جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « liver toxicity » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) has numerous nutritional and therapeutic benefits. This experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of spirulina on changes in the levels of liver enzymes of male BALB/c mice exposed to a high dose of acetaminophen.

In this experimental study, 42 adult male BALB/c mice were divided into seven groups of six. The toxic dose of acetaminophen 600 mg/kg body weight was considered. The control group received only a standard diet and water. The sham group was gavaged with saline solution. The third to seventh groups were treated as: acetaminophen; spirulina 600 mg/kg/bw, spirulina 300 mg/kg/bw, spirulina 600 mg/kg/bw + acetaminophen, and spirulina 300 mg/kg/bw + acetaminophen, respectively. In all groups, mice were treated with acetaminophen and spirulina powder by gavage for 14 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after receiving the last dose of medication and deprivation of food (the animals still had access to water), the animals were anesthetized and blood samples were taken from the heart. Activity of liver enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was measured by spectrophotometry. Protein concentration was determined by the Lowry method. Catalase activity was assessed using hydrogen peroxide. The amount of malondialdehyde was measured and the total antioxidant capacity was determined by FRAP method by reducing ferric to ferro ions.

The levels of serum transaminases (ALT, AST, ALP) as well as the level of total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde of the acetaminophen-treated group increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). The levels of these enzymes in the group treated with S. platensis 300 mg/kg/bw + acetaminophen decreased significantly compared to the group treated with acetaminophen (P<0.05). Catalase activity in the acetaminophen group was significantly decreased compared to the control group (P<0.05).In the group of S. platensis 300 mg/kg/bw + acetaminophen, catalase activity increased significantly compared to the acetaminophen group (P<0.05). The results of experiments in two groups of spirulina and acetaminophen showed that the active ingredients of the algae at a dose of 300 worked better than 600 mg per kg of body weight in response to oxidative stress.

Consuming 300 mg/kg of S. platensis along with a near toxic dose of acetaminophen increases resistance to oxidative stress and injuries caused by drug poisoning by affecting the activity of enzymes and the antioxidant defense system.

 The liver is exposed to poisoning caused by various chemical compounds. Considering the antioxidant effects found in melon seeds and the role of NF-κB and MPO in the occurrence of inflammation caused by oxidative stress, in the present study the effect of hydroethanolic extract of C. melo seeds on the transcriptional level of NF-κB and MPO genes in ethylene glycol hepatotoxicity induced rats was evaluated.

 The number of 30 rats was randomly divided into 5 groups including healthy groups, poisoned control (0.75% ethylene glycol), and experimental (0.75% ethylene glycol and concentrations of 150, 300, and 500 mg/kg body weight of the extract) and were treated for 38 days. Then, the liver tissue of the rats was removed and transcriptional levels of NF-κB and MPO genes were evaluated by real-time PCR method.

 The transcriptional level of the NF-κB and MPO in the liver of the poisoned control group rats has a significant increase compared to the healthy group. Treatment with hydroethanolic extract of C. melo seeds in concentrations of 300 and 600 mg/kg of body weight causes a significant decrease in the transcriptional level of the NF-κB gene in the experimental groups. The treatment of hydroethanolic extract of C. melo seeds in concentrations of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg of body weight causes a significant decrease in the transcription of the MPO gene in the experimental groups compared to the poisoned control group.

 The decrease in MPO and NF-κB indicates the therapeutic effect of melon seed extract on liver damage.

Chlorpyrifos is a worldwide used organophosphorus pesticide. In addition to controlling the cholinesterase enzyme, this toxicant also theatres significant role in oxidative stress and augmented oxidants.  Whereas, extracted rosemary is an antioxidant and plays a protective role against free radicals. Therefore, the object of this study was to investigate the reduction of liver damage caused by chlorpyrifos through the effect of rosemary extract on the oxidative stress of this pesticide.                      

