high intensity interval training

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and Secreted Frizzled-related Protein 5 (SFRP5) are respectively inflammatory and anti-inflammatory proteins in adipose tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of obesity and subsequent exercise on the expression of these inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes in the adipose tissue of male rats.

In this study, 30 male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for eight weeks, while six others were fed a normal diet (ND). After this period, six obese rats and six normal diet rats were sacrificed for comparison. Then, 24 obese rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n=6 per group): obese control (OC), resistance training (RT), endurance training (ET), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The rats underwent 8 weeks of exercise training, 5 sessions per week. Gene expression of IL-1β and SFRP5 was measured using Real-Time PCR.

IL-1β gene expression significantly decreased in the RT, ET, and HIIT groups compared to the obese control group (P<0.001). Additionally, IL-1β expression was significantly higher in the adipose tissue of rats fed the high-fat diet compared to those on a normal diet (P<0.001). Furthermore, SFRP5 gene expression was significantly higher in the RT, ET, and HIIT groups compared to the obese control group (P<0.001), while it significantly decreased in the high-fat diet group compared to the normal diet group (P<0.001). No significant difference was observed between the exercise groups (P>0.05).

The findings suggest that HIIT, endurance, and resistance training significantly reduce the expression of the pro-inflammatory gene IL-1β and increase the expression of the anti-inflammatory gene SFRP5 in adipose tissue. These exercise modalities may thus offer an effective strategy to mitigate obesity-related disorders.

Aging and the progressive effects of sarcopenia on muscle tissue, coupled with its synergy with obesity, highlight the increasing role of myostatin as a key factor in muscle atrophy and inter-tissue interactions. Physical exercise may influence these pathways. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of eight weeks of resistance training and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the strength of the lower limb muscles and myostatin levels in the visceral fat, soleus muscle, and serum of obese, aged male rats.

This experimental study involved 40 male Wistar rats (mean age: 15 months, weight: 320–350 grams). Ten rats were designated as the control group, while the remaining 30 underwent a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce obesity. Obese rats, with a Lee Index greater than 310, were divided into three groups: obese control, HIIT, and resistance training. The training regimen lasted eight weeks with three weekly sessions. The resistance training group performed exercises with weights corresponding to 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of body weight on a ladder. The HIIT group performed treadmill intervals at 85% (high intensity) and 50% (low intensity) of maximum speed in 2-minute intervals. Forty-eight hours after the final training session, tissue samples from the soleus muscle, serum, and visceral fat were collected.

Significant differences in myostatin protein levels in the soleus muscle, visceral fat, and serum were observed between the control and exercise groups (P<0.05). Post-hoc analysis revealed that myostatin levels in the obese control group were significantly higher than those in the exercise and non-obese control groups across all measured tissues (P<0.05). While myostatin levels were lower in the resistance training group compared to the HIIT group, this difference was not statistically significant. Both training modalities reduced myostatin levels relative to the obese control group, although the reduction was not sufficient to bring levels closer to those of the non-obese control group.

Both resistance training and high-intensity interval training, through distinct mechanical and metabolic stressors, significantly reduced myostatin expression in various tissues. These findings suggest that physical exercise, regardless of modality, represents an effective approach to mitigate the rate of muscle atrophy associated with aging and sarcopenic obesity.

The present research aimed to determine the effect of a period of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum levels of parathormone, alkaline phosphatase, and bone mineral in postmenopausal women.

In a semi-experimental research, 24 sedentary postmenopausal women were randomly divided into control (n=12) and training (n=12) groups. The training group performed HIIT, 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. 24 hours before the experimental period and 48 hours after the last training session, the subjects' anthropometric characteristics, including height, weight, skeletal muscle mass (SMM), body fat mass (BFM), body fat percent (BF%), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and serum levels of parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, and calcium were measured. To compare the mean of two groups at two times, two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used.

There was no significant difference between the weight and BMI of the two groups at two times (P>0.05), but there was a significant difference between the SMM, BFM, BF%, and WHR (P<0.05), so SMM of the training group increased significantly compared to the control group and BFM, BF%, and WHR decreased significantly (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between serum levels of parathormone, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, and calcium of the two groups at two times (P<0.05), so these variables in the training group increased compared to the control group (P<0.05).

