جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « socio-economic status » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Childhood obesity has become a global challenge today. Many studies have shown the relationship between obesity and socioeconomic factors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate socio-economic inequalities with nutritional patterns and obesity in children.

This study was conducted using the structural analysis methodology on 80 children from 6 to 13 years old, selected randomly from those referred to the health assessment centers of Sonqor and Kolyai, Iran. The body mass index was calculated using the standard method. Nutritional patterns were measured using the 24-hour food recall questionnaire, and socioeconomic status was assessed using related standard questionnaires. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24 and AMOS 24 software.

The results showed that 28.75% of the subjects were obese or overweight. The structural analysis showed that the socioeconomic variable directly affected the nutritional pattern and body mass (-0.43) with an impact coefficient of as much as 0.65. The nutritional pattern variable affected BMI with an impact factor (-0.74). The bootstrap test results indicated that the significant effect of socio-economic status on BMI is mediated by nutritional pattern (-0.48). Prediction values show two economic-social and nutritional pattern variables predicted 0.16 and 0.29 BMI changes, respectively.

The findings of this study showed the effect of socioeconomic status on nutritional patterns and body mass index in the research community. Today, The issue of increasing body mass in the world and our country is one of the most important social challenges. Considering the heterogeneous effects of socioeconomic status on nutritional patterns and body mass index, it is necessary to formulate and implement preventive policies according to the conditions of the communities to achieve effective results.

Drinking alcohol, smoking, having unsafe sexual relations and violence are high-risk behaviors that are considered a serious threat to public and individual health, however, in some families, teenagers tend to these behaviors or some of them have experienced; But parents take care strategies to prevent the occurrence of these behaviors; Triple care strategies are family-based interventions, the most efficient of which is the process (procedural) strategy in caring for the tendency to risky behaviors or their control. The purpose of this research was the typology of strategies for taking care of high-risk behaviors according to the SES of the family.

This research was a descriptive-correlation quantitative research. The statistical population included all urban families of Tabriz in 2022, according to Cochran's formula, 384 families were selected by multi-stage cluster method. In order to collect information, two measurement tools were used (checklist of strategies for taking care of high-risk behaviors and questionnaire of SES of the family). One-way analysis of variance (F) and linear regression with SPSS 26 were used to investigate the relationships between variables.

The findings showed that the average strategies for taking care of high-risk behaviors are significantly different based on the SES of the family, and the higher socio-economic classes prefer more appropriate strategies (efficient, procedural or procedural) than the lower classes. To take care of children against risky behaviors.

Families with medium and low SES (which includes a high percentage of families) use relatively more ineffective care strategies (inefficient and occasional) to control high-risk behaviors; In order to improve the general health of the society and reduce the burden of diseases, it is necessary to adopt policies and implement prevention-based cultural-educational programs to transform inefficient care strategies into a (procedural) process.

Background &

Society attaches special importance to giving birth to children and raising them. For this reason, it creates incentives and punishments to regulate this matter; despite this, the importance of birth does not end only at the level of society; at the micro level, i.e. family, having children is of fundamental importance for parents. Although the desire to have children is naturally placed in the human body. One of the issues that has received attention in these years is the reduction of childbearing. The decrease in having children in cities is significant. The purpose of this research was to explain the effects of socioeconomic status on the reduction of childbearing in Iranian society and family.

The present research has been conducted with a combined method. The research has two statistical associations. The statistical population of the qualitative part is the people who visited the health centers of Fars province in 1401, and the statistical population of the quantitative part is all couples between the ages of 20 and 45 in Fars province, the statistical population of the quantitative part is based on Cochran's formula and through cluster sampling. Multi-stages have been selected and the statistical sample of the qualitative section referring to health-treatment centers was also selected using the available sample method. Data collection was done in the quantitative part through questionnaires and in the qualitative part through in-depth interviews. In this research, the thematic analysis method is used to analyze the qualitative interview data, and descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are used to analyze the quantitative data. Considering that two types of data will be used in this research, data analysis will be used at both qualitative and quantitative levels. Quantitative data analysis was done in the questionnaire section using SPSS version 23 software, and in-depth interviews were conducted in the (qualitative) section through content analysis and coding methods.

