جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « citizen » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The aim of the current research is the conceptualization of the global citizen in the path of moving towards global rights. 
Matherials and

The research method used in this article is descriptive-analytical.

Globalization is a natural phenomenon that took place seriously after the Second World War and due to the emergence and development of international organizations such as the United Nations, decolonization and the role of newly independent countries, the development of the global economy and communications, and the emergence of new international actors such as companies. Transnational and non-governmental organizations have accelerated, and of course the development of information and communication technology as a hardware infrastructure. This phenomenon has affected many fields including economy, culture, politics and citizenship rights. The discussion of citizenship, depending on its placement in social dimensions, has gone through various periods of various historical developments, somehow in each of these periods, the relations of its constituent elements have been changing and different. 

The results of the research show that today, affected by the process of globalization, the concept of citizenship has undergone a transformation in parallel with the emergence of the global civil society. This process has provided the ground for the formation of a global citizen, through which individuals play a role beyond the political realm of national communities, regardless of their identity as citizens of specific governments. Based on this idea, a combination of advanced systems, the growth of global markets and the wide field of action of multinational companies are continuously eroding the boundaries that defined social membership in the past, so that the material and psychological boundaries that made citizenship important in modernity Made pale.

Background &

Today's cities, especially metropolises, are very complex entities that, along with their historical transition to this complexity, different and increasingly complex perceptions and cognitions have emerged from them. Nearly five decades ago, cities were considered physical identities with the dominance of urban service infrastructure and manipulative entities in which changes were made to maximize functional benefit. Urban planning in the sense of spatial planning, location and location for land use, and economic analysis was the dominant approach to cities. With such an approach, managing the city based on infrastructure management and spatial-economic variables was a priority. But over the years, urban environments have faced a host of problems, spatial planning has failed to achieve its goals, and environmental problems have invaded urban structures. Studies have shown that improving technological infrastructure and urban services is not possible without the people, nor should these measures serve anything but the people. At the same time, the Mediatization and mass production of cultural products, the emergence of new social movements, the emergence of new demands on people of the modern age, and the dissatisfaction that arose for people in urban settings, needs, and wants. Created other environments for urban environments and human beings present in them. In the development literature, the position of human development, social development, culture and development, social capital, and in short, human orientation, social relations, and quality of life gradually emerged as a combination of economic, political, social, and environmental factors. It was natural for new approaches to urban management to emerge to provide a new formulation of urban management issues, priorities, and goals and to plan for urban management based on them. These developments do not mean that the position of technology, economy and spatial planning in cities has diminished. Urban management, urban specialists, and technologists are constantly coming up with new tools to improve transportation systems, reduce environmental pollution, improve communications, make municipal services cheaper, and other requirements, but that's the problem. All these achievements should be seen in addition to paying attention to human beings, targeting the quality of human life, public participation in the management and promotion of urban affairs, and strengthening the civic environment. On the other hand, the behavior of citizens is a set of voluntary behaviors that are not part of the official duties of the individual, but by doing so, the individual effectively improves his duties and plans in society. The most authoritative classification of the components of citizenship behavior has been provided by Oregon, which has been used in various studies, including social etiquette, altruism, work conscience, chivalry, and decency. Citizenship behavior improves organizational performance by influencing factors within the organization such as organizational climate, retaining qualified employees, improving morale, increasing organizational commitment, and job satisfaction, reducing the intention to leave the job, and reducing absenteeism and destructive job behaviors. Citizens' citizenship behavior also improves the quality of employee performance by improving external factors such as customer satisfaction, service quality, and customer loyalty. What affects the type of citizenship behavior of citizens is their physical and mental health, which is very important. One of the factors affecting organizational citizenship behavior and organizational performance is mental health. Increasing physical and mental health in society; means reducing social harms, reducing the cost of exchanges and interactions in the social, economic, cultural, and political spheres, expanding the participation and social interactions of citizens and civic institutions, and finally, facilitating and organizing urban services. Thus, policy-making to improve urban development and management requires mapping the space and the desired state of mental health. Therefore, physical and mental health, like other forms, should be considered by managers and the field of its maintenance and development should be provided in the organization. Managers and those who can create physical and mental health in citizens in the municipal organization according to their management style, pave the way for their professional and organizational success. According to this concept, social capital includes concepts such as unity, cooperation, and cooperation between members of a group or community that forms a purposeful system and leads them to achieve a valuable goal. This research seeks the effect of urban management style on the physical and mental health of citizens. The physical and mental health of citizens in each drawer is one of the main goals of management, so the main purpose of this study was the effect of urban management style on the physical and mental health of citizens.

