جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « exposure assessment » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The silica crushing is a process based on crushing, screening and, granulation of various types of silica rocks. The inhalation of silica dust leads to silicosis by causing irreversible fibrosis in lung tissue. The crystalline silica is classified as a human carcinogenic (group I) by the IARC. Azandarian region is one of the largest silica production units in Iran with 40 silica crushing factories. This study was conducted to application of Arc-GIS for zoning of occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) in this region.

In this descriptive study, the personal exposure levels to RCS in 16 workers silica crushing factories were measured according to the NIOSH method 7602. Also, 16 air samples were collected and quantified simultaneously to evaluate the environmental concentrations in the studied factories.

The results showed that the personal exposure level mean (2.01±2.61mg.m-3) was more than OEL proposed by the Technical Committee of Occupational Health of Iran country (0.025mg.m-3). The results showed a statistically significant difference between the mean concentration of the personal exposure to RCS in the different job activities (P = 0.001).

The results showed that there was no significant relationship between the personal exposure levels and environmental concentrations of the RCS. These findings showed that GIS has a desirable ability for zoning of occupational exposure levels to RCS in workplaces. This study also emphasizes the use of other modeling methods to determine the amount of silica release in the different units of the silica crushing factories.

Because of human exposure to various environmental risk factors during the lifetime, the actual exposure estimation has been considered as one of the most important challenges for researchers and decision makers. Considering the contribution of environmental risk factors in the burden of diseases, this study aimed to provide new approaches in exposure assessment filed based on the latest studies carried out in the world. In this review article, according to the objectives of the study, literature related to new approaches in exposure assessment was identified through electronic searching in Scopus, PubMed and web of Science databases. After introducing new approaches, the most important sources of errors and limitations were also examined to reduce uncertainties of exposure estimation in these studies. The results of the study showed that comprehensive exposure assessment using new approaches in personalized exposure assessment, targeted and non-targeted analytical methods, -omics technologies, novel exposure matrices and computational models presented in this study can help researchers to identify the effective factors in development and increase assessor’s knowledge of mechanisms, exposure pathways and biological responses. The use of new exposure assessment approaches provides new opportunity for researchers to better understand the biological processes in the development of diseases and estimate the actual human exposure to environmental risk factors.

Occupational hygiene is the art and science of the control of the occupational hazards and risk assessment is its most important duty. American Industrial Hygiene Association offered an accurate, sensitive and specific risk assessment method appropriate to the principles of the occupational health. In the present study, Arak Occupational hygienists idea about the strengths, weaknesses, administrative problems and improvement tools was asked.
This study is descriptive and analytical research and census in Arak Occupational hygienists(N=53). Data recording forms were designed to improve the appreciation and implementation of the method. An Excel® spreadsheet file was prepared to facilitate the calculations and keeping the recorded data. Experts’ attitude in this regard was evaluated using a questionnaire. Descriptive information was assessed by SPSS software and the relationship between variables was assessed by the Pearson coefficient.
Results Totally, 4% of participants in university were familiar with the method of risk assessment. In this study, 88% of the participants stated that the early identification forms were effective in streamlining the procedure. Furthermore, 84% stated that early identification forms were effective in learning the method. A fundamental issue regarding this method is its simplicity and ability to overall conception; that showed a uniform distribution from appropriate to inappropriate. The relationship between Excel file streamlining and simplicity of its concepts was found to be 0.743.
Application of tools such as identical forms and spreadsheets can help in simplifying and conception of this method and reduce some of the administrative problems.