Methods and Materials:

 In this study, 30 male Wistar Rats, weighing 200-220 g were used. The animals (Rats)were randomly divided into five groups, each group containing six rats for further comparison; Group І: served as control, Group П: the Chlorpyrifos exposure group (13.5 mg / kg single dose), Group Ш: the group exposed to Rosemary extract (100 mg / kg), Group ІV: the exposure group with the toxicant (13.5 mg / kg dose) and Rosemary (100 mg / kg concentration), Group V: simultaneous exposure of toxicant and rosemary (200 mg / kg oral dose). After 30 days, the Rats were weighed, killed and the liver tissue was histologically examined and changes in MDA and GPx were reviewed.

The results of statistical tests showed that Chlorpyrifos significantly damaged the liver tissue and altered the activity of glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde compared to the control group, as well as the simultaneous exposure to CPF and rosemary extract can significantly make modifications to GPx and MDA levels and mitigate the CPF damage.

According to the results, rosemary extract can reduce the oxidative stress caused by Chlorpyrifos and this plant can be used to treat poisoning caused by this toxic pesticide.

Carotenoids have received much attention due to their conversion to vitamin A in the body, reducing the risk of destructive diseases, antioxidant activity, improving immune function and their application as edible colors.

In this quasi-experimental study conducted in 2018, 24 male albino mice were included in the study and randomly divided into 3 groups of 8. The two groups received 32 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg carotenoids peritoneally. The control group received 0.5 ml of distilled water intraperitoneally, then blood sampling was performed and liver health in mice was assessed by measuring the GGT, ALP, SGOT and SGPT factors. The obtained results were analyzed using analysis of variance and Anova statistical tests in SPSS21 software.

In this study, the amount of carotenoids isolated from the yeast of Rhodoturola glutenis was equal to 0.1 mg/L and the results of the related food industry with a purity of: 12.21 mg%, moisture content of 18 mg/L, ash. Total: 9.6 mg percent, volatiles: 9.8 mg percent, acid number 7.3 mg percent and pH: 5.5 was stated. The mean activity of SGOT, SGPT, ALP in the 32 and 16mg/kg injections was not significantly different with the control group. But the mean of GGT activity in the 32mg/kg treated group was significantly less than the 16mg/kg injection group.

According to the results of this study, Rhodotorula glutinis carotenoids was not significantly different in liver enzyme activity in treatment and control group. But, the GGT activity is an important marker of oxidative stress. The mean of GGT activity in the 32mg/kg injection group was significantly less than other group. On the other hand, gammaglutamyl transferase is one of the markers of oxidative stress. Due to the inverse activity of GGT and its antioxidant properties, the reason for the decrease in the activity of this enzyme in the injected group at a dose of 32 mg / kg carotenoid is probably the dose-dependent antioxidant effects of most carotenoids. So, it is recommended to use it as a supplement in the food industry.

In Persian food culture, Citrus aurantium L. (bitter orange) flowers and essential oil are consumed as jams or plant distillate in high doses. Some concerns were mentioned in Persian traditional literature about their effects on the liver. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the essential oil from C. aurantium L. flowers on liver health parameters in a laboratory animal model.

The essential oil was extracted by Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Six groups of rats (n=5) received intraperitoneal or oral essential oil with the doses of (0.5, 1 or 2 g/kg) for 3 days. The two control groups received olive oil (the vehicle). Forty-eight hours after the last administration, serum and liver samples were prepared and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutathione (GSH) were determined. The liver histopathological changes was investigated.

The main ingredients of the essential oils were linalyl acetate, terpinene-4-ol, linalool and phenethyl alcohol. The intraperitoneal administration of essential oil at doses higher than (1 g/kg) caused a significant increase in AST, ALT and LDH levels. Inflammation of the liver tissue was observed at oral and intraperitoneal doses higher than (1 g/kg).

The changes in AST, ALT and LDH levels showed that at high doses of the essential oil had a mild liver toxicity and the histopathologic data confirmed this. These complication were probably due to direct and non-oxidant toxicity and it was not due to the oxidative stress.