Due to the nature of the research, which seeks to investigate the relationship between research variables, the present study is a survey. The statistical population of this study, including all citizens of Tehran, was estimated to be more than 8 million people. The sample size was 384 people through the Krejcie Morgan table by random sampling method. The collection tool in this study is a researcher-made questionnaire made by Urban Management and Mental Health David Goldberg (1972). In this study, PLS2 and SPSS tests were used to analyze the data

The results showed that the urban management style affects the physical and mental health of citizens. It was observed that the significance value of t for the hypothesis was greater than 1.96. Because the standard path coefficient between these two variables is positive and equal to 0.610, so it can be said that by increasing the standard deviation in urban management style, we will see an increase in the physical and mental health of citizens by 0.610 standard deviations. Was. Therefore, with a 95% probability, urban management style has a significant effect on the physical and mental health of citizens.

The results showed that the physical and mental health of citizens is one of the important goals in any society that urban management style can be considered as an important financial and effective on these components. Social behaviors are very similar to citizenship behaviors in organizations, which is the behavior of employees. Behaviors that go beyond the requirements of their role and facilitate the functioning of the organization. Mental health encompasses organizational citizenship behaviors by improving close interpersonal relationships. With the advent of the information and knowledge age, new concepts have emerged in the management and business environment so that the future competitive advantage of organizations depends on the effective and appropriate use of these new variables. Citizenship behavior is one of those concepts that has been the subject of serious research for the last decade. On the other hand, an organization with more mentally healthy employees will benefit from a competitive advantage that can help them outperform their competitors. In the field of modern urban management, the discussion of management model and style is one of the key issues related to how cities are governed. According to the research results, it can be suggested that principals increase organizational culture among teachers by creating an environment with interaction, altruism, work ethic, responsibility, and applying the dimensions of influence.

Although individuals have full discretion in choosing how to build houses and other structures, this freedom of will should not conflict with public rights and harm the mental health of citizens. Humans are always interacting with the environment and behaving differently in different environments.

This Article is Descriptive-Analytical and has been Prepared and Compiled by the Library Method, Using Phishing Tools.

In order to organize this article, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Studies show that the environment is important not only as a context in which mental disorders occur, but also in many cases in the form, manifestation and emergence of these feelings and actions. In this study, the mental health of individuals and environmental factors and constructions affecting it are examined and then the question is answered that what does public law in Iran support the mental health of individuals in the field of urban planning?

Various areas of public law show that the issue of citizens' mental health has been addressed through construction in the upstream documents with regard to its generality. But in ordinary laws this issue is scattered and sometimes in old laws. Therefore, it is necessary to write a centralized and up-to-date law on urban planning with emphasis on the rules of the right to health.Please cite this article as:Mirmohammadi Meybodi SM, Rahmat MR. The Evaluation of the Right to Health in Terms of Urban Construction. Medical Law Journal. 2022; 16(57): e39.

The current development of suburban areas that do not have proper urban standards and services in terms of urban planning and on the other hand, due to special environmental conditions and lack of proper health facilities in these areas, the right to health of residents is facing serious challenges. Therefore, the present study explains the position of the right to health of marginalized citizens as a human right and examines the health and medical challenges and the commitment of governments to implement it.

This research is of theoretical type. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library by referring to documents.

 In all stages of writing the present study, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Findings indicate that marginalization is considered a way of life that is outside the city limits and without basic facilities for living; This poses challenges to the right to health of marginalized citizens and causes the spread of various infectious, non-communicable and environmental diseases. Considering that health is one of the components of human well-being, Thus, the rules of bioethics are threatened by the health challenges of marginalized citizens.

The right to health is a fundamental human right and, in accordance with the rules of biomedical and bio-social ethics, marginalized citizens deserve it as well as other citizens of society. Given the results, this faces challenges so must be addressed by governments in accordance with the requirements of domestic law and international instruments.

The citizen in Persian consists of two phrases: "city" the place of human community and "vand", the factor of human connection to this social place, and a citizen is someone who belongs to his place of residence and human community. This citizen is specific to when a person has a right and is opposed to a subject or a citizen or a follower. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of people and government in the realization and implementation of citizenship rights in society.

