جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « explosion » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

compressed natural gas stations are one of the most critical and dangerous urban land uses and should be highly regarded. The domino effects of accidents are essential concepts in urban areas. The present study aims to analyze explosive domino accidents at compressed natural gas stations (CNG). Modeling the consequence in fuel stations can minimize the likelihood of a crisis and losses.

 This study was conducted by Process Hazard Analysis System Tools (PHAST), which evaluates the effects of risks on compressed natural gas stations. Methane gas was used as fuel material in this study. This Modeling was carried out by determining the scenario and explosion model based on the atmospheric parameters, and adjacent land uses. Domino effects are analyzed in two aspects, physical and demographic, in three stages: consequence modeling, risk analysis by the QRA model, and overlapping the explosion wave using the geographical information system.

 The results showed that the explosion wave expanded up to 500 and the most damage to individuals and equipment occurred within 140 meters, so those present in the area will suffer great damage due to the blast wave pressure. There is no serious threat in the more than 100 meters from the explosion wave, and the safety radius is 500 meters. Risk assessment showed that social risk was unacceptable and that measures should be taken to reduce risk. The use of GIS software was very effective in the explosion.

 As the results, it is inferred that analyzing cascade accidents at compressed natural gas stations before the crisis can reduce physical and demographic losses. Applying the PHAST and GIS model helped determine the explosive radius of the estimation of adjacent land uses and the number of vulnerable people.

Due to the design features, facilities and the presence of crude oil materials or refined products from crude oil, the refining industry is prone to major accidents such as fire and explosions, which cause a lot of damages and losses. On the other hand, due to the development of intelligent technologies and drones (remote-controlled birds) and the widespread use of these technologies in various industries, the use of these new technologies in the oil and gas industry is inevitable. This case study was conducted with the aim of utilizing drone technology in fire crisis management in oil refineries in the Lavan Oil Refinery, Iran.

Data were collected using qualitative methods and literature review by combining keywords such as refinery, fire and explosion and drone, as well as holding semi-structured interviews with 15 informed and experienced persons from among refinery personnel. In order to identify internal strengths (S) and weaknesses (W) and external opportunities (O) and threats (T) the gathered data were analyzed using the basic SWOT model.

Analysis of the data show the following strategies to be the results of the external threats and opportunities and internal strengths and weaknesses: Strength/Opportunity (SO), Strength/Threat (ST), Weakness / Opportunity (WO) and Weakness/Threat (WT).

The use of drones for monitoring (finding the location and source of fire), identifying (determining the exact location and extent of the fire), confronting and controlling (relief and rescuing, saving the lives of firefighters, firefighting) in the Iranian oil industry requires making changes in the capacity and levels of technology and the equipment and manpower.  Making these changes requires the support of managers and personnel of the oil industry in order to use this new technology and make it operational. In this way, fire crisis management in refineries can be implemented by using drone technology.

The main purpose of this research is modeling based on PHAST software, and achieving safe distances for deploying firefighting teams at the time of accidents as consequences of leakage, fire and explosion in some of the process equipment of Persian Gulf Star Gas Condensate Refinery.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019. In this study, two possible types of fire in the single distillation process (sudden fire and burst fire) were investigated. The explosion of one of the towers was also simulated to determine the extent of the effects of these events.

In the jet fire of the output line of furnace 101, the minimum distance from the accident site should be considered 120 meters, which according to the standards related to heat flux, up to a distance of 66 meters, the probability of death will be 100%. In addition, due to the pressure wave created in the wide range prone to flash fire in the rupture of the output line of furnace 101, the explosion of the fire station also affects.

According to the data obtained from the simulation, the authors concluded that in the event of leaks in the open air (flammable materials), the greatest danger threatening people and equipment, and consequently the firefighting team, is the occurrence of flash fire, which usually covers a wide area.

Chemical industries often have risks for the environment and communities, due to the use of complex facilities and processes. Also, in the ammonia tanks, the probability of risk of explosion is high, owing to their specific characteristics. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risks of explosion scenario at the ammonia tank in the Kermanshah petrochemical complex

To achieve the purpose of this study, the Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method was used to estimate the probability of reliability in the basic events. In this study, after drawing Fault Tree for identifying basic events, the probability of basic events was estimated by means of expert’s elicitation, and the probability of minimal cut sets was computed through Boolean logic gates.

According to the results, the probability of occurrence of the top event was obtained equal to 0/054997. In the minimal cut set prioritizing, the failing of pressure safety valves identified as the most effective factor in the top event occurrence, and afterward failing the control valves and human errors were identified.

This study indicates that, based on expert elicitation, a fuzzy error tree method can be used to assess the risk of various scenarios in the industry. Overall, in assessing the risk of the explosion scenario in the ammonia reservoir, it was found that some minor defects, and even human error, could be considered as a major contributor to the explosion.

Process industries are categorized as complex systems due to the hazardous materials, large number of employees and the complexity of the processes. For this reason it is necessary, it is necessary to design an appropriate risk assessment system to control and manage the risks associated with such places. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive and quantitative risk analysis of the explosion using the integration of modern approaches of Bayesian Networks and fuzzy theory in a process industry.

METHODS AND MATERIALS:

 In this study, compressor gas leakage was selected as the scenario to evaluate the probabilistic risk of explosion. For cause-consequence analysis of selected scenario and reduce uncertainty of the occurrence of basic events probability, Bow-Tie method and  fuzzy logic approach was used respectively.

