جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « psychological disorders » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Divorce can lead to many behavioral and psychological problems in children. The aim of the current study was to develop early intervention program based on cognitive-behavioral theory in children of divorce with emotional-behavioral disorders and determine its effectiveness in social adjustment of children of divorce.

In the current descriptive study, the statistical population included all articles and the professors of psychology, in the qualitative part, and all the girls of divorced families of Astaneh-Ashrafiyeh City, in the quantitative part, in 2022. Moreover, 30 children of divorce were selected by random sampling and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group was trained in 12 90-minute sessions, twice a week, and the control group did not receive any training. Data was collected in pre-test and post-test using Achenbach’s Child Behavioral Checklist (2001) and Dokhanchi's Social Adjustment Questionnaire (1998). The data were analyzed by thematic analysis and univariate analysis of covariance in the qualitative and quantitative parts, respectively.

The findings demonstrated  that the mean and standard deviation of social adjustment scores in the experimental group increased from 98.33±1.90 in the pre-test to 104.33±1.08 in the post-test, and in the control group from 98.07±1.67 in the pre-test to 98.53±1.40 in the post-test (p<0.001).

Based on the results of the present study, the early intervention program based on cognitive-behavioral theory of children of divorce with emotional-behavioral disorders was effective on the increase of social adjustment of these children. Therefore, this program can be implemented as an effective program to improve the social adjustment of children of divorce.

Covid-19 has become one of the most important challenges to health care systems, causing various complications and death in severe cases. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the complications of the Covid-19 disease in patients admitted to 16-hour centers in Sabzevar, Iran. The current research is descriptive-analytical, which investigated 220 patients selected by random sampling from among those admitted to the 16-hour centers for Covid-19 in 2022. After recording the patients’ information, verbal consent was obtained from them to join the study. Four weeks after the PCR test, they were asked some questions over the phone by a trained researcher and the questionnaires were instantly completed. The results of the study showed that the remaining symptoms after recovery in the participants are physical fatigue (27.3%), weakness (14.1%), cough (23.6%), diarrhea (2.7%), mental fatigue (9.1%), anxiety (5%) and others. There was a statistically significant relationship between gender and residual complications from the Covid-19 disease. But there was no significant relationship between the recovery rate and anxiety symptoms such as restlessness and heart palpitation. Also, 40.5% of the patients had full recovery, 51.8% had moderate recovery and 0.9% had poor recovery. Patients with Covid-19 disease may recover from the disease but will face clinical manifestations and psychological disorders. Remote follow-up based on a telephone call program can be very useful in the management of recovered patients by establishing simple communication between patients and therapists.

Thalassemia is a common genetic blood disorder that is chronic and is associated with a wide range of serious psychological and clinical challenges, affecting an individual's psychological well-being similar to other chronic illnesses. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression in patients with thalassemia major and thalassemia intermedia related to blood disorders.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 61 patients with thalassemia major and nine patients with thalassemia intermedia from Jahrom city participated in the year 2019. Data collection tools included a demographic information questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16, and descriptive and analytical statistics were applied.

The prevalence of depression in patients with thalassemia major was 42.6%. Eight individuals (1.13%) had mild depression, 13 individuals (3.21%) had moderate depression, and five individuals (2.8%) had severe depression. The average depression score did not differ between male and female thalassemia major patients (P > 0.05). This average score was 53.9 ±17.52 for patients with below diploma education, 29.7 ± 11.92 for diploma holders, and 51.3 ± 4.51 for bachelor's degree holders (P < 0.05). Additionally, the prevalence of depression in patients with blood-related intermediate thalassemia was 33.3%. Mild depression was present in 2.22%, and severe depression in 1.11% of these patients.

The prevalence of depression in patients with thalassemia major is higher than in those with thalassemia intermedia. It is recommended that healthcare and psychological services for patients with thalassemia major and intermedia be designed to improve their quality of life and reduce depression. Furthermore, providing education and increasing awareness about depression management and the importance of social support for these patients can be effective.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in referred to as the most prevalent autoimmune disease throughout the world. Besides it is also known as a chronic inflammatory disease which affect brain as well as spinal cord. Neurological and psychological symptoms (neuropsychotic) have been reported in more than 60% of MS patients that relates to medication as well as life quality. The depression particularly arises amongst afflicted individuals. The life-long epidemy of depression is estimated to affect around 50% of MS patients.

In the current review study, published research articles about the genetic, psychological and other environmental factors underlying MS manifestation were searched and investigated through reputed medical databases like NCBI, PubMed, MEDLINE etc.

MS is an autoimmune disease whose sign and symptom include vision deficiency, fatigue, muscular system disfunction and spasm in different levels. The severity of these symptoms are not equal in all patients and thus complicating the MS diagnosis.

MS is an inflammatory disease of the nervous system which is accompanied by the inflammation and destruction of myelin sheath. The immune system invades the central nervous system in this disease that is followed by destruction of  neurons which leads to signaling disorder. Damages in axons are also another consequence of MS, which is the main cause of inabilities in the disease.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent disorder that seems to raise as the consequence of psychological disorders and complications in central nervous system. There are different psychological problems accompanying IBS as 80-90% of the IBS patients are suffering from mental-psychological disorders. Psychological issues including anxiety and depression have been reported in patients diagnosed with IBS.

The aim of the current study was to review the pathophysiology of IBS with the emphasis on the central nervous system through investigating on various relevant studies using verified database such as PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar.

The review of different research studies related to the brain structure and functioning of IBS patients revealed that factors like stress, childhood experiences as well as living in stressful environments promotes manifestation of the syndrome. moreover, the was significant findings found on the manifestation of depression symptoms aside with physical signs associated with IBS. Besides, emotional and cognitive factors in IBS afflicted people differs from healthy individuals.

Being one of the most prevalent functional disorder, IBS has a vast and profound association with psychological factors. Different studies shows that stress, depression as well as physical symptoms are more prevalent in IBS patients; hence taking more consideration on psychotherapy and psychological issues apart from non-pharmacological treatments in these patients along with pharmacological treatment alleviates the IBS symptoms and decreases the treatment costs in this prevalent syndrome.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused many psychological and social problems in people around the world, especially nurses. The present study aims to investigate and compare post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), burnout, and psychological disorders in nurses with and without COVID-19.

This is a causal-comparative study. The study population includes all male and female nurses of non-government hospitals in Tehran from July to September 2021. Of these, 220 nurses (110 without COVID-19 infection and 110 with COVID-19) voluntarily participated in the study. The questionnaires were the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale. Finally, data analysis was performed using multivariate and univariate analysis of variance in SPSS software, version 16.

There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of PTSD, burnout, and psychological disorders (P<0.05). Nurses with COVID-19 had higher scores in PTSD (F=96.38, P<0.001), emotional exhaustion (P<0.001, F=12.45), depersonalization (F=15.49, P<0.001), depression (F=92.97, P<0.001), anxiety (F=37.94, P<0.001) and stress (F=47.6, P<0.001). The nurses with no COVID-19 had higher score in personal accomplishment.

Nurses who were infected with COVID-19 had lower psychological health compared to non-infected nurses. For this purpose, it is necessary to take measures to identify and provide psychological treatments to improve the mental health of vulnerable nurses.

Abstract</span></span></span></span></span></span>
Background &

</span> Mental disorders have symptoms characterized by disorders in a person's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. The disorders reflect distortions in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant discomfort or disability in social, occupational, or other vital activities. The Rorschach test is a well–known and widely used projection test for the diagnosis of various psychiatric disorders. Based on perception and projection, Rorschach spots put the subjects in a position where they must organize their reactions to the spots without the examiner's guidance. The test situation is such that they can freely enter what they want in this experience and throw their needs, feelings, experiences, and tensions, mainly in the unconscious level of the mind, into the stains. The present study aims to compare the responses of patients with mental disorders and people without mental disorders in the indicators of the Rorschach test based on Exner's comprehensive system. </span></span>

</span> T</span>he research method was causal–comparative. The statistical population of the clinical group included all patients with psychological disorders who were referred to the treatment centers of Zahedan City, Iran, in 2020. Among them, 80 male and female patients (20 schizophrenics, 20 anxiety disorders, 20 depressive disorders, 20 personality disorders) who were diagnosed with these disorders with the approval of a psychiatrist and clinical psychologist were chosen by purposive sampling. The sample</span> o</span>f people without mental disorders comprised 100 healthy people from the general population who were willing to participate in the Rorschach test with their consent. They were selected by available sampling. Then, the Rorschach test was administered individually and scored according to Exner's comprehensive system. The data were analyzed using statistical methods of frequency, mean, standard deviation, and the independent two–group t test in SPSS 23. The significance level of all tests was considered 0.05.</span> Also, the present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences and registered under the number IR.ZAUMS.REC.1400.018.</span></span>