Liver disease is one of the major problems in human societies today. Effective drug treatment for these disorders is of interest to researchers and physicians worldwide due to their polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds, they have high antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to determine and investigate the hepatoprotective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Thymus vulgaris on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. 

In this experimental study, 40 Wistar rats weighing 220-250 g were randomly divided into five groups of eight. One group was treated as control and the other four groups were induced by hepatotoxic carbon tetrachloride. Of these four groups, one group received orally 400 mg / kg, 800 mg / kg / day of rat powder in the other three groups, respectively. 45 days after study in all groups, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes, as well as serum total protein, albumin, and bilirubin concentrations were measured using aqueous acid test and data were analyzed using ANOVA.

Total protein, total albumin and bilirubin concentration in the negative control group were not significantly different from the positive control group (p> 0.05), but the liver enzyme activity was significantly different (p <0.05). Hepatic enzyme activity in group II and bilirubin in group III showed a better decrease.

The results of this study show that the extract of Thymus vulgaris has protective effects against carbon damages caused by carbon tetrachloride.

Cadmium is a very toxic heavy metal that can be toxic by inducing oxidative stress in the liver. The aim of this study was to reduce the effects of liver toxicity due to exposure to cadmium using hydrocarbon extract of Zatariatenuior plants.

This study was an experiment-inteventional study in which 30 rats were injected intraperitoneally with 300 μM cadmium in 5 ml rats in 5 groups (5 mice) at a dose of 2 ml / kg body weight for 5 days. After the fifth injection, the treatment of the rats was performed using a Zataria extract at doses of 100, 300 and 600 mg / kg body weight for one month. Then, the liver was extracted and the amount of protein, glutathione, malondialdehyde, SOD and the genome failure was examined. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and the significance level was less than 0.05.

Liver toxicity was associated with increased activity of liver enzymes, increased oxidative stress due to reduction of glutathione levels (p <0.05) and supercapacity dismutase (p <0.001) and increased levels of malondialdehyde (p <0.001) glutathione reductase (p <0.003) and glutathione peroxidase (p <0.005) in cadmium group compared to controls. In groups treated with hydroalcoholic extract of Zataria, reduction of liver toxicity decreased with decreased activity of liver enzymes, decreased oxidative stress due to increased levels of glutathione (p <0.05), superoxide dismutase (p <0.001) and decreased levels of malondialdehyde (p < 0.001) compared to the cadmium group.

Hydroalcoholic extract of zataria increased the antioxidant capacity by strengthening the antioxidant defense system, reducing the toxic effects of cadmium accumulation in rat liver.

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is used in treatment of APL. One of the major side effects of this drug is liver toxicity. So, introduction of an animal model for this toxic effect could be useful to evaluate hepato-protective compounds. As different hepatotoxic doses of arsenic have been reported in the literature, in this study we decided to develop a model of liver toxicity based on the protocol of ATO therapy in APL patients.

Considering the protocol of ATO therapy in APL patients (0.14 mg/day for 21 days) and FDA-suggested formula for dose translation between humans and animals, dose 1.7 mg/kg/day was used. To achieve the best time to take ATO administered without causing mortality, ATO was administered for 10 and 21 days to the male mice. At the end of the treatment period, liver tissue samples were dissected and then homogenized in physiologic buffer. The oxidative stress parameters including catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity of the samples were determined using standard protocols. Damage to the liver tissue was determined by histopathological studies.

Histopathological examinations indicated severe damage to the liver in the 21-day treated period. The damage was accompanied with significant increase in the lipid peroxidation (p < 0.05), catalase activity (p < 0.05), and superoxide dismutase activity (p < 0.01) in the ATO treated mice for 21days.

Treatment of mice with ATO 1.7 mg/kg for 21 days could resemble ATO-induced hepatotoxicty in human.