جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "households" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Economists have always sought to discover the factors that cause poverty, because by understanding these factors, they can plan to reduce poverty. The purpose of this study is to determine the poverty line and the factors affecting it in the year 2021.

In the present study, only the line and its indicators were estimated by the data of urban and rural households' expenditure and income plan in the year 1400 and using the linear expenditure system (LES), and the determining factors of poverty were investigated. Also, the impact of the probability of poverty on the characteristics of the households was investigated using the probit model with Stata17 software.

The poverty line for a household in 2021 was calculated as 73,980,000 Rials. The highest reduction in the probability of household poverty is related to the level of education of the head of the household. With the increase of each unit of education level, the probability of facing poverty in the household will decrease by 23.1%. After that, the number of working people in the household has the highest effect in reducing the probability of household poverty with a decrease of 19.9 percent. Among these variables, in terms of the household, having health insurance has the least effect in preventing the household from becoming poor.

The gender of the head of the household is effective in reducing poverty. Also, in households where the head is younger, the probability of poverty increases. More support for young people and creating more favorable conditions for their employment is necessary to reduce poverty. Increasing the level and depth of insurance coverage will also be effective in reducing poverty.

Fleas are obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites of humans and animals, and their importance in general human health is mostly related to their ability to transmit infectious pathogens. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of rural households in Bojnourd, North Khorasan Province of Iran, regarding the fleas.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted from May to November 2020. The study population consisted of rural household members from 11 villages in Bojnourd City. The data were collected using a researcher-made KAP questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 20 using t-test and ANOVA. The significance level was set at 0.05.

Of 408 participants, 209 (51.23%) were female and 199 (48.77%) were male. Most of them were in the age group of 21-30 years (37.01%), and less in the age group above 41 years (11.27%)., and were employed (n=109, 26.71%). A significant difference was observed in KAP score based on gender, age, educational level, and occupation (P<0.05). The mean scores of knowledge, attitude and practice were 75.38%, 53.6% and 49.3%, respectively.

The rural households in Bojnourd has a high knowledge of fleas, but their attitude and practice are low. Therefore, appropriate training programs are necessary to improve their attitude and practice

The research was carried out to empower housewives in waste separation as a result of the ever-increasing waste caused by industrial life and its short-term and long-term damaging effects on the environment.

This research was conducted by a semi-experimental intervention method on 60 people (30 intervention group and 30 control group) homemakers of Nowshahr city, who were randomly divided into two intervention and control groups. Face-to-face intervention was conducted over a month with four sessions. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire containing 22 questions based on the theory of planned behavior. The data were analyzed in two stages the preliminary test and three months after the intervention of the training program through SPSS22 software.

The average age of the participants in the intervention group was 34.7 and in the control group was 34.2. Independent t-tests did not show a significant difference between the intervention and control groups before the educational intervention, but three months after the educational intervention, the average structures of the theory of planned behavior were significantly different except for the structure of subjective norms (p<0.05), indicating that the average of these structures had increased over time in both groups.

The training program based on the theory of planned behavior is effective in improving the behavior of waste separation. Therefore, educational programs regarding the separation of waste from the source should be based on scientific theories and appropriate educational methods for the target group.

Predicting the trend of changes in health expenditures in Iran can provide the necessary basis for controlling and managing health expenditures and creating a planned and balanced growth in expenditures. The purpose of this study was to predict the growth trend of health expenditures in Iran until 2025.

The present study was a descriptive-analytical and applied research. To predict the growth trend of total health expenditures, an equilibrium function for household health service demand was fitted using the econometric method. Two-stage least squares (2 SLS) method was used to estimate the equilibrium function of household demand. Before fitting the model, the presence of mania in the studied variables was confirmed using the generalized Dickey-Fuller test (ADF). The absence of serial correlation was also assessed and confirmed by the Watson-D-W camera test. All estimates were performed using Eviews 7 econometric software.

The growth of health expenditures during the first 3 years (2017-2019) is between 1.3 to 4.7, after which it will decrease over a period of 4 years (2020-2023) and then pursues its long-term growth again; In 2024 and 2025, it will grow again by 3.3 and 5.6 percent, respectively.

Continued long-term growth in health expenditures, in conditions of limited government funding, can lead to an increased risk of households facing catastrophic health expenditures. The country’s health policy makers must allocate new financial resources to finance household health expenses by expanding the financial sector of the health sector.

Fiscal policies can play an important role in the behavior and health of consumers. This study aimed to analyze the trend of bread consumption in Iran and changes in the amount of subsidy paid to it.

In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the amount of bread consumed in Iranian households was extracted from the balance sheet of food products of the Islamic Republic of Iran during 2002-2011 and the amount of subsidy paid to it was obtained from the documents and statistics available at the ministry of economic affairs and finance and consumer and producer protection organization. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS, version 16, using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test and linear regression with 95% confidence interval.

Linear regression results showed statistically significant difference between subsidies for bread, bread consumption (p=0.019 and r=0.720) and energy level produced in the body (p=0.003 and r=0.824). For each one miliard Rials increase in subsidies paid for bread, 63.712 tons of bread consumption and 0.014 kilo-calories of daily energy consumption were decreased.

In order to hold bread price constant, huge money is spent as subsidies for this product every year. Not paying attention to flour quality and low quality of bread produced in bakeries has caused a part of subsidies to be spent for bread waste and per capita consumption of bread has decreased as a result.