A period of HIIT with improving anthropometric characteristics can have a positive effect on serum levels of parathormone, alkaline phosphatase, and bone mineral in postmenopausal women.

Obesity is associated with a decrease in antioxidants and an increase in inflammation, and vitamin D deficiency accelerates this process. New evidence has shown that vitamin D and exercise have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of 8 weeks of intensive intermittent running with and without vitamin D consumption on the levels of total antioxidant capacity and eotaxin-1 in overweight women with vitamin D deficiency was investigated.

In this clinical trial study, 52 overweight women with vitamin D deficiency, after being selected by available sampling method, were randomly divided into three groups: control, exercise, exercise+vitamin (combined). The HIIRT was performed with the 12x1-min running bouts at 80-90% HRmax interspersed with 1-min active recovery at 50% HRmax in between bouts for 8 weeks and 3 times a week. Combined groups took vitamin D (50,000 IU) once a week. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with repeated measures, one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests (P<0.05).

After 8 weeks, eotaxin-1 levels decreased and TAC values increased significantly in the exercise, and combined groups. However, the changes of eotaxin-1 and TAC levels in the combined intervention group were significantly higher in comparison with the exercise group (p<0.05).

It seems that HIIRT with and without vitamin D intake can help increase health in people with vitamin D deficiency, partly by increasing the antioxidant status and reducing eotaxin-1, and combined intervention is associated with the strengthening of these effects.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinical and pathological syndrome associated with increased serum levels of liver enzymes. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has the potential to effectively reduce liver fat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intense intermittent exercise on serum levels of liver enzymes and body composition in patients with NAFLD.

A systematic search of English and Persian articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, and Magiran databases was conducted until January 2024. Mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I² test, and publication bias was assessed through visual analysis of the funnel plot and Egger's test.

The results showed that intense interval training caused a significant decrease in ALT [SMD = -1.91 (-1.47 to -0.94), P = 0.001], AST [SMD = -0.79 (-1.07 to -0.52), P = 0.001], and ALP [SMD = -1.37 (-1.96 to -0.78), P = 0.001]. Additionally, body fat percentage [SMD = -0.57 (-0.94 to -0.21), P = 0.002], BMI [SMD = -0.67 (-0.93 to -0.42), P = 0.001], and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) [SMD = -0.77 (-1.13 to -0.40), P = 0.001] were significantly improved in patients with NAFLD compared to the control group.

The results indicate that high-intensity interval training has beneficial effects on ALT, AST, ALP, and body composition, making it a viable option for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It is recommended that patients with NAFLD incorporate this type of exercise to improve liver enzyme levels.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the serum levels of oxidative stress parameters(malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and catalase) of athletics athletes in Yasouj city

In this quasi-experimental study, the statistical population was male track and field athletes in Yasuj, excluding female endurance athletes; among them, 30 female sprinters, throwers, and jumpers in the age range of 22-32 years were purposefully selected as a statistical sample and randomly divided into 2 groups of 15 (HIIT training and control).HIIT training protocol was performed at an intensity of 90% of maximum heart rate for 6 weeks (3 sessions per week). Blood samples were taken from the subjects before and after training and kits were used to measure malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Paired t-test was used to determine intra-group changes, and covariance test was used to compare between groups at a significance level of p<0.05 (p<0.05). The obtained data were analyzed with SPSS-25.

The findings showed that serum levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in the training group after six weeks of HIIT training were significantly different from the pre-test (p=0.00). Also, serum levels of these variables were significantly different between the training group and the control group at the post-test (p=0.01).

The results of this study showed that in order to reduce oxidative stress and improve the antioxidant capacity of runners, HIIT exercises can be used in runners' training program.

As individual grow older, the likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases increases significantly. Currently, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is regarded as a strategy for exercise to improve heart disease. Consequently, the aim of this research was to investigate the impact of eight weeks of HIIT on the levels of PINK1 and PARKIN proteins in the left ventricle of aged rats.

The present research was of an experimental type and involved twelve male rats, each 20 months old, with an average weight of 400 ± 30 grams. The rats were randomly divided into HIIT and control groups (each group had 6 rats).
The HIIT program consisted of high-intensity bouts of 85-95% of maximum speed (m/min) and active rest periods with an intensity of 40-55% of maximum speed (m/min) during each weekly session. Following a 48-hour period post the most recent training session, the rats were subjected to anaesthesia through the administration of Ketamine and Xylazine.  Subsequently, the left ventricle of the heart was excised, and the various parameters were measured utilizing the western blot laboratory technique. Data were analysed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and independent t-test conducted within SPSS16. A significance threshold of P≥0.05 was considered for this analysis.

Eight weeks of HIIT caused a significant increase in PINK1 (P=0.02) and PARKIN (P=0.004) protein levels in the left ventricle of aged rats, in comparison to the control group.

It seems that HIIT may influence the quality of mitochondria within the left ventricle of the hearts of aged rats, indicating potential implications for health-related applications.

Adipokines dysregulation plays important role in the type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathogenesis. However, exercise training can be effective in improving the glycemic control in T2D patients by modulating the adipokines levels. In the present research, the effects of 12 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the serum levels of progranulin and MCP-1 in type2 diabetic women have been investigated.

36 qualified and volunteer women with T2D were randomly assigned in the three groups including control, MICT and HIIT groups. Both HIIT (90 percent of maximum heart rate) and MICT (60 to 70 percent of maximum heart rate) protocols were conducted on treadmill for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected in pre and post-test stages. Between groups difference were determined by analysis of covariance test and significant level was P<0.05.

The present study findings indicated that both HIIT (p<0.001) and MICT (p=0.014) protocols cause significant decrease in the MCP-1 levels. However, the progranulin reduction compared to the control group was significant only in the HIIT group (p<0.001) and MICT does not have significant effect on the progranulin levels (p=0.077). Decrease in body fat percentage and insulin resistance was also significant for both HIIT and MICT protocols compared to the control group (p<0.001).

Both HIIT and MICT exercise trainings are effective for modulating the adipokines levels in the T2D patients. However, the effectiveness of HIIT was greater for reduction of progranulin levels compared to the MICT group, which indicates the importance of paying more attention to HIIT in the management of T2D.

Fatty liver disease is the most common cause of chronic liver diseases in the world, which can cause cardiovascular diseases, so this research aims to scrutiny a period of intense intermittent sports activity and growth hormone perfuse on cardiac mitochondrial PGC1α and some indicators of oxidative stress in mice with liver damage.

The present research was conducted from September 2022 to March 2023 in the specialized physical training laboratory of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The statistical population was twenty one adult male Syrian mice with an average weight of twenty three grams. The sports activity protocol was adopted for fifty-six days using the special video recorder for rodents. The intense interval training program was carried out in the form of ten one-minute repetitions and two-minute active rest, so that the total daily training time for each person was thirty minutes.The vaccination protocol includes the daily vaccination of somatropin injected intraperitoneally.

The PGC1α levels were significantly higher in both the HIIT (P=0.02) and H- GH (P=0.03) groups collationed to the witness team. Moreover, the levels of SOD were considerably increased, in both the HIIT (P=0.05) and H-GH (P=0.005) team s compared to the witness team. Moreover, the levels of MDA were considerably decreased, in both the HIIT (P=0.007) and H-GH (P=0.04) teams compared to the witness team. The decrease in insulin resistance was significant only in the HIIT (P=0.05) team compared to the witness team and slightly increased in the H-GH (P=0.36) team but was not considered. The difference between HIIT and H-GH team (P=0.03) was also significant.The proportion of ALT/AST in both HIIT (P=0.02) and H-GH (P=0.03) teams had a significant decrease compared to the witness team. LDL/HDL proportion evidenced considered decrement at just in the HIIT team (P=0.01).

Intense intermittent sports activity was able to produce a more optimal response compared to GH peptide in improving NAFLD-related indices. Injection of this hormone single may have adverse outcomes on some indexes of this abnormality.