جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « tobacco » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Most people in the United States live busy stressful lives which can lead to significant health challenges, especially to one’s mental health. After years of being ignored and stigmatized, mental illness has been given the recognition it deserves. It is now associated with the overall health of a person and treated seriously. The same could be said about substance abuse disorder though on a lesser scale. This paper attempts to understand the relationship between drug use and mental health illness differentiated across age groups. The understanding of these causations and relationships could help us better understand the rate and triggers of mental illness in the United States.

We used data from a 2023 survey, which contains a total of 69,850 completed interviews. The data collected were taken from each state individually with each of them implementing the same survey to collect responses. Instead of looking at all fifty states, we decided to analyze only the highest twentyone most populated states. Various non-parametric tests were used to analyze age groups and their rate of mental health illnesses and drug use within the country.

We found that tobacco use is associated with mental illness, while alcohol use is associated with attempted suicide. It appears that indicators of drug use are not homogeneous across states for either age group. We also found that the alcohol consumption is related to a declining proportion of attempted suicides.

In this research we found a significant association between drug use and inidcators of mental illness. The association differed across different age groups and also across states. Since we found that the alcohol consumption is related to a declining proportion of attempted suicides, it will be interesting to explore why this is the case and what could be observed to decrease suicidal rates.

Context: 

In recent decades, the tobacco epidemic has spread worldwide. The impact of tobacco control policies has been different among countries. This paper aims to explain how two countries, the United Kingdom (UK) and India, with different political, social, and cultural contexts, implemented theWorld Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

Evidence Acquisition: 

A comparative study was done for tobacco control in UK and India in 2022. A review of literature in five databases, observational data and legal documents on tobacco use were undertaken. To identify and explain the factors that pose challenges to the implementation of tobacco control policies, country reports and health policy monitoring and research databases (in total, 27 papers and 16 reports) were reviewed.

Having different economic, social, and cultural backgrounds, a similar pathway to control the tobacco industry can be seen in UK and India. The factors that can explain the similar outcomes in two countries are the global pressure of WHO, increased awareness of people and policymakers, and a sense of urgency about the tobacco problem in both societies.

At different stages of tobacco control in both countries, various interest groups with different routes of political influence used veto opportunities to overturn political decisions in the policy process. Continuous analysis of interest groups and their status quo is necessary to restrict the tobacco industry in favor of public health. Governments should carefully recognize the stakeholders and stake challengers in the policy domain and balance their interests.

Background  Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people a year. The products and services of unhealthy commodity industries (UCIs) such as tobacco, alcohol, ultra-processed foods and beverages and gambling are responsible for much of this health burden. While effective public health policies are available to address this, UCIs have consistently sought to stop governments and global organisations adopting such policies through what is known as corporate political activity (CPA). We aimed to contribute to the study of CPA and development of effective countermeasures by formulating a model and evidence-informed taxonomies of UCI political activity.Methods  We used five complementary methods critical interpretive synthesis of the conceptual CPA literature; brief interviews; expert co-author knowledge; stakeholder workshops; testing against the literature.Results  We found 11 original conceptualisations of CPA; four had been used by other researchers and reported in 24 additional review papers. Combining an interpretive synthesis of all these papers and feedback from users, we developed two taxonomies – one on framing strategies and one on action strategies. The former identified three frames (policy actors, problem, and solutions) and the latter six strategies (access and influence policy-making, use the law, manufacture support for industry, shape evidence to manufacture doubt, displace, and usurp public health, manage reputations to industry’s advantage). We also offer an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of UCI strategies and a model that situates industry CPA in the wider social, political, and economic context.Conclusion  Our work confirms the similarity of CPA across UCIs and demonstrates its extensive and multi-faceted nature, the disproportionate power of corporations in policy spaces and the unacceptable conflicts of interest that characterise their engagement with policy-making. We suggest that industry CPA is recognised as a corruption of democracy, not an element of participatory democracy. Our taxonomies and model provide a starting point for developing effective solutions.

Although the harmful effects of smoking on the musculoskeletal system, especially bone effects, are well identified, the data on the relationship between smoking and cartilage disorders are limited. This review discovered associations between smoking and cartilage disorders.

A literature search was conducted in the following three databases in September 2023 for related articles in English without time limitation: Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. In the initial search, 285 documents were recorded. Eventually, 20 studies were involved in this review, and the required data were extracted from the full text. 

Our review study provided evidence for the association between smoking and different knee/spine cartilage disorders, such as augmented cartilage size, declined strain ratio, weak postoperative outcome, low fusion rate, and risk for spinal reoperation. 

As the use of tobacco products is a crucial global public health concern, additional research to comprehend the mechanisms of the effects of smoking on musculoskeletal system disorders is highly recommended.

Tobacco smoking is an essential factor that affects people’s quality of life. Numerous studies have suggested that tobacco smoking has considerable harmful effects on the musculoskeletal system. In addition, it has a high prevalence in Hormozgan Province, Iran. Accordingly, this research investigates the consumption of tobacco products and its relationship with the prevalence of symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders in service workers of Bandar Abbas City, Iran. 

This was a descriptive-analytical epidemiological study with cross-sectional data. The population comprised 351 urban service workers employed in Bandar Abbas City, Iran. In the present research, musculoskeletal disorders over the past 12 months were investigated using the Nordic questionnaire in each of the nine body parts.

The mean age of the participants was 37.66±7.9 years. More than half of the studied population (52%) smoked tobacco, and all of them experienced more musculoskeletal problems compared to the other group. Musculoskeletal disorders in tobacