیت و چگونگی احراز رابطه سببیت مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. روش جمع آوری داده ها از طریق پرسشنامه 15 سوالی بود و بعد از جمع آوری اطلاعات به تحلیل آنان با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS ویرایش 21 پرداخته شد.
یافته هااز لحاظ نوع مسیولیت که 53 مورد (46درصد) مباشر، به صورت تنهایی و در 19 مورد (16درصد) سبب/اسباب مسیول شناخته شد. در مابقی 42 مورد (38درصد) هر دو عامل سبب/اسباب با مباشر مشارکتا مسیول شناخته شدند.
نتیجه گیریبیشترین قصور از نوع مرکب و بیشتر از یک عامل است. برای بررسی علت وقوع جنایت و تشخیص عامل ضامن در کمیسیون پزشکی قانونی از مبنای واحد تبعیت نشده است.
کلید واژگان: سببیت, پزشک, مراقبت پزشکی, پزشکی قانونی}Forensic Medicine, Volume:27 Issue: 4, 2022, PP 272 -278IntroductionIn crimes committed by a doctor, the identification of the responsible agent and, consequently enforcing criminal liability has always been associated with challenges and difficulties. In this regard, sometimes competent authorities issue contradictory opinions which are investigated in the present study.
MethodsIn this retrospective cross-sectional analytical study, 116 cases were investigated in the Fars Forensic Medicine Commission from 2010 to 2019 in terms of responsibility type and establishment of a causal relationship. The method of data collection was through a questionnaire, including 15 questions, and after collecting information, they were analyzed employing SPSS21 software. .
ResultsIn terms of responsibility type, 53 cases (46%) were directly responsible, and in 19 cases (16%) the causes or means was recognized as responsible. In the remaining 42 cases (38%) both causes were jointly responsible with the procurator.
ConclusionMost negligence was of the compound type which was relevant to more than one factor. In order to investigate the cause of the crime and diagnose the guarantor, the forensic commission did not follow the basis of the unit.
Keywords: Causality, Physician, Medical care, Forensic medicine} -
BackgroundCerebral border zone infarctions (BZIs) are a subtype of acute ischemic stroke that occur at the junction between two major cerebral arterial territories. Internal and external BZIs are defined based on the known patterns in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, the etiology and pathophysiology of these two types of BZI are still debated. This study aimed to determine the etiologic differences of two types of BZI to guide tailor appropriate treatment strategies for these patients.MethodsIn this prospective study, patients with BZIs were enrolled from patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to the hospitals affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, from 2017 to 2019. Appropriate clinical and laboratory workups were applied to determine possible etiologies of ischemic stroke according to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification system.ResultsThe study included 106 patients with BZI, 53 patients in each group. Both types of BZI were more frequent in males. However, there was no significant difference between the two types concerning sex, age, and profile of major stroke risk factors. The results showed no correlation between the type of BZI and hemodynamic factors (P = 0.086). However, large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) was the most frequent etiology within each subtype of BZI; LAA in internal (P = 0.016) and cardioembolism (P = 0.046) in external BZI were more frequent etiologic subtypes of cerebral infarction.ConclusionLAA might be the most common etiology for internal and external cerebral BZIs. Cardioembolism might have a more important etiologic role in the external subtype.Keywords: Stroke, Cerebral Infarction, Causality, Intracranial Embolism, Atherosclerosis, Brain Infarction}
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مقدمه
در جنایاتی که با دستور پزشک صورت می گیرد، تشخیص عامل مسیول و به تبع آن اجرای مسیولیت کیفری همواره با چالش و صعوبت همراه بوده است. در این راستا گاهی مراجع صالح، آرای متناقض در این خصوص صادر می کنند که در پژوهش حاضر به بررسی این موضوع پرداخته شد.
روش بررسیدر این پژوهش تحلیلی مقطعی و گذشته نگر، 116 پرونده در کمیسیون پزشکی قانونی فارس از 1389 تا 1399 از نظر نوع مسیولیت و چگونگی احراز رابطه سببیت مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. روش جمع آوری داده ها از طریق پرسشنامه 15 سوالی بود و بعد از جمع آوری اطلاعات به تحلیل آنان با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS ویرایش 21 پرداخته شد.
