جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "evolution" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are arguably the most prominent and most widely used healthcare diagnostic modalities for a wide range of applications. There are certain specific applications for which a particular modality is specifically used or has been adopted over a period of time because of reasons like good diagnostic accuracy, fast diagnosis, etc. One such application for CT has been “Spinal Fracture Diagnosis” and for MRI has been “Brain Tumor Detection”. This study presents case studies from different time periods to demonstrate the evolution of these respective applications and emphasizes the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based techniques like machine learning, deep learning, etc. for advancements in the diagnostic process. The case studies will enable the new researchers to understand the background and the work done in the respective time period. The time period of the studies referred to is between the years 2000 and 2023 (Present date). The purpose of this study is to enlighten the reader about the evolution of spinal fractures and brain tumor diagnosis which are understood to be primary applications of CT and MRI, respectively and, encourage further study into topics pertaining to AI-based tools used in diagnostic modalities for applications like automatic detection and prediction, smart decision making, early detection, etc.

Humans have generally evolved some adaptations to protect against UV and different levels of background ionizing radiation. Similarly, elephants and whales have evolved adaptations to protect against cancer, such as multiple copies of the tumor suppressor gene p53, due to their large size and long lifespan. The difference in cancer protection strategies between humans and elephants/whales depends on genetics, lifestyle, environmental exposures, and evolutionary pressures. In this paper, we discuss how the differences in evolutionary adaptations between humans and elephants could explain why elephants have evolved a protective mechanism against cancer, whereas humans have not. Humans living in regions with high levels of background radiation, e.g. in Ramsar, Iran where exposure rates exceed those on the surface of Mars, seem to have developed some kind of protection against the ionizing radiation. However, humans in general have not developed cancer-fighting adaptations, so they instead rely on medical technologies and interventions. The difference in cancer protection strategies between humans and elephants/whales depends on genetics, lifestyle, environmental exposures, and evolutionary pressures. In this paper, we discuss how the differences in evolutionary adaptations between humans and elephants could explain why elephants have evolved a protective mechanism against cancer, whereas humans have not. Studying elephant adaptations may provide insights into new cancer prevention and treatment strategies for humans, but further research is required to fully understand the evolutionary disparities.

The objective of our study to analyze the data of the prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformations at the maternity and reproductive health hospital "Les Orangers" in Rabat and to identify the main anomalies detected, their percentage and their short-term outcome.

This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the maternity and reproductive health hospital "Les Orangers" in Rabat, Morocco. The data was collected and reported on pre-established sheets and on the register of malformations of the hospital.

A total of 245 cases of congenital malformations comprising 470 types of congenital malformations were recorded out of a total of 43,923 births over a period of five and a half years, giving a prevalence of 5.58 per thousand.Prenatal diagnosis was made in a third of cases (33%), essentially during the 2nd-3rd trimester of pregnancy. The anomalies revealed by this antenatal diagnosis were dominated by urinary malformations in 70% and central nervous system anomalies in 67%, followed by other types of congenital anomalies in less than 40% of cases, while genetic problems were detected in 2.5%; this rate is underestimated since chromosomal abnormalities sometimes appear as syndromes, so that in some diseases, genetic changes are not separated from other abnormalities, and since more than half (50.7%) of cases presenting polymalformative syndromes not survived 77% of cases i.e. (48.5% of deaths and 28.5% of FDIU) and an etiological study was not carried out.

Antenatal ultrasound allows early detection and monitoring of the evolution of congenital malformations, and thus the possibility of ensuring early and adequate management of these anomalies from birth. In our context, it is necessary to develop a prenatal screening program for congenital anomalies and a network of reference centers for the management of these anomalies in order to improve their prognosis.

The potentials of artificial intelligence (AI) have permeated all industries and fields, and the advantages of AI are extensively employed. This technology offers a wide range of benefits in the pharmaceutical industry, including reducing human interventions and increasing the speed and accuracy of tasks. This can expedite time-consuming activities, such as drug discovery, production, clinical trials, research and development, and ultimately, determining a drug’s position in target markets.