This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical method using library data. Also, the role of government and people in the implementation of citizenship rights in the system of the Islamic Republic has been studied by taking the method of research-related sources

Citizen means human being with dignity; the discussion of human rights makes sense by considering human dignity and specific human concepts such as human rights. There is no such thing as citizenship rights and the phrase "citizenship rights" is in fact a set of rules governing privileges and what is to the dignity of citizens within Iran.

The results showed that the government through judicial and non-judicial proceedings and the people through education, demanding, requesting a fair trial can play a role in the realization and enforcement of citizenship rights in society.

The aim of this study was to design a professional citizen education model in education based on the data theory of the foundation.

The scientific model of this research is based on qualitative interviews with heads of education and scientific elites and the sampling method is both targeted and snowballs. Finally, referring to experts, 16 qualitative interviews were conducted and using grounded theory technique to identify the index. The training of professional citizens in education of Khorasan Razavi province was discussed. The necessity of each of the components of the extracted model for the training of professional citizens was investigated. The research was analyzed by coding method in three stages: open, axial and selective. Findings represent 6 main extraction codes and the codes are grouped in 14 sub-codes.

The results show that the most effective codes of each measure of citizenship social education strategy, evaluation of the performance of educational elements in the education system, have been the observance of educational standards.

The results of the present study showed that the three dimensions of knowledge, attitude and ability (skill) are the most important dimensions of citizenship education

The purpose of this study is to develop a model of cultural citizen in Tehran.

For this purpose, the data-driven theory method including three stages of open, axial and selective coding of Strauss and Corbin was used. Twenty in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted by theoretical sampling with relevant experts and in order to evaluate the validity of the developed model, 10 professors were presented separately and their opinions were obtained for correction and modification. The main research phenomenon was called "cultural citizen".

Causal conditions of cultural citizen, cultural capital, cultural goals, social identity, cultural participation, cultural rights, cultural intelligence, family interactions, cultural differences, media consumption and cultural security were identified. And research strategies were obtained as follows; Identity-oriented and ethical orientation included in the meta-oriented dimension, participation and empathy and health in the livable dimension and creativity that were categorized in the human-centered dimension.

The implications of the study were identified as increasing belief, social responsibility, and social acceptance, public trust among citizens, public order and promoting social entrepreneurship.

Today, living in the cities requires mutual understanding of collective and urban life, mutual rights, duties of citizens and observance of citizenship ethics. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to do a meta-analysis of the factors affecting adherence to citizenship ethics among Iranian citizens.

The research method is a meta-analysis and its statistical population includes articles and dissertations on the subject of citizenship ethics in Iran during 2001-11 in Iran Research Institute of Information Science and Technology database, Islamic World Science Citation Database, Iranian Publications Database and Information Center of Jahad Dneshgahi. The sampling was conducted after passing the phases of Identification, screening, competency and inclusion and finally 20 studies were selected as sample of the study. After coding and systematic review, Comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA2) was used to analyze the collected information.

Lack of standard scales, using different and diverse components to measure citizenship ethics, non-measuring the creditability of the structures of the designed scales, providing general, vague and non-practical solutions are identified as the most important weaknesses of the research in this field. The most important variables affecting individuals' adherence to citizenship ethics includes citizens' perceptions of their usefulness, social commitment, adherence to the normative system, social capital, education, individual perceptions of collective monitoring, mass media and citizenship education. Ethical Considerations: By referring to the researches, scientific fidelity has been observed.

To increase the items like citizenship ethics, social commitment, adherence to the normative and value system of society, promotion of social capital, citizens' perception of their usefulness, individual perception of collective monitoring and citizenship education should be considered by the planners and policymakers.

Child adoption in Iran has always been directly related with the religious beliefs of the society and has had a particular importance since the ancient times up to now. According to the civil law of the society, those children are competent to be adopted whose parents are not identifiable and they cannot return to the warm bosom of their families. One of the most significant and first rights of the orphans and the children suffering from bad parenting as a citizen is their identification and giving their custody and tutelage to individuals who are materially and spiritually competent to protect these children. These children either do not have any parents or their parents are not known or are not competent enough to raise the child. Thus, judicial authorities under the supervision of social institutions give their protectorship to individuals or families whose competency has been already proven based on the social rules and laws. In this study using a descriptive-analytic method we have conducted a research on the citizenship rights of the orphans and the children who are suffering from bad parenting as well as the obligations and duties of the society and child adopters on them according to the legal codes of Iran and Islam resorting to the existing databases and library documents.