یافته هااز لحاظ نوع مسیولیت که 53 مورد (46درصد) مباشر، به صورت تنهایی و در 19 مورد (16درصد) سبب/اسباب مسیول شناخته شد. در مابقی 42 مورد (38درصد) هر دو عامل سبب/اسباب با مباشر مشارکتا مسیول شناخته شدند.
نتیجه گیریبیشترین قصور از نوع مرکب و بیشتر از یک عامل است. برای بررسی علت وقوع جنایت و تشخیص عامل ضامن در کمیسیون پزشکی قانونی از مبنای واحد تبعیت نشده است.
کلید واژگان: سببیت, پزشک, مراقبت پزشکی, پزشکی قانونی}Forensic Medicine, Volume:27 Issue: 3, 2022, PP 272 -278IntroductionIn crimes committed by a doctor, the identification of the responsible agent and, consequently enforcing criminal liability has always been associated with challenges and difficulties. In this regard, sometimes competent authorities issue contradictory opinions which are investigated in the present study.
MethodsIn this retrospective cross-sectional analytical study, 116 cases were investigated in the Fars Forensic Medicine Commission from 2010 to 2019 in terms of responsibility type and establishment of a causal relationship. The method of data collection was through a questionnaire, including 15 questions, and after collecting information, they were analyzed employing SPSS21 software. .
ResultsIn terms of responsibility type, 53 cases (46%) were directly responsible, and in 19 cases (16%) the causes or means was recognized as responsible. In the remaining 42 cases (38%) both causes were jointly responsible with the procurator.
ConclusionMost negligence was of the compound type which was relevant to more than one factor. In order to investigate the cause of the crime and diagnose the guarantor, the forensic commission did not follow the basis of the unit.
Keywords: Causality, Physician, Medical care, Forensic medicine} -
Introduction
The objective of this study was to record and analyze the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to psychotropic drugs and the potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) amongst different psychotropic drugs as well as pDDIs between psychotropic drugs and other co-prescribed drugs by using Medscape software (online).
MethodsA cross sectional study was carried out in patients visiting the Psychiatric Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital. Total 500 prescriptions were analysed for the ADRs and pDDIs.
ResultsTotal 37 ADRs were observed in 32 (6.4%) patients. Antipsychotics was the most common group and olanzapine was the most common psychotropic drug suspected of causing ADRs. Tremors was the most common ADR observed. All of the ADRs were nonserious and were in a “Recovering” state when the data was collected. Total 1051 pDDIs were observed in all the 500 prescriptions surveyed, out of which 361 prescriptions were showing at least one pDDI.
ConclusionThe overall incidence of ADRs was not very high (6.4%), which reiterates the judicious use of the drugs in the study setting. Majority of prescriptions had only 1-2 pDDIs per prescription.
Keywords: Adverse drug reactions, Drug interactions, Psychotropic drugs, Olanzapine, Causality} -
Background
The relationship between cadmium (Cd) exposure and depression remains unclear. This nationwide study aimed to compare the levels of blood Cd with the presence of depressive mood in Korean adults.
MethodsFrom the 2008–2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 10,968 individuals over 20 yr old were identified. Data on demographics, health behaviors, depressive mood, and blood Cd (B-Cd) levels were used in the analysis. Estimated levels of B-Cd were drawn from multivariate regression models.
ResultsHigher age-adjusted B-Cd levels were noted among women, rural residents, people who have a low economic or educational status, smoke currently, drink frequently, or have depressive mood than the counterpart groups. In fully adjusted models, men with depressive mood exhibited significantly higher B-Cd levels than those without depressive mood, and these levels were strongly mediated by smoking status.
ConclusionOur results suggest a need for Cd accumulation screening among individuals with depressive mood.
Keywords: Cadmium, Depression, Causality, Smoking, South Korea} -
Introduction
Chemotherapy-induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are one of the major consequences of cancer therapy that affects patients’ quality of life, outcomes of the treatment, morbidity, and mortality and increases the economic burden. The study’s objective was to evaluate the incidence, causality, severity, and preventability and to calculate the direct medical cost of chemotherapy-induced ADRs among cancer patients.
Materials and MethodsA prospective observational study was conducted for 8 months in patients above 18 years and receiving chemotherapy. ADRs were evaluated for their causality, severity, and preventability using different ADR assessment scales, and the economic burden for different ADRs was based on their direct medical costs.