A comprehensive scope review was performed in this descriptive, applied study on the applications of AI in the pharmaceutical industry in Iran. Relevant data were meticulously gathered and extracted from diverse sources, including various search engines, key databases, such as Medline, PubMed, Elsevier, and the Iranian Center for Scientific Information and Documentation, and information databases, reference books, and reports from the World Health Organization. These results represent our research on key themes, including AI, the pharmaceutical industry, drug production, innovation, and evolution. Our main focus lies on the application of AI in the manufacturing part of the pharmaceutical industry, with a deliberate decision not to delve into the technical aspects. This approach allowed us to prioritize a comprehensive understanding of the practical implications and advancements in the manufacturing processes facilitated by artificial intelligence.

The retrieved studies showed that AI has the potential to enhance crucial processes in pharmaceutical companies across various dimensions. These potential capabilities are observed in areas such as quality control, human resource management, research and development, finance, supply chain management, logistics, data management, operations management, customer relationship management, and commerce, which are further discussed.

Pharmaceutical companies can utilize the tools provided by AI in various value-creating processes to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness. This requires the adoption and integration of this innovative technology at various levels of organizational planning so that these companies can harness the greater potential it offers with appropriate investments.

The emergence of technology has long been a defining characteristic of human civilization, and in our current era, artificial intelligence (AI) stands as one of the most advanced innovations. Through the integration of AI into machines, the aim has been to unlock unprecedented levels of convenience. However, we now find ourselves at a crucial juncture where a significant question arises: Do humans continue to hold dominion, or have AI-equipped machines taken the reins? With its profound ability to reshape human capabilities, it is not surprising to propose that AI may represent the next stage of evolution. As we delve deeper into the potential of AI, it becomes imperative to ponder whether the emergence of AI as a form of evolved human beings is inevitable, and if so, what implications it may hold for the future of humanity. Taken together, it is essential for society to ensure the development and deployment of AI in a manner that prioritizes the safety and well-being of humanity while also giving careful consideration to ethical and legal concerns.

Human adenovirus type 8 is a highly contagious eye disease and is considered as the most common epidemic keratoconjunctivitis worldwide. The virus may alter the course of detection as mutations and recombination in surface antigens are associated with binding and pathogenesis in human adenovirus. The recognition of new recombinant human adenovirus has been based on sequencing of three genes, penton base, hexon and fiber.

50 suspected samples of ocular keratoconjunctivitis were selected over 6 months. Following DNA extraction from isolates positive for cytopathic effect in each well, the complete sequences of hexon, fiber, and penton regions were performed on the genome of human adenovirus isolates using PCR. The sequences of capsid genes, including hexon, fiber, and penton were assessed to observe the evidence of recombination at the molecular level using genetic tools.

The results of nucleotide and amino acid sequence of 5/ 50 patients with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis positive for hypervariable region of hexon (132aa-449), hypervariable of knob fiber (183aa-362) and hypervariable penton (106aa-466) isolates showed nucleotide and amino acid identity of 98% and 99.41%, 99% and 100%, 95% and 99.72% with hexon, fiber and penton of human adenovirus 8 subtypes. The results of phylogenetic tree and Simplot of the entire sequences and hypervariable regions of isolated hexon, fiber and penton showed all the isolates of human adenovirus from Ahvaz, Iran, were clustered with human adenovirus 8A, B, E, P and J, subtypes isolated strains from different regions of the world.

The results of this study revealed that the human adenovirus isolates from patients with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis were closed to human adenovirus 8A, B, E, P and J subtypes. To determine the emergence of new human adenovirus D8 subtypes strain, analysis of complete genome sequence of human adenovirus was required.

Testosterone is a fundamental biological drive for human survival. Evidence documents an association between the evolutionary suppression of testosterone and the civilization processes, especially their socialization and family colonization abilities, among early humans. Interestingly, opiates suppress testosterone as a side effect. However, in clinical practice, clients undergoing opioid substitution therapy have subnormal, normal, or even above-normal testosterone. This paper discusses a possibility indicating that opiates promoted civilization processes among early humans. We further suggest that modern humans might have inherited the positive impact of opiates on early humans as a biological propensity for using opioids. Some users may use opioids for selfmedication to decrease their extraordinarily high testosterone levels.

The end of 2019 has marked the year, which the human population encountered a novel virus; SARS-CoV-2 that causes a disease namely COVID-19. Here we focused on the genome and protein mutations and subsequently suggested a new classification of the SARS-CoV-2.

Our study showed that some extra positions in the virus genome play a key role in the SARS-CoV-2 classification. Based on the analysis of the whole genome sequences of 93 viruses.

mutations were classified into nine divisions including IA-1, IA-2, IA-3, IB, II, L1, L2, L3 and S. Totally, 279 mutations were found in the SARS-CoV-2 genomes. 24 mutations lead to the amino acid frame shifting, of which 15 mutations lead to positive frame shifting in amino acids sequences.

Sequence alignment of these positions with that of ancestors showed no change suggesting that they might have occurred in the SARS-CoV-2 genomes to adapt itself to humans.

Every year, around one million people die by suicide throughout the world. So, understanding the biological origins of suicide can provide etiological and preventive advantages to our understanding of this complicated phenomenon.

The current study is a review study aimed at assessing the validity of evolutionary hypotheses based on the newest findings of this domain. For this reason, relevant articles from the reliable scientific database until august 2018 were selected.

According to the literature, various models such as altruistic suicide, eusociality, the bargaining hypothesis, the parasite manipulation hypothesis etc., to some extent, can explain suicide behavior. However, no precise evolutionary mechanism yet identified. In addition, almost all of the new suicide models, particularly the crying for help model and interpersonal psychological model of suicide, are formed based on these evolutionary hypotheses. These models, along with other genetical studies, showed that suicide is not just a socio-cultural phenomenon; genes have an important role in suicide incidence.

In sum, shreds of evidence suggest that suicide is probably the by-product of pain rather than the direct product of natural selection.

Lack of a clear policy for the development of health human resources has created inconsistencies. These imbalances are threats to the health system to achieve its goals. Therefore, the development of human resources through proper performance of higher education health system is an important part of the policy development process of the health sector. The present paper to introduce the methods applied for the compilation of evolution and innovation program of medical sciences training as well as the most important directions for evolution and innovation. In this study, we evaluated the methodology for designing packages of Iran’s higher education health system evolution and innovation. For this purpose, the evaluation of the policy process was conducted based on Michelle and Scott’s policy process models. This policy evaluation model starts by problem identification and definition and continue by agenda setting, policy formation, legitimation, implementation, evaluation, and policy modification, using the proper feedback. Qualitative content analysis method was used as a research method for subjective interpretation of the content of the text data. Twelve policies, 68 strategies and their translation in the health system were adopted in a comprehensive plan for higher health education. Eleven practical packages were also developed in order to implement these policies as packages for reform and innovation in medical education. These packages were organized based on the IPOCC pattern. The lack of a comprehensive look at each project or program could bring about irreparableness consequences. However, the MoHME of Iran, relying on the integration of health higher education with health care system and comprehensive method used for transformation and innovation plan in the field of health higher education could take an important step towards improving the nation’s health.

Newcastle disease (ND), caused by the virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is one of the most important viral diseases in birds. In recent years recombination occurring throughout the NDVs genome isolated in China and Indonesia has been reported. This study was focused to investigate the recombination events in the F gene of the Iranian NDVs to generate useful data that can be applied in controlling programs.
Sequences of 1200 base pairs of the F gene of Iranian NDVs were analyzed compared with the isolates from other reference strains. Divergence between the gene sequences and the influence of natural selection were estimated. The neutralizing epitopes and potential N-glycosylation sites within F proteins were determined. Possible recombination within the sequences was analyzed using RDP3 software.
Alignment and phylogenetic analysis based on the F gene revealed that Iranian NDVs share a higher nucleotide identity with NDVs representing genotype VII and further clustered into two sub-genotypes. The calculated Ka/Ks and negative Tajima’s D test indicate purifying/stabilizing selection. No recombination events were detected in F gene of Iranian NDV sequences deposited in GenBank.
While no recombination event was identified for the gene, constant molecular and pathological characterization of circulating NDVs are needed to detect an evolutionary feature of the viruses.