Inhalation exposure to dust is one of the most common adverse environmental factors that can have adverse effect on the health of employees. In this study, dust inhalation exposure of workers with different methods as well as GIS was investigated.
An analytical cross-sectional study was performed on the sample size based on results of homogeneous exposure groups (SEG). Environmental and personal exposure assessments were performed according to standard methods and personal and environmental sampling. The collected data were analyzed based on American industrial hygiene association (AIHA), and then analyzed by using GIS software for mapping the distribution.
The average dust exposure by each individual among the workers within homogeneous exposure groups was 8.61 mg/m3. The highest exposure by each individual was 21.13 mg/m3 that belonged to pulverizer operator and the lowest was 1.97 mg/m3, which was belonged to fine wire operator. The lowest environment concentration was observed in the cutting salon (0.05 mg/m3), and the highest values found in powder salon (22 mg/m3). Exposure management based on AIHA methods showed that the powder, packing and preparation sections have the highest concentration, and cutting section has the lowest values. Exposure management based on GIS techniques showed higher number of at risk employees in comparison with common strategies.
Use of SEG practices in combination with GIS can enhance the quality of respiratory exposure assessment in occupational environments. GIS plays an important role in the screening of air pollution in the working environment by providing a set of services including the possibility of classification into different areas and creating a report based on the map.

expert judgments in combination with exposure models are used extensively in estimation of inhalational exposures in occupational environments. However، their reliability is not as good as conventional air sampling methods. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability، weaknesses and strengths of Bayesian analysis in combination with SSA (Structured Subjective Assessment Method) and MEASE (Material Estimated and Assessment of Substance Exposure) and its comparison with air sampling data. the analytical cross sectional –study performed on a weighting، mixing and packing task in an inorganic processing industry. Air samples were taken and analyzed by gravimetric methods. Inhalation exposures were estimated by 3 occupational hygienists. Descriptive and Bayesian analysis were performed on data. all three methods guaranteed that the exposure is above exposure limit. There was no difference between means reported in methods (p=0. 435). However، SSA had higher variability in comparison with sampling. There was no difference between direct sampling and MEASE variability. Use of SSA as a prior in Bayesian analysis gives more conservative than MEASE method (category 4:0. 74 vs. 0. 54) SSA is a good choice as a prior distribution in Bayesian analysis. MEASE has not good results in comparison with SSA in inhalation exposure assessment. It seems that MEASE needs more validation.

Halogeneated hydrocarbons are among the most important classes of toxic chemicals considering environmental and occupational health which can be quantified by several methods. This study examined the applicability of solid phase microextraction for sampling and quantifying of 2-Chlorophenol in the air. A dynamic standard atmosphere generation system was constructed and effects of sampling parameters such as fiber type، calibration mode and retraction length on sampler performance were studied. Actual sampling rate calculated according to side-by-side sampling was used for quantifications. The effects of environmental parameters including temperature، humidity، and air velocity، were studied. There was no significant difference among sampling rates at different temperatures and velocities (in dynamic conditions) but relative humidity had a significant negative effect on the sampling rate. Storage ability of the SPME samples were seriously depends on the time and temperature of storage. The SPME samples had a poor storage capacity in comparison with the charcoal samples. However، sample recovery increased with decreasing the storage temperature. CAR/PDMS SPME in retracted mode is a good alternative for sampling and analysis of this class of compounds in the air. Its sampling rate is stable in wide range of temperatures and velocities. Therefore، it can be used readily in environmental and occupational exposure assessments.

The Operation room personnel are exposed to anesthestic gases such as Isoflurane. The Chronic exposure to such substances will increase the risk of abortion as well as congenital malformations. In this research، we have determined the amount of exposure to isoflurane gas in operation room air and the breathing zone of operation room personnel. An analytical cross sectional study was done on the concentration of isoflurane in far & near zones in ear، throat and nose operation room of a hospital with OSHA103 method using charcoal tube and analyzed by gas chromatography devices with flame ionization detector (GC/FID). The average concentration of isoflurane gas was 4. 059±4. 073 mg/m3، Its maximum was19. 597 mg/m3، its minimum was 0. 122 mg/m3. The result showed that in 47. 9% of the samples in near area، 33. 3% in far area and 40. 6% of the total samples، the amount of contamination in breathing zone of operation room personnel was higher than the allowed concentration as proposed in national institute of safety and health The results showed that there are not differences between the measured concentration in far & near areas. Contamination of isoflurane anesthetic gas is high in studied operating room. On the other hand the study showed that depending on the type of surgery، the generation rate of contamination in different days can be varied up to 17 times. So control measurement such as setting of air conditioning system and appropriate and standard cleaning in room and periodic monitoring of them is essential.