ResultsA total number of 230 patients were enrolled in the study, out of which 84 patients developed 148 ADRs. Patients who received chemotherapy showed a higher incidence of ADRs in 45–55 years of age group (30.95%), females (69.04%), solid tumors (92.85%), stage III (55.95%), and double regimen (61.90%). Paclitaxel and carboplatin were reported to cause most ADRs, such as anemia (14.18%) and leucopenia (6.75%). ADRs were assessed using scales. As per the WHO-UMC scale, 59.4% ADRs were possible, followed by probable (39.2%). The majority of the ADRs were mild (52%) in severity. About 41.9% reactions were probably preventable, and 3.4% were definitely preventable.
ConclusionThe overall incidence of ADRs was 36.52%. The direct medical cost incurred for the management of ADRs was 457.23 USD.
Keywords: Causality, costs, incidence, preventability, severity} -
Context:
Infantile Colic (IC) is an essential problem in infancy that is influenced by factors related to infants and parents. The parental factors associated with colic have not been comprehensively assessed.
ObjectivesThe present systematic review was conducted to investigate the parental factors affecting the incidence of IC.
Data Sources: Databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google scholar, as well as Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran (Iranian websites) were searched to identify all eligible papers concerning parental factors affecting infantile CI. The registration number of this study was CRD42020163518 in the PROSPERO database.Study Selection:
A total of 423 relevant articles published up to the end of December 2019 were assessed. The selected articles were screened based on duplicated, eligibility criteria, and quality appraisal. The main inclusion criteria were observational studies and articles in Persian and English languages.
Data Extraction:
The Mesh keywords and Boolean operators included (“risk factors” OR “causality”) AND (“parents” OR “fathers” OR “mothers”) AND (“infant”) AND (“colic”). Consequently, 18 papers were thoroughly studied and the related data were extracted. Two researchers independently performed the data extraction and quality assessment based on the STROBE checklist from the observational studies. The information of selected studies was recorded in a table, i.e. consisted of authors’ names, purpose, design, population, and main results.
ResultsFinal articles consisted of 10 prospective, 6 cross-sectional, and 2 case-control studies. Eventually, the effective factors were placed in 6 categories, as follows: psychological factors, physical factors, taking medications, perinatal factors, family’s socioeconomic status, and maternal diet. The most important characteristics predisposing to IC were parental depression, anxiety, smoking, maternal history of migraine, young age, primiparity, low family support, high socioeconomic status, high-risk pregnancies, and delivery, taking antibiotics, as well as the consumption of celery, onions, and bananas.
ConclusionsVarious parental factors affect the incidence of colic. Identifying these risk factors and accurate planning can be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of IC.
Keywords: Risk factors, Infant, Causality, Colic, Parent} -
زمینه و هدف
تحولات ایجاد شده در علم پزشکی و در ابعاد زندگی بشر در دهههای اخیر روابط اجتماعی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و هنری و... را بسیار پیچیده و مملو از پدیدههای بدیع و نوظهور نموده در زمینه پزشکی نموده است. که این پیشرفت ها کمک شایانی در خصوص بهره مندی از نظر پزشکان متخصص بعنوان کارشناس در مسایل جزایی و احراز رابطه سببیت در جنایت داشته است. هدف ما در این تحقیق: بررسی تحولات پزشکی و پیشرفت های پزشکی در زمینه کمک به قضات کیفری بعنوان نظریه کارشناسی در جرایم می باشد.
مواد و روشهاروش تحقیق در این مقاله بصورت توصیفی تحلیلی و به روش کتابخانه ای می باشد.
یافته هایافته ها حاکی از این است که در بسیاری از دعاوی خاصه در خصوص احراز رابطه سببیت در جنایت به لحاظ شرایط و ماهیت خاص امکان رسیدگی قضایی مستلزم به اظهار نظر اشخاص متخصص و پزشکان متخصص و مورد اطمینان است تا قضات بتوانند با اطمینان خاطر احکام عادلانهتری را صادر کنند.
ملاحظات اخلاقیاز ابتدا تا انتهای مقاله اصل صداقت، و امانت داری رعایت گردیده است.