According to the significant value (sig) calculated between the two domains, which is equal to 0.000, and because this number is smaller than 0.05, therefore, there is a relationship between the two variables of socio-economic status and the reduction of childbearing in the society. There is a meaning. Also, according to the intensity of our obtained correlation, which is equal to 0.128, therefore, there is a negative correlation, with a weak intensity and with the opposite direction, between the two variables of economic-social status and the reduction of childbearing in the society; In this way, the more the socio-economic status of the people in the society declines, the decrease in childbearing in the society also increases. Based on this, the second hypothesis of the research is confirmed. The value of dispersion indices of the economic-social status variable is a Mean value: of 20.9025, Standard deviation value: of 3.30003, Variance value: 10.890, and Range of changes value: 19.00.

The results show that among people, values and attitudes, gender equality, socioeconomic status, religion, attitudes of ethnic groups, dissatisfaction with life, the ambiguity of the future situation, educational changes, and the living experience of families. They have Keywords Socio-Economic Status, Childbearing, Society, Family Received: 15/05/2023 Published: 22/07/202 ID247 http://rjms.iums.ac.irمجله علوم پزشکی رازی دوره ،30شماره ،4تیر 1402 Talebi M., et al. played a role in the act of having children and have reduced the possibility of having children. In the end, even though people are facing various risks and issues, they still have children because of their love and affection for the child and the survival of the generation. However, in the two ways of the dangers of childbearing and interest in children, they adopt the third way: reducing fertility. Traditional values and norms, contrary to the values of individualism, which have been increasing, have experienced a decreasing and decreasing trend and have faded in society, and this issue has caused fertility to be in a transitional and challenging period. Although fertility is the result of the normative and intentional reproductive behavior of people, today's Iranian society has suffered a paradox, because this behavior is promoted and encouraged by the common values and norms of childbearing in the society on the one hand. On the other hand, it is surrounded by the external social system. Is. Today, the spread of modernity and the prevalence of traditionalist approaches are like a double-edged sword, on the one hand, it brings the process of development and evolution of social institutions, and on the other hand, it creates unfortunate consequences, such as a change in the attitude towards childbearing, which has led to the transformation of the family institution. The attitude towards having children in this research is the negative view of the interviewees towards children, who consider having many children not as a source of pleasure and benefit, but as a source of expense. The basis of this assessment is the opinions, beliefs, and accepted values of the person about the consequences of not having children. Of course, attitudes do not individually determine fertility behaviors, but environmental situations and conditions are also effective. In other words, the decrease in childbearing results from systematic convergence and adaptation to the current society's cultural, social, and economic conditions. Several factors can be considered effective in reducing fertility. Elements such as economic disturbances, the high cost of family formation, the increase in the marriage age of young people and as a result the delay in fertility, employment, and education of women, the weakening of family ties, cultural changes, the introduction of modernization elements, etc., according to the findings of the research. present and in line with the macro population policies of the country, which calls for intervention and policy-making to increase fertility above the replacement level, and in order not to repeat trial and error like what was done before to increase the number of births and stop the downward trend of policy fertility were implemented, on this basis, it is suggested that before any policy in this field, the set of indicators and components that determine fertility behavior should be scrutinized and closely monitored by planners.

Considering the importance of the multidimensional character of the home environment in developmental research, especially the motor development of children, the current study examines the effect of parents' socioeconomic status, sports experience rate, and the level of physical activity on the level of motor affordances.

The research method with a cross-sectional approach was descriptive, and data collection was a survey that was conducted in 2022. Participants included 236 parents (father and mother) with children aged 18-42 months and were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Parents scored their physical and athletic activities based on level and background/experience. Their socioeconomic standing was determined based on their income and education. The home environment was assessed using the Persian version of the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Self-Report (AHEMD-SR).

The results showed no significant relationship between the rate of sports experience and the level of physical activity of fathers with home motor affordances scores. However, this relationship was significant with the rate of mothers' sports experience (P<0.001, r=0.24), and motor affordances were significantly different from mothers' sports experience (P<0.001, effect size = 11%). The results showed a significant relationship between motor affordances and the mothers' level of physical activity (P<0.05, Eta = 0.21). In addition, there is a significant difference between motor affordances and the mothers' level of physical activity (P<0.05, effect size = 6%). In addition, socioeconomic status indicators had a significant effect of 44% on the level of home motor affordances (P<0.001).

Only the higher the mothers' rate of sports experience and the level of physical activity (more than two years) along with the criteria of socioeconomic status in providing and strengthening home motor affordances for children is more influential and effective. Among the different dimensions of motor affordances, the two dimensions of fine-and-gross motor toys are strongly influenced by the economic conditions of families as well as the sport's history of the mothers.

