جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « innovations » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The growth and development of medical science in Islamic civilization is not only due to Muslim physicians, as non-Muslim physicians have also contributed to the formation and flourishing of this science. Investigating the contribution of non-Muslim physicians in Islamic medicine is possible through a quantitative and qualitative study of their work in the three areas of translation, Compilation, and innovation.

The data of this study were collected through library method and analyzed by descriptive and statistical methods. Based on biographical books and other authentic historical sources, the works of non-Muslim physicians are categorized, analyzed in three areas of translation, Compilation and innovation, and then Using the table and chart their numbers are obtained.

According to the findings of this study, out of a total of 200 medical books surviving on the ancient heritage of medicine, nearly 180 of its titles have been translated into Arabic by non-Muslim physicians in the first Islamic centuries. Accordingly, about 300 works of total 850 outstanding medical compilations in the Islamic civilization of the period mentioned had been related to non-Muslim physicians. In the field of innovation, 7 titles of total 35 titles of outstanding medical invention have been registered as non-Muslim physicians.

Non-Muslim physicians, with more translations of Greek and others' medical texts, played a significant role in acquainting Muslims with medical science in the first Islamic centuries. They also contributed to the growth and prosperity of medical science in Islamic civilization by writing one-third of medical works.In the field of innovation, only 7 inventions of 35 outstanding and important medical inventions were the result of the efforts of non-Muslim physicians. In general, it can be said that the main role of non-Muslim physicians in translating medical works has been more than any other field.

The Program of development and innovation in medical education, is the mainstream of policymaking. This study was conducted to evaluate the innovation program from policy-making standpoint.

The study was conducted in a mixed method. In the qualitative section, after library studies and interviews with experts, the research tool was designed. The statistical population consisted of national program experts and purposeful sampling. Questionnaire consisting of 14 items was designed using Likert scale, with a score of 1 to 5, was used after confirming face validity, content validity and reliability with Cronbach's alpha test of 0.91.Evaluation of program suitability was done in three ways: undesirable (2.33 to 3.33), relatively favorable (2.34 to 3.66) and desirable (3.67 to 5). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and analysis of variance.

Paying attention to improving the quality of higher education "and" free of ambiguity and intelligibility of program "had the highest and lowest scores, with a score of 4±0. 85 and 2. 45±1. 40, respectively. The evaluation of the program's desirability in terms of compliance with the policy-making clauses in 8 items was relatively favorable and in 6 categories was desirable and none was undesirable. Policy Program scores by gender, work experience, academic rank, age and place of work were not significantly different

Policy of development and innovation programs has a relative to complete desirability. In view of the more complex, difficult and specialized continuation of the atmosphere of innovation in this era and variety of actors in this field, In order to avoid possible damage of this massive development program, continuous monitoring of the realization of the policy based on mission orientation approach is emphasized.

Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakaria Razi, known in the western literature as Rhazes, wasborn in 865 CE in Reyy, a township south of modern Tehran. In his youth, he pursued thecraft of goldsmith and was lead gradually to the art of Alchemy. He excelled in this art such that his genial contributions and historic discoveries helped convert the superstitionshrouded alchemy into the experiment-based rational chemistry. Rhazes is also credited for a scientific classification of minerals, purification of oils and the first description of chemical reduction. Rhazes was the first to produce colored glass and synthesis of paints.