نتیجه گیرینظر اهل خبره و کارشناسان پزشکی در محاکم و حل اختلافات باعث میشود آراء قضایی دارای پشتوانه بیشتری باشند و بتوانند هرچه بهتر بستر عدالت را فراهم نمایند و لذا به همین دلیل ارجاع امور به کارشناس از اهمیت ویژهای برخوردار و مهم و ضرورت دارد میزان حجیت و اعتبار نظر کارشناس در ادله مورد بررسی قرار گیرد.
کلید واژگان: تحولات تاریخی, پیشرفت های پزشکی, کارشناسی, رابطه سببیت, جنایت}Background and AimDevelopments in medical science and in the dimensions of human life in different decades of social relations, Economic, cultural, artistic, etc. are very complex and full of phenomena Innovative innovations have been made in the field of medicine. These developments have made a significant contribution to the benefit of the opinion of specialist physicians as experts in criminal matters and the establishment of a factor in the crime. Our aim in this study is to examine medical developments and medical advances in the field of assistance to criminal judges as an expert theory in crime.
Materials and MethodsThe research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and library method.
FindingsThe findings indicate that in many specific cases regarding the causal relationship in crime in terms of specific circumstances and nature of the possibility of judicial review requires the opinion of experts and specialized and reliable physicians so that judges can be confident. To issue more just sentences.
Ethical ConsiderationsFrom the beginning to the end of the article, the principle of honesty and trustworthiness has been observed.
ConclusionThe opinion of experts and medical experts in the courts and dispute resolution makes the judicial decisions have more support and can provide the best possible basis for justice, and therefore referring cases to an expert is of special importance and necessity. The authority and validity of the expert opinion in the evidence should be examined.
Keywords: Historical Developments, Medical Advances, Expertise, Causality, Crime} -
Introduction
Identifying predisposing factors of seizure can be somewhat helpful in preventing it from occurring.
ObjectiveThe present study has been designed aiming to assess the frequency of predisposing factors of seizure in patients visiting the emergency department (ED).
MethodsThe present prospective cross-sectional study was performed on adult patients presenting to ED following seizure during 1 year. Known or probable predisposing risk factors for seizure were extracted from various studies and were asked from patients or their relatives during history taking and clinical examination.
ResultsFinally, 246 seizure patients with the mean age of 38.8 ± 18.3 (18 – 92) years were included (68.7% male). Most patients were in the 18–29 years age group (41.1%), had an educational level less than high school diploma (59.8%), and were unemployed (47.8%). Among the predisposing factors of seizure, emotional stress with 107 (43.7%) cases, insomnia with 44 (17.9%), and irregular use of antiepileptic medications with 36 (14.6%) cases were the most common predisposing factors, respectively. In 43.5% of the patients, no identified predisposing factor was found. Insomnia (p = 0.002), stress (p < 0.001), and substance abuse (p < 0.001) were the most important predisposing factors of seizure in individuals less than 60 years old. In addition, being in the menstruation period was also shown to be a predisposing risk factor for women aged less than 60 years (p = 0.002).
ConclusionEmotional stress, insomnia, and irregular use of antiepileptic medication were the most important predisposing factors of seizure in the studied patients. In more than 40% of patients presenting to ED following seizure, no predisposing factor was found.
Keywords: Causality, Emergency Service, Hospital, Prevention, Control, Risk Factors, Seizures} -
Background
The etiologies and causal beliefs of heart disease are considered one of the 5 dimensions of health self-regulatory model. Thus, the present study aimed to review the literature and screen the appropriate tools for evaluating the causal beliefs and perceived heart risk factors (PHRFs).
MethodsThe review samples encompassed all published articles from 1992 to March 2017. A systematic search was conducted across 6 databases: the Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, EBSCO, ProQuest, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. The qualitative evaluation of the articles was examined using the checklists of the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) by 2 independent investigators. After the application of the criteria for inclusion in the study, 22 studies were obtained according to the PRISMA guidelines.
ResultsA total of 10 504 (50.5% male) patients at an average age of 57.85±10.75 years participated in 22 studies under review. The results of the systematic review showed that 22 tools were available to measure PHRFs. The instruments were categorized into 4 groups of valid scales (6 studies), invalid questionnaires (6 studies), checklists (3 studies), and open-ended single items (7 studies). Only 23.2% of the measuring instruments were sufficiently valid.
ConclusionThe results of this systematic review showed that a limited number of valid tools were available to measure PHRFs. Considering the importance of studying cardiac patients’ perception of the etiology of disease and the paucity of standards and valid grading scales, it seems necessary to design and provide tools with broader content that can cover all aspects of patients’ beliefs.
Keywords: Awareness, Cardiovascular diseases, Causality, Risk factors} -
زمینه و هدف
علیرغم اهمیت و تاثیر سلامت و آموزش در رشد اقتصادی کشورها، جهت ارتباط بین سلامت و آموزش برای سیاستگذاری بسیار مهم می باشد. هدف این مطالعه بررسی رابطه علیت بین آموزش و سلامت در کوتاه مدت و بلندمدت با استفاده از مدل تصحیح خطای برداری در ایران است.
روش کارمطالعه حاضر یک مطالعه تحلیلی و کاربردی بود که در سطح ملی با استفاده از مدل تصحیح خطای برداری برای کشور ایران انجام شد. آمار و داده های مورد نیاز مطالعه از نوع سری زمانی سالانه است و برای سال های 2017-1990 از وب سایت بانک جهانی استخراج شد. برآورد مدل تصحیح خطای برداری و آزمون های مورد نیاز در نرم افزار Eviews 10 صورت گرفت.
یافته هانتایج نشان دادند که یک بردار هم جمعی برای تابع سلامت ایران در سال های مورد بررسی وجود دارد یعنی میزان سلامت فعلی نه تنها تابعی از متغیرهای مستقل مدل است بلکه تابعی از متغیرهای سلامت و آموزش در دوره های قبلی نیز است. همچنین در کوتاه مدت و بلند مدت تعداد سال های تحصیل علیت امید به زندگی و امید به زندگی علیت سال های تحصیل در ایران است. متغیرهای تولید ناخالص داخلی سرانه، مخارج بهداشتی سرانه تاثیر مثبت و متغیر تولید دی اکسید کربن سرانه تاثیر منفی بر امید به زندگی داشتند.
نتیجه گیریطبق نتایج تحقیق رابطه علیت دو طرفه بین آموزش و سلامت در کوتاه مدت و بلند مدت در ایران وجود دارد بطوری که در کوتاه مدت و بلند مدت افزایش آموزش می تواند منجر به بهبود وضعیت سلامت، و بهبود وضعیت سلامت می تواند منجر به افزایش آموزش و تحصیلات شود. بنابراین سیاست های بخش های آموزش و سلامت مکمل یکدیگر هستند.
کلید واژگان: سلامت, آموزش, علیت, مدل تصحیح خطای برداری}Journal of Health, Volume:10 Issue: 4, 2019, PP 445 -456Background & objectivesDespite the importance and impact of health and education on economic growth in countries, the causal relationship between education and health is important to policymaking. This study aimed to investigate the causality relationship between education and health in the short and long runs using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) in Iran.
MethodThis was an analytical and applied study, conducted at the national level using Vector Error Correction Model for Iran. The data type was annual time series which extracted from the World Bank website between the years of 2017-1996. The VECM and the required tests were estimated in Eviews 10 software.
Resultsthe result showed that there was a cointegration vector for the health function of Iran in these years, i.e., current health was not only a function of independent variables of the model but also a function of health and education variables in previous periods. Also, in the short and long run, the years of schooling had the causal effect on life expectancy and, life expectancy had a causal effect on years of schooling in Iran. GDP and health expenditures per capita had a positive effect and the carbon dioxide production per capita had a negative impact on life expectancy.
ConclusionAccording to the results, there was a two-way causality relationship between education and health in the short and long runs in Iran, so that in the short and long runs, increased education can lead to improved health status, and improved health status can lead to increased education. Therefore, the policies of the education and health sectors are complementary.
Keywords: Health, Education, Causality, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM)} -
مقدمهیکی از عوامل موثر بر امید به زندگی مخارج سلامت است. با توجه به تاثیرات و نتایج متفاوت مخارج سلامت خصوصی و عمومی بر سلامت در ایران، هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی رابطه علیت بین مخارج سلامت عمومی و خصوصی با امید به زندگی در دوره کوتاه مدت و بلندمدت برای ایران است.مواد و روش کاراین مطالعه توصیفی- تحلیلی و کاربردی در سطح ملی با استفاده از مدل تصحیح خطای برداری برای ایران انجام شد. داده های موردنیاز از نوع سری زمانی سالانه و برای سال های 2017-2000 از پایگاه داده ای بانک جهانی استخراج شد. مدل تحقیق و آزمون های موردنیاز در نرم افزار Eviews 10 برآورد گردید.یافته هانتایج نشان داد رابطه علیت دوطرفه بین مخارج سلامت عمومی و امید به زندگی در کوتاه مدت و بلندمدت وجود دارد، همچنین مخارج سلامت خصوصی رابطه علی بر امید به زندگی داشت ولی امید به زندگی تاثیر علی بر مخارج سلامت خصوصی در کوتاه مدت و بلندمدت نداشت. تعداد سالهای تحصیل و درآمد تاثیر مثبت و تورم تاثیر منفی بر مخارج سلامت خصوصی و عمومی در ایران داشت.بحث و نتیجه گیریمخارج سلامت عمومی تاثیر علی بر امید به زندگی داشت، بنابراین سیاست هایی در راستای سرمایه گذاری بیشتر در زیرساخت ها و افزایش خدمات پیشگیرانه بهداشتی، بهبود و ارتقای فناوری های حوزه سلامت و آموزش نیروهای های متخصص که به مخارج عمومی وابسته است، برای ارتقای سطح سلامت جامعه ضروری است. همچنین با توجه به تاثیر علی مخارج سلامت خصوصی بر امید به زندگی، جهت افزایش امید به زندگی و سلامت جامعه سیاست های حمایتی و بیمه ای از خانوار کم درآمد جهت جبران بخشی از هزینه های سلامت ضروری است.کلید واژگان: مخارج سلامت, امید به زندگی, رابطه علیت}Payesh, Volume:18 Issue: 3, 2019, PP 221 -230Objective (s)One of the factors affecting life expectancy is health expenditure. Considering the different effects and outcomes of private and public health expenditures on health in Iran, the aim of this study was to investigate the causality between public and private health expenditures and life expectancy in the short and long term in Iran.MethodsThis descriptive-analytical study was carried out at the national level using Vector Error Correction Model for Iran. Data were obtained from annual time series for the 2000-2017, extracted from the World Bank website. The model and related tests were estimated in Eviews 10 software.ResultsThe results showed that there was a two-way causality relationship between public expenditure and life expectancy in the short and long term. Also, private health expenditures had a causal relationship with life expectancy, but life expectancy had no causal impact on private health expenditures in the short and long term. The years of schooling and income had a positive impact and inflation had a negative impact on public and private health expenditures in Iran.ConclusionPublic health expenditures had a causal effect on life expectancy. Therefore, policies for increasing investment in infrastructure and enhancing preventive health services, improving and promoting health technology and training specialist forces that are dependent on public expenditures are essential for promoting community health. Also, due to the effect of private health expenditure on life expectancy, in order to increase life expectancy and community health, supportive and insurance policies for low-income households are necessary to compensate for some of the health costs.Keywords: Health Expenditure, Life Expectancy, Causality}
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هدفاقدام به خودکشی با علل و شیوه های مختلف در جهت پایان دادن به زندگی فرد صورت می گیرد که فرد با آسیب زدن به جسم خود سعی در از بین بردن خویشتن دارد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف تعیین شیوع علل و شیوه های اقدام به خودکشی در ایران به روش مرور سیستماتیک و فراتحلیل انجام شد.مواد و روش هااین مطالعه به صورت مرور سیستماتیک و فراتحلیل بر روی مقالات منتشر شده در مورد علل و روش های اقدام به خودکشی در ایران بین سال های 1380 تا 1393 انجام شد. به همین منظور طی جستجو در بانک های اطلاعاتی Medlib، SID، ISI، Pubmed، Google scholar، Science Direct، Irandoc، Scopus Magiran، تعداد 21 مقاله در خصوص موضوع مورد مطالعه استخراج و نتایج آن ها با استفاده از میانگین وزنی و مدل اثرات تصادفی با هم ترکیب شدند.یافته هادر 21 مطالعه، نمونه مورد بررسی در شیوه های اقدام به خودکشی 98034 نفر و در بررسی علل 93046 نفر بودند که طی فراتحلیل انجام شده بر روی آن ها، بیش ترین شیوع شیوه اقدام به خودکشی مربوط به مصرف دارو (52/59 در صدهزار نفر) و کم ترین میزان مربوط به حلق آویز کردن (77/0 در صدهزار نفر) بود و هم چنین بیش ترین شیوع علل اقدام به خودکشی مربوط به مشکلات و مسائل خانوادگی (39/57 در صدهزار نفر) و کم ترین میزان مربوط به شکست تحصیلی (1/1 در صدهزار نفر) بود.نتیجه گیریشایع ترین شیوه اقدام به خودکشی طی دهه اخیر مربوط به مصرف دارو و شایع ترین علت، مسائل و مشکلات خانوادگی می باشد لذا پیشنهاد می گردد مسئولین ذی ربط با مداخلات لازم نسبت به محدود نمودن دسترسی به وسایل کشنده و تاسیس و فعال سازی مراکز مشاوره خانواده جهت پیشگیری از این اقدام، تمهیدات لازم را اتخاذ نمایند.کلید واژگان: اقدام به خودکشی, ایران, شیوع, علیت, فراتحلیل}Koomesh, Volume:20 Issue: 3, 2018, PP 417 -424IntroductionSuicide attempts are made in various ways to end the life of a person, who is trying to eliminate himself by hurting his body. The present study conducted with the purpose of determining the prevalence and causes of suicide in Iran through meta-analysis and systematic review.Materials And MethodsThis study systematically and meta-analytically reviewed published papers on suicide attempts in Iran within 2001-2014. For this purpose, 31 articles of searching databases including Medlib, Google Scholar, PubMed, ISI, Science Direct, Scopus, SID, Medline, Magiran, Irandoc, extracted and the results were analyzed through weighted average and Poisson Distribution.ResultsOf the 21 studied cases, the highest prevalence of suicide attempt was for drug use (taking pills) (59.52%) and the least amount was for hanging out (0.77%). The highest prevalence of suicide causes was for family problems (57.39%) and the least amount was for academic failure (1.1%).ConclusionIt is concluded that the most common suicide attempts in the last decade belonged to drug use and family problems were the most common causes of suicide. Thus, it is recommended that authorities adopt necessary interventions to limit access to harmful means and activate family counseling centers to prevent such attempts.Keywords: Suicide Attempt, Iran, Causality, Prevalence, Meta, Analysis}
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BackgroundInfertility is considered as a prominent health care issue. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of infertility and certain factors relevant to it.MethodsThe current study was performed on every couple who visited the infertility center of Besat hospital located in Sanandaj City, Iran, in a period between 2014 and 2015. The study population was comprised of
579 patients. A certain questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was analyzed using STATA Ver.11 software. Descriptive statistics as well as chi-square, t, and Fishers exact tests were used.ResultsOut of 579 cases, 372 ones (64.3%) showed primary infertility, and 207 cases (35.7%) had secondary infertility. The most prevalent cause of infertility in women was found to be in relationship with ovarian factors (33.5%), and in men, male factors were the first cause (30.2%). Other observed causes of infertility were uterine factors (5.5%), tubular factors (12.8%), and unknown factors (18%). No significant relationship could be found between womens age groups and the male factors of infertility (P = 0.813); while there was in fact a meaningful statistical relationship between women's age groups and ovarian factors (P = 0.001).ConclusionThe current study shows that prevalence rates of primary and secondary infertilities were 64.3% and 35.7%, respectively. Most commonly found causes of infertility in men were male factors, and in women, tubal, ovarian, and unknown factors.Keywords: Male Infertility, Female Infertility, Causality} -
هدفزندگی در خوابگاه میتواند بر کیفیت و کمیت خواب دانشجویان تاثیرگذار بوده و باعث کاهش عمل کرد و افت تحصیلی دانشجویان شود. لذا این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی میزان کیفیت خواب و علل و پیامدهای مرتبط با آن از دیدگاه دانشجویان ساکن در خوابگاه های دانشکده بهداشت دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سمنان اجرا گردید.مواد و روش هااین مطالعه از نوع توصیفی-مقطعی بود. نمونه پژوهش شامل 249 نفر از دانشجویان ساکن خوابگاه های دانشکده بهداشت دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سمنان بودند که به روش سرشماری مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. ابزار جمع آوری داده ها پرسش نامه محقق ساخته با بهرهگیری از سنجش کیفیت خواب پیتزبورگ بوده که توسط خود شرکتکنندگان تکمیل گردیده است.یافته هامیانگین سن دانشجویان در این مطالعه 2/91±21/78 سال بود. در مجموع، 80/7% دانشجویان دختر و 72/1% از دانشجویان پسر دارای کیفیت خواب نامطلوب بودند. بیش ترین علت اختلال در خواب دانشجویان وجود مشغولیت ذهنی و فکری گزارش شده است (53/8%). هم چنین در حدود نیمی از دانشجویان احساس خواب آلودگی بیش از اندازه را در کلاس بهعنوان پیامد اختلال خواب بیان نمودند.نتیجه گیریبر اساس این مطالعه کیفیت خواب دانشجویان ساکن در خوابگاه در وضعیت نامطلوبی قرار دارد. اختلالات ناشی از خواب باید بهعنوان یک معضل مهم بهداشتی در میان دانشجویان ساکن خوابگاه مورد توجه قرار گیرد. اتخاذ تدابیر مناسب در راستای بررسی علل اختلال خواب دانشجویان و کاهش پیامدهای سوء ناشی از آن میتواند موجب ارتقاء کیفیت خواب دانشجویان و عمل کرد تحصیلی آنان شود.کلید واژگان: بهداشت خواب, علیت, محیط اجتماعی, دانشجویان}Koomesh, Volume:20 Issue: 1, 2018, PP 96 -104IntroductionLiving in a dormitory can affect the quality and quantity of students sleep, which reduces students academic failure and performance. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the quality of sleep and its causes and also consequences from the viewpoint of students residing in dormitories of the Faculty of Health of Semnan University of Medical Sciences (SUMS).Materials And MethodsThis study was descriptive-cross sectional. Relatively, the sample consisted of 249 dormitory students of the Faculty of Health of SUMS (Semnan, Iran, 2016) who were studied by census method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Measurement completed by the participants themselvesResultsThe mean age of students in this study was 21.78 ± 2.91 years. In total, 80.7% of female students and 72.1% of male students had poor sleep quality. The most common cause of sleep disorder was the presence of mental and intellectual involvement (53.8%). Also, about half of the students expressed excessive sleepiness in class as a consequence of sleep disorder.ConclusionAccording to this study, the sleep quality of students living in a dormitory is in an unfavorable situation. Conclusively, sleep disturbances should be considered as a major health problem among dormitory students. Appropriate and compatible measurements in order to investigate the causes of sleep disorders in students and also reducing their adverse consequences can improve the quality of students sleep and their academic performanceKeywords: Sleep Hygiene, Causality, Social Environment, Student}
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Background and AimSimulation studies are important statistical tools to investigate the performance of statistical models in specific situations. For a binary outcome and exposure, one of the most important statistical measures will be the risk difference (RD). To assess the quality of estimators in estimating the effect of the exposure, a data set with a specific effect measure is require.
Methods & Materials: Monte Carlo simulation can be helpful in situations when there is a proper data generating process. In this paper, another technique will be presented to generate data with specific marginal risk difference (MRD).ResultsConvergence of simulation methods in the same scenario reached in a few iterations using the proposed method.ConclusionThe proposed method is recommended over the current method due to less time consumption; this issue is important in studies with different scenarios.Keywords: Data systems, Risk ratio, Causality, Computer simulation, Monte Carlo method}
- نتایج بر اساس تاریخ انتشار مرتب شدهاند.
- کلیدواژه مورد نظر شما تنها در فیلد کلیدواژگان مقالات جستجو شدهاست. به منظور حذف نتایج غیر مرتبط، جستجو تنها در مقالات مجلاتی انجام شده که با مجله ماخذ هم موضوع هستند.
- در صورتی که میخواهید جستجو را در همه موضوعات و با شرایط دیگر تکرار کنید به صفحه جستجوی پیشرفته مجلات مراجعه کنید.