 From the beginning of the Covid-19 epidemic, a number of recommendations were made by health organizations, such as maintaining social distance, using masks, and hand hygiene. Hand washing with soap or alcohol-based disinfectants and high hygiene as a precautionary measure to prevent the spread of this emerging virus is widely promoted, and almost all people follow these recommendations. Although hand washing and hygiene are more serious than ever before, and is certainly helpful in preventing the spread of Covid-19, but there is the question of how this can affect different people who have not previously had obsessive-compulsive disorder, and also peoples with mild and sub-threshold symptoms (1,6). The Covid-19 epidemic in the late winter of 2019 / spring 2020 became a global crisis and spread widely and rapidly across borders and continues to this day (3). Covid-19 disease may have different effects on people with different socioeconomic status, as shown in several studies (11,9,8,20,21,22). Very little is known about the impact of the emerging Covid-19 disease on the prevalence or development of mental disorders, and little research has been done in this area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in recovered hospitalized patients with Covid-19 six months after discharge from the hospital, evaluate the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder, socioeconomic status and demographic variables such as gender, age, level of education and marital status.

In this cross-sectional study, 479 patients with a history of definitive diagnosis of Covid-19 and subsequent hospitalization were studied. The participation of all sample members in this study was completely voluntary and the present study has been approved by the ethics committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The sample members were selected using random number generation software and through a completely random selection from the list of hospitalized patients. After selecting the sample, they were invited to participate in the study by telephone. After initial satisfaction, research questionnaires were provided to the sample members face to face. In this study, Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive inventory (MOCI), Ghodrat Nama et al. Socio-Economic Status Questionnaire (GHSESQ) were used. The validity and reliability of these questionnaires have been studied in Iran and both of them are valid and reliable. Also, after completing the questionnaires, each member of the sample was examined through a short face-to-face supplementary interview (maximum 10 minutes) for the presence of DSM5 diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder and the results were recorded. After data collection, the overall point prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder was calculated.   Also, the point prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder were obtained based on each of the classes of demographic variables in the study. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test were used in this study. SPSS 21 statistical software was used for data analysis.

After reviewing and analyzing the completed questionnaires and the results of the supplementary interview, 92 members of the sample were diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The overall prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in all samples was 19.20%. According to the results of statistical analysis, there was a significant relationship between gender and obsessive-compulsive disorder and this disorder was more common in women than men (χ2 = 5.3793; P-value = 0.020378; p≤0.05). There was a significant relationship between age variable and obsessive-compulsive disorder and the prevalence of this disorder was more common in other age groups of 38-58 and 18-38, respectively (χ2 = 10.3501; P-value = 0.015813 ; p≤0.05). There was no significant relationship between education and disorder (χ2 = 2.9693; P-value = 0.562976; p≤0.05). Finally, in the case of marital status, there was no significant relationship between marital status and obsessive-compulsive disorder (χ2 = 4.4587; P-value = 0.107601; p≤0.05). The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder was 12.16% in very low socio-economic status, 15.16% in low socio-economic status, 18.12% in medium socio-economic status, 35.84% in high socio-economic status and 40.00% in very high socio-economic status. The results of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between socioeconomic status and obsessive-compulsive disorder in recovered hospitalized patients with Covid-19 (χ2 = 20.7756; P-value = 0.000351; p≤0.05). The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder has increased with increasing in level of socioeconomic status. The highest prevalence of disorders was in very high and high socio-economic status. One-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was performed to compare the mean scores of obsessive-compulsive disorder in different socioeconomic statuses and the value of F was 4.67467, Which shows that there is a significant difference in the mean scores of obsessive-compulsive disorder between socio-economic statuses. The results of Tukey test on the mean scores of obsessive-compulsive disorder in different socioeconomic statuses showed that the differences between very low and high socioeconomic status (p = 0.00597), very low and very high socioeconomic status (p = 0.00179), low and high socioeconomic status (p = 0.03153) were statistically significant.