</span> T</span>he results showed significant differences (p<0.05) between people with mental disorders and those without mental disorders in the indicators of developmental quality (DQv, FQx–, FQxNone, MO),</span> c</span>omposite scores (AdjD, 2AB+(Art+Ay), X–%, XA%), specific scores (DR1, X–%, MOR, PHR, AG, PER, DR2, Wsum6, PSV, COP, AdjD), common answers (p), some content indicators (A, BI, [A] Ay), determinants (Cn, FD, CF, C, </span>C'F</span>, TF, YF, Y, F), and special index variable (PTI,</span> DEPI, S–CON).</span></span>

</span> The results of this research confirmed the difference in the responses of people with psychological disorders compared to people without psychological disorders. It also showed that the Rorschach test can be used as an effective tool in identifying and diagnosing mental disorders. Also, given the importance of mental disorders and their effects on mental health, the use of psychological tests can practically help clinical psychologists and psychiatrists by providing low–cost evaluation for early diagnosis of psychological disorders.</span></span></span></span>

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary acid load (DAL) with psychological disorders and the odds of disease in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D).

This case-control study was performed on 61 patients with IBS-D and 61 healthy matched individuals aged 20 to 55 years in Isfahan. To collect data, 3‐day dietary record and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 Items (DASS-21) were used. Also, anthropometric indices were measured.  

No significant difference was found between potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) scores between the two groups. There was a significant direct relationship between NEAP scores with stress and depression in the IBS-D group and also with anxiety in the two groups (P<0.05). No association was found between PRAL and NEAP with odds of IBS-D in both crude and adjusted models.

Dietary acid load may be associated with psychological disorders in patients with IBS-D. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Suicide is a multi-stage process including suicidal thoughts, planning to commit suicide, attempting to commit suicide, and taking action to end life; Therefore, suicidal thoughts are the first step to end life and one of the predictors of committing suicide (1). Suicidal thoughts are a type of preoccupation with death that has not yet taken on a practical aspect (2). Investigating suicide in medical students is of double importance because they are the active force of society (3). The most common reasons for committing suicide in this group include stress about education, relationship concerns, family problems, depression, hopelessness, anxiety, and financial concerns (4). A review study conducted in 43 countries of the world regarding the prevalence of depression and suicidal thoughts in medical students indicated a prevalence of 9.3 to 55.9 percent (5). Specifically, studies conducted in different countries also showed suicidal thoughts in medical students in Pakistan 36.6% (6), Egypt 12.7% (7), Bangladesh 17.6% (8), India 9% (9), Iran has a high prevalence of 16% (10).

The parents of children with autism spectrum disorder have special challenges and problems with their children’s disorder, so they have more stress in parenting than other parents, also having psychological disorders is very common in these parents. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of psychological disorders and parental stress on children with autism spectrum disorder and digestive problems.

This study was a descriptive-analytical one with a correlation method. Based on the purpose of the study, the statistical population was all parents with children with autism spectrum disorder who were referred to special need schools in Isfahan. 30 participants were chosen using the available sampling method. In this study, SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that parental stress had no significant effect on gastrointestinal disorders in children with autism and the results showed a positive and significant effect of parental psychological disorders on the severity of gastrointestinal disorders in children with autism. The results showed the effect of psychological disorders of parents that need to be considered as an effective factor in the treatment process of this disease.

Factors may contribute to gastrointestinal problems in autistic children, including a variety of gastrointestinal bacteria and gene expression patterns, as well as inadequate dietary fiber, which acts as a natural anti-constipation agent.

 The COVID-19 disease and related restrictive measures such as quarantine have affected many aspects in human life, including physical activity and mood. The present study aims to investigate physical activity and mental states of athletes in racket sports during general quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

 This is a descriptive correlational study. participants were 196 athletes in racket sports (123 males and 73 females). Their physical activity was measured by Cho’s 5-item physical activity questionnaire surveying the type, frequency and intensity of training (from low to very high) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. To evaluate their mood states, we used the short form of Brunel Mood Scale. Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze data in SPSS v. 22 software.

 The number of training sessions per week and the duration of training decreased during quarantine compared to pre-quarantine period in both male and female racket players (P<0.05). This reduction in duration and number of training sessions was negatively and significantly related to mood states (P= 0.001). 