Individual citizenship rights or the regulations and rules that determine the boundaries between individual rights and the jurisdictions of government are among the key discussions in the contemporary world. In Islamic government of Iran the relationship between individual rights and government is of specific place and individual rights have been explained in full details in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran and it has not remained silent in this regard; because Iranian constitutional law is mainly driven from Islamic jurisprudence and its most important part is the delineation of the basic rights and freedoms of individuals which is in line with Islamic values. Although in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran the terms citizen and citizenship rights have not been used there are still other relevant terms like nation's rights, public rights, general rights, individual and social rights which have been frequently used; needless to say, their comprehensive explanation requires deep and detailed research. Then, the current study seeks to determine the place of individual rights of citizens in Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law and at the same time provide a short outline of its relevant general regulations and rules.

  Environmental hazards are one of the most important threats to human health. The dramatic increase in population and new lifestyles has led to a variety of environmental problems and outbreaks of illness. This study was conducted to determine the attitude and knowledge in environmental behavior of citizens of Gorgan city, north of Iran. This descriptive-analytic study was carried out on 400 people (209 men and 191 women) in Gorgan citizens in northern Iran during 2017. A multi-stage sampling method was used to select the samples. The city of Gorgan was divided into 3 categories according to urban divisions, and the neighborhoods within the classes were considered as clusters. 40% of the neighborhoods were randomly assigned to each study. The instruments used for collecting data were demographic questionnaire and knowledge, attitude and environmental behavior questionnaires. The level of environmental attitudes and environmental knowledge of the citizens was poor and their Pro-environment behavior was highly valued. Persons with higher age, higher education and level of employment had better environmental behaviors (P<0.05). There was a significant and inverse relationship between environmental attitude and environmental behavior (P<0.05). Increasing
bio-environmental knowledge led to an increase in bio-environmental behavior (P<0.05). The level of knowledge and environmental attitude of Gorgan citizens was weak and their pro-environmental behaviors were strong.

Forgiving is a noble virtue which has been cherished by moral schools. With this virtue in life one can be benefited from the worldly bounties and have psychological and physical health and included among the pious and in the otherworld be intermediated by the Prophet (peace is upon him). Citizenship rights both refers to the totality of the rights and freedoms that are guaranteed by the government according to internal laws for the nationals. Accordingly, whether Shia jurists endorse this virtue? What effect does forgiving have on Islamic citizenship rights? In Shia jurisprudence and jurisprudential documents (Quran, traditions, consensus and reason) this subject has been taken into earnest account and it is recommended. Thus, if the convict repents he can be forgiven by the victim. Moreover, the legislator of the Islamic society of Iran in this regard in the article 365 of Islamic penal code adopted in 2013 has succeeded to cover some cases of forgiving in the society. Now we can conclude that if the verses of Quran are taken as the citeria of Islamic ethics these moral norms will turn to a law for all domains of life and the positive effects resulted from it will be felt throughout the Islamic society. This study has been conducted by qualitative method and document analysis.

Aristotelian ethics, in a general sense, is the collection of behavioral and social actions which is accepted by a community. This ethics is formed through traditional experience and conventional concepts in specific geographic areas over the centuries and the society is obliged to follow it. Aristotelian ethics can be named as the ethics of citizenship since it has been generalized and adapted by citizens. Such definition is applied in the themes of Qabus Nameh by Qabus ibn Wushmagir. Qabus Nameh contains forty-four chapters. This work encompasses the advices of Qabus (the father) to his son Gilanshah with ethical values which has been practiced through centuries. Although written in the 5th century, its principles can be applied to today's society. Some of the values mentioned in the work include: appreciating the blessings of God, being mild-mannered, avoiding betrayal, saying fair words, loving others as your family, teaching children charity, avoiding wastefulness, paying attention to time and meetings, honesty, avoiding exploitation of wives and regarding them as a housewives, controlling anger, generosity, truthfulness, adherence to the commitment, and dozens of other issues that can adjust relationships and interactions among citizens. Researches are made to analyze the relations among the concepts of Qabuos Nameh as an example of the Aristotelian ethics to obtain a framework of this type of ethics in the 5th century.