The compressor gas leak analysis detected by using the Bow-Tie method, 24 basic events and 11 intermediate events.With regard to the performance of safety barriers, ie success and failure of these safety barriers led to the determination of 9 consequences that included a flash fire, jet fire, and the vapor cloud explosion and release of materials.

The results of this study showed that, based on fuzzy Bayesian network analysis, filtering failure was identified as the most effective basic event in the occurrence of gas compressor leakage. Therefore, in designing preventive and control strategies for the occurrence of Risk Management Accidents, attention should be paid to these root events.

Fire and explosion are the most important and common consequences of released chemicals. In present study the consequences of jet fire and explosion in a Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) tank was investigated.

In this applied study, fire and explosion from 16 material releasing scenarios were investigated using PHAST.7.11 software. The tank’s temperature, pressure, volumes and shape were 70OC, 9bar, 3600m3 and spherical respectively. The meteorological data were categorized based on Pasquil method. The mortality rate and danger radius for each scenario were calculated and analyzed.

The smallest (11m) and the largest (79m) radius effected by the explosion pressure wave belongs to 50mm slot release and the complete rupture respectively. The highest pressure wave (1bar) is produced from a complete rupture extending from 0-80m from the gas cloud center that cause the 10.27 and 2.57% mortality rate of day and night working shifts respectively. The largest and the smallest areas covered by the jet fire are 1861 and 185m2 respectively and the largest and the smallest radius covered by radiation heat from this fire are 59.4 and 20.4m respectively.

Any possible leakage from the tanks will have catastrophic consequences, indicating a very high and unacceptable level of risk. As a result, considering the levels of damage caused by the explosion wave, the necessary measures for the prevention of these consequences are imperative.

City gas stations have an important role in safety planning and crisis management. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of climate change on the fire and explosion hazard distance in a CGS station at Qazvin in 2018.

In this study, eight dominant climatic conditions of study province were investigated. The average of 3-year data in relation to atmospheric parameters was prepared from Qazvin Meteorological Organization. The review of risk assessment studies of the target and similar stations in previous years was followed by preparing topographic maps and process information. Then, the type and characteristics of the possible scenario were determined and the consequences of fire and explosion risk were simulated using PHAST software version 7.11. During the study, all ethical requirements were observed.

Climate change was effective on the outcome of fire and explosion risk at the CGS station, so that depending on the decreased and increased ambient temperature, the minimum (278.5 m) and maximum (321.321 m) flame length were obtained in winter and summer, respectively. In winter, the distance and danger zoneaffected by the explosion was reduced to 686 m. Also in this season, the flame length increased and the danger distance decreased to 9.4 m during day hours.

Increasing ambient air temperature, atmospheric stability, solar radiation flux, natural gas flow rate and the increased natural gas pressure inside the pipeline results in increased affected distance around the station. On the other hand, the increased relative humidity would cause to reduce the affected distance around the station.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran, which began and came to fruition with the collective uprising of our dear people against oppression and dependence, had opponents and enemies from the very beginning who did not accept our independence and dignity for a moment, and by forming a united front with round-the-clock effort intend to collapse the regime as well as trying to return the country to the humiliating past. In this regard, the imposition of a large-scale military war and terrorist operations in the country has been one of the ways to defeat our people. However, thanks to God, the efforts of the people and the measures of the two wise leaders of the Islamic revolution, this trend has been declining; but it still more or less continues with new methods. The need to familiarize the people and the health staff of the country with the pattern of explosive and terrorist trauma injuries and how to reduce its effects on the injured is an important and vital issue.

The anti-personnel landmine is a type of warfare placed beneath the soil designed to explode when one walks on it causing disabling injury or death of one or more people. This dreaded weapon can damage the civilian population long after evacuating the conflict zone; taking a huge human and economic toll. Landmines and cluster munitions have been widely used in the world, since World War II. In addition to conventional and widespread use in military conflicts, a significant proportion of the world's population lives in areas infested with mines, cluster munitions, ammunition and explosive remnants of war and are prone to explosive risks. Knowledge of the mechanisms of anti-personnel mines is essential for rescuers and other personnel.

Accidents happened as a result of LPG leakage emphasizes the importance of the consequence analysis of fire and explosion in LPG storage tanks. The purpose of this study is to analysis the consequences of fire and explosion in a cylindrical LPG storage tank in an oil and gas industry.

In this analytical study, four possible failure scenarios including 1) rupture in the cylindrical LPG tank 2) leakage from the loading line 3) leakage from the tank manhole and 4) undesirable opening of the safety valve, and their fire and explosion consequences were simulated by PHAST software. Then the results were compared with existing standards

The scenario of tank rupture leads to a radiation flux 37.5 kw/m2 affect a radius of 290 m from tank location that can cause major life and property losses. As the result of a flash fire due to the tanker rupture, there is a possibility of life-threatening to a radius of 520 m. An explosion (resulting from the tank rupture) with blast wave of 0.2 bar affect a radius of 2092 m that can cause the life and property losses. The scenario of leakage from the tank manhole leads to jet fire, explosion and flash fire. Also, the jet fire and flash fire will follow by the scenarios of leakage from the loading and undesirable opening of the safety valve.

With attention to severity the tank rupture and the likelihood of occurrence of the domino effect, it is recommended to substitute the horizontal cylindrical LPG tanks by the spherical ones. Also, an emergency response plan should be established based on the result of this study.