Evidence from research to date suggests that anxiety and fear of being infected by a person or family member, as well as fear of death and threat to life at the time of infection, especially in hospitalized cases, can lead to or the trigger for mental disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hospitalized people who have experienced a severe illness and whose life and health are seriously threatened can be one of the groups with the highest rates of mental disorders caused by this epidemic. It is suggested that institutions and organizations related to the maintenance and promotion of mental health in the community take the necessary plans and measures to prevent the occurrence or exacerbation of mental disorders and reduce the psychological consequences of this epidemic in the general population and especially high-risk populations, like people who have experienced the intense and critical state of Covid-19. Considering that the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in recovered hospitalized patients with Covid-19 is much higher than the prevalence of this disorder in the general population, it can be concluded that covid-19 infection and subsequent hospitalization can lead to obsessive-compulsive disorder. prevalence of Covid-19 exacerbates obsessive-compulsive behaviors and thoughts related to cleanliness and avoidance of the virus. In addition to threatening people's physical health, Covid-19 also threatens their mental health.

Trust is among the social determinants of health in the elderly. Considering the importance of trust, this study was conducted to investigate demographic, economic, social, and health factors affecting trust in the elderly over 60 years old.

This cross-sectional study was based on the data of the second phase of the Urban Health Equity and Response Tool (Urban HERAT-2) on 5,760 elderly people. The economic status of the household was measured by principal component analysis and based on the variables of living supplies and facilities. Then, demographic and socio-economic variables such as the economic score of the household, ethnicity, occupation, education, and self-reported physical and mental health were presented in the linear regression of the explanatory model of trust using STATA software.

Based on the findings of this study, The living supplies and facilities explained 0.58 of the variances of the economic score of the household. Furthermore, it was observed that being married, having seasonal and permanent labor jobs, and being relatively poor was associated with a decrease in trust in the elderly and the ability to read and write, good self-reported physical health, and unchanged with an increase in trust in the elderly. The variables of age, gender, retirement, ethnicity, and mental health were not related to trust in the elderly.

The variables such as labor jobs, low education, and poor economic status affected trust in the elderly. The findings of this study showed the lack of institutional and intergroup trust in the elderly, and it requires the attention of policymakers

In a family with one or more exceptional children, the parents endure severe physical and psychological stress, in addition to the burden of care and socio-economic pressures. Therefore, the present study examined the relationship between socio-economic status and personality traits with mental health of parents of more than one exceptional child and compared their rates between mothers and fathers in Yazd.

This study was analytical and crosssectional. The population of the study included all parents with more than one exceptional child in Yazd in 2019-2020. For example, 160 parents with more than one exceptional child were selected by random cluster sampling. The demographic form, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), and the NEO–Five Factor Inventory (NEO–FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1980) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS-21 software and correlation coefficient, independent ttest and stepwise regression with a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that there were significant negative relationships between socio-economic status and personality traits of extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness and agreeableness with the mental health of parents of exceptional children. Also, there is a significant positive relationship between neuroticism with the mental health of the parents of exceptional children (p<0.01). However, neuroticism (β = 0.28) and extraversion (β = -0.13) were able to predict mental health. Also, mothers of exceptional children had lower mental health and more neuroticism than fathers.

According to the results, if the parents of more than one exceptional child have a higher socio-economic status and more appropriate personality traits, their mental health will be better. So, the components of neuroticism and extroversion personality are able to predict the level of mental health in these parents.

 Despite the growing population of the elderly in Iran, there is no clear picture of the prevalence of chronic diseases among them. Accordingly, the present study tries to specify the prevalence of the most important chronic diseases and multimorbidity among the elderly. In addition, the homogeneity of these diseases has been considered among different socio-economic groups.

Research data were obtained through a checklist of chronic disease status among the elderly. The sample was selected from the elderly over 60 years old in Tehran in 2019 through multi-stage sampling. The sample size of the study is 1280 persons and the prevalence rate and chi-square tests were used to describe and analyze the data.

The results showed that hypertension (40.2%), musculoskeletal disorders (40.2%) and hyperlipidemia (32.4%) had the highest prevalence rate among the elderly in Tehran. The prevalence rate of chronic disease multimorbidity was 79.8, which was lower among men, never married, college-educated, and working-age seniors. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and ear diseases have also been found to have different prevalence rates among socioeconomic classes.

The prevalence of chronic diseases has varied widely among socioeconomic groups; so the importance of the socio-economic status must be accentuated. Therefore, the pattern of prevalence of some chronic diseases can be influenced by lifestyle. As a result, research and policy-making in this field should be based on the inequalities in socio-economic status.