 Training has a positive effect on the mood states of athletes in racket sports during the COVID-19 pandemic. The intensity of training can affect their mood more than the duration of training. with the increase of training intensity, their negative moods decrease

COVID-19 was declared a pandemic in march 2020 and has became a top priority for governments and health systems worldwide. The disease has severe consequences in terms of morbidity and mortality, significant economic impact and far-reaching social and cultural changes. These findings have led to increased efforts to study the disease, treat it, and respond to the economic consequences of the pandemic. However, the psychological consequences of the disease, including the widespread COVID -19 stigma, have been overlooked. COVID-19-related stigma threatens various groups, including patients, survivors, health care professionals, and other at-risk populations. The possibility of person-to-person transmission, high levels of ignorance about the disease, fear of ambiguity and lack of knowledge, and constant changes in relevant regulations and recommendations lead to the COVID -19 stigma. Stigmatization has many negative consequences: concealment of the disease, delay in seeking health services, refusal of preventive measures, stress, and related socioeconomic consequences. Therefore, the necessary measures in this regard should be considered. In particular, the spread of stigma should be prevented through measures to raise awareness and ensure access to reliable information.

School closures, home quarantine, and change in social relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic are the most important factors that influence physical and mental health status in children and teenagers and cause numerous psychological problems in these people who are highly vulnerable. The aim of the current study was to assess, identify and present the psychological interventions affecting the mental health status of children and teenagers.

This narrative review examines published papers on the consequences and presentation of psychological interventions for the mental health of children and teenagers during the COVID-19 pandemic from July 21, 2020, to December 25, 2021. A comprehensive search was done using the keywords of COVID-19 pandemic, the mental health of children and teenagers, and psychological interventions in crises on scientific databases of Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar.

In total, out of 128 papers, 46 papers were analyzed. According to the results, factors such as long-term fear of infectious with SARS-CoV-2, reduced communication with people in the educational environment, lack of adequate home space, feelings of failure and boredom, and finally financial problems of parents are the most important factors that may have significant effects on the mental health of children and teenagers.

Since most psychological disorders are rooted in childhood and children and teenagers are in a very sensitive period of their mental development, mental health cares during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic is very important. Therefore, by early examination and identification of mental health disorders in children and teenagers and subsequently, identify the causes of these disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic, and finally, by providing useful solutions and preventive interventions, the occurrence of these disorders may be prevented in children and teenagers during this pandemic.

 One of the essential aspects of life in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is leisure time activities. One of the duties of occupational therapists is the evaluation and implementation of therapeutic interventions in the field of leisure for patients with neurological disorders such as MS. However, before presenting any intervention for increasing the ability of MS patients to spend their leisure time, it is necessary to study the concept of this field scientifically and systematically and identify and evaluate the factors affecting it. Many symptoms of MS, such as fatigue and mental health problems, may affect leisure activities. This study examines the relationship of leisure time activities with fatigue and mental health problems (stress, anxiety, and depression) in MS patients.

 This research is a cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of all MS patients referred to Imam Khomeini Clinic, Mobasher Kashani Hospital, and MS Association in Hamadan City, Iran, in 2019. Of them, 99 (70 women, 29 men) with a Mean±SD age of 32.28±8.26 years were selected by using a convenience sampling method and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. For data collection, we used the MS leisure questionnaire, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Visual Analog Fatigue Scale (VAFS), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS). After obtaining written informed consent from the patients, the study questionnaires were completed by them. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS v. 16. The Spearman correlation test was used to examine the relationship of leisure time activities with fatigue and mental health problems. 

 There was a significant relationship between leisure activities and fatigue tests of VAFS (P=0.003) and FSS (P=0.001). Fatigue showed a high negative correlation with all leisure domains (r=0.350, P=0.001) of difficult, social, spiritual/religious, out-of-home physical, and art/cultural activities and reduced them. The overall score of DASS was significantly correlated with leisure time spiritual/religious activity (r= -0.263), out-of-home physical activity (r= -0.213) and art/cultural activity (r= -0.205). Regarding its subscales, anxiety showed a significant correlation only with leisure time social activities (r= -0.259), stress with spiritual/religious activities (r= -0.212), and depression with all domains of leisure time activities except for difficult activities (P≤0.005)

 Leisure time activities are associated with fatigue and mental health problems (stress, anxiety, and depression) in MS patients. Stress and anxiety only affect their leisure time social activities. Fatigue or mental health problems can reduce the amount of leisure time.