The Islamic Republic of Iran was chemically attacked by the Saddam Hossein’s enemy for five years during the imposed war and this issue caused many physical and psychological injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the general health status and its relationship with the socio-economic status of non-army citizens of Sardasht.

This study was part of the research of Ghazanfari, Vaezmahdavi, et al since 2008. The study population was 28 chemical warfare veterans in Sardasht who were evaluated using the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), rating from 0 for best to 84 the worth health situation. Also, the relationship between the general health situation and socio-economic status were considered. In addition, the level of education, severity of exposure, injury rate and quality of life were evaluated.

The mean of general health in normal, mild and severe exposure groups was 50.0, 51.5 and 29.8, respectively, which indicates difference in general health of between group severe with group mild and normal (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between the variables of socio-economic status, level of education, quality of life, intensity of exposure and the percentage of casualties with general health in most groups. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and nonlinear regression.

The results showed that improving socio-economic status plays an important role in public and mental health. So, the socio economic status is a significant predictor contributing destructive effects of mustard gas on general and mental health and influences actual health situation.

The quality of life is one of the variables that it'sinvestigate is very important and it seems that the presence in thesports-recreational places of parks has an effective role on it.Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the impact ofstudents' presence in the sports-recreational places of parks on thequality of life through the mediation of socio-economic status.

This study was descriptive from type ofcorrelation. The research population was the students using thesports-recreational places of Tehran city parks in 2021-2022academic years. Among them, number of 450 students were selectedas samples by random cluster sampling method. The data werecollected by researcher-made questionnaire of students' presence inthe sports-recreational places of parks, quality of life inventory(Varni et al., 2001) and socio-economic status questionnaire(Ghodratnama et al., 2013) and were analyzed by the structuralequation modeling method in SPSS-25 and Smart PLS-3 software.

The findings showed that the model of students' presencein the sports-recreational places of parks on the quality of lifethrough the mediation of socio-economic status had a good fit. Also,the students' presence in the sports-recreational places of parks hada direct and significant effect on the quality of life and socioeconomic status and socio-economic status had a direct andsignificant effect on quality of life and the students' presence in thesports-recreational places of parks had an indirect and significanteffect on the quality of life through the mediation of the socioeconomic status (P<0.001).

The findings of the research indicated the direct effectof students' presence in the sports-recreational places of parks on thequality of life and its indirect effect through the mediation of socioeconomic status. Therefore, in order to improve students' quality oflife can provide the basis for improve their students' presence in thesports-recreational places of parks and socio-economic status.

Objective (s): 

In recent years decreasing fertility in Iran has become one of the demographic problems which has attracted the attention of policymakers. The purpose of this study was to identify the association between socio-economic factors with childbearing tendency.

This was a cross sectional study. A sub-sample of data from the “2017 Iran Fertility Transition Survey” was used. The sample comprised of 374 ever married men and women aged 15-49 in Kermanshah, Iran. They were selected through the clustered sampling and the data was analyzed via SPSS 22 software using linear regression, Pearson correlation, independent t-test, and one-way analysis of variance

The results obtained from data analysis indicated no significant relationships between residency, housing, home size, employment, education and social class and attitudes toward childbearing (p>0.05). However, significant relationships between sex preference, gender, spouse age, birth interval, Internet consumption, birth space and attitudes toward childbearing was observed (p<0.05). Overall the result indicated that independent variables could explain 23% of variance of dependent variables.

  The findings suggest that the ideal number of children of young couples is affected by their living conditions. So, the success of any potential population polices depends on the improvement of coupleschr('39') living conditions.

Chronic periodontitis is the most prevalent form of periodontitis and it generally considered as a progressive inflammatory disease. Environmental and systemic factors can alter the immune response to biofilm and lead to progressive degenerative disease. Chronic periodontitis is defined as an infectious disease that causes inflammation in the tooth-supporting tissues, periodontal attachment loss, and bone loss. Identification of risk factors for this disease is important. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the risk factors for chronic periodontitis.

 This case-control study was conducted on 120 periodontitis patients and 120 healthy controls in Arak, Iran. A questionnaire was used to estimate their Socio-Economic Status (SES) and survey demographic and risk factors. For the diagnosis of chronic periodontitis, the identification of plaque accumulation site and clinical examination were performed. To investigate the association of chronic periodontitis with study variables, multilevel logistic regression analysis was used in STATA V. 11 software. 

This study obtained its ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences under code: 1397.145.

 The Odds Ratio (OR) of chronic periodontitis in adults aged above 30 years was 2.91 (95% CI: 1.01-8.73). Compared to subjects with low SES, the OR of chronic periodontitis was 2.28 (95% CI: 1.22- 4.27) in those with moderate SES and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.79-0.98) in those with high SES. Compared to patients who did not brush their teeth, the OR of chronic periodontitis was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.39-0.89) in patients reported toothbrushing. Compared to those who reported changing toothbrush sooner than 3 months, the OR was 4.96 (95% CI: 2.27-11.3) in those their changed their toothbrush for more than 6 months interval. The OR of chronic periodontitis in current smokers was 3.09 (95% CI: 1.52-4.76).

 Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, tooth brushing, and SES are the risk factors associated with chronic periodontitis.

Characteristics of any job and its socio-economic outcomes are related to the social health of the working population. Social health attempts to identify the mutual effects of social interaction on the individuals’ well-being. An individual’s positive or negative willingness to the society-benefiting environmental subjects with high sensitivity, care, and intelligence along with the ability to understand the others, share their experiences and emotions, and actively participate in the social processes falls in the field of social health. In a society where the conditions are becoming healthier, an individual with social well-being is expected to adaptively see the conditions improving, accepting his society with all its positive and negative aspects and attempting to help the society’s improvement. In addition to its importance in terms of the individual and occupational health and interaction with the coworkers and other society members, social health is important in terms of the public health. If a baker does not have a proper social well-being, not caring about his society, the bread health of a majority of the population may negatively change, leading to low quality bread. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the social health of the bakers and the related variables in Isfahan, Iran.

This study was cross sectional-analytical and was conducted in 2017. The statistical population consisted of 469 bakers working in 171 traditional bakeries in Isfahan, who were selected out of 633 qualified bakeries by stratified sampling method in proportion to the size according to Cochran formula with the confidence level of 95% and error level of 0.07. The data were collected by the Adult Social Health Questionnaire (validated by Rafiey et al.) and Demographic Information Questionnaire. Each individual’s score were derived from 29 questions in the social health questionnaire with the components of social interaction, social responsibility, conscientiousness, attitude to society, empathy, family relationship, and social participation. In addition to the overall score, each component was scored. The social health was classified into five groups: very weak, weak, medium, good, very good, with their relationships with the demographic variables and each individual’s perceived social-economic status being assessed. The data were analyzed by Spearman correlation test and non-parametric covariance in SPSS 20.

Three individuals worked in most of the studied bakeries. The mean age was 39.9 (±11.83). Those who worked in the bakeries had the work experience of 1 to 65 years with the average of 18.3 years (±12.31). Half of them had lower than 16.5 years of experience. However, 17% of the bakers had higher than 30 years of experience. Their social health scores were 18 to 40 (The minimum and maximum scores possible in the social health questionnaire were 10 and 145, respectively). Among the bakers, 3%, 36%, 27%, 26%, and 7% fall in very weak, weak, medium, good, and very good classes, respectively. 95.7% of the bakers viewed their socio-economic status to be in the 5th of 10 grades or lower in the society. Most of them (79.7%) evaluated their income to be low. These bakers’ social health had positive and direct relationship with their work experience (P-value≤0.05), such that an increase in each of the two variables by one unit increased the other by 0.304 and 0.316, respectively. The married individuals’ mean social health score were approximately higher than that of the unmarried ones by 9.7. Moreover, the social health of those with medium income was higher than that of the individuals with income by 6.22 (P-value=0.34).Discussion and

The social health status was weak to medium among the traditional bakers in Isfahan. This seems to be resulted from the limited number of the bakers, alternating working time (early morning and late night), and reduced productive social interactions of them. The bakers probably do not have proper responsibility for their role in the society and are weak at understanding the others. These individuals might not have appropriate relationships with their families and relatives, not participating in the society improving programs. They also might not find themselves having a share in the society, being separated from it. These individuals have a relatively low subjective assessment of their socio-economic status. The mentioned bakers must be improved in the components of social interaction, empathy, conscientiousness, and attitude to society. Interventions are required, such as redesigning the workplace to increase the interactions between the bakers and people while observing the food hygiene. Moreover, programs have to be implemented to enhance the bakers’ social activities. The improvement of their business environment through socio-political pursuance to increase their income and reduce punishments of the governmental organizations probably enhances the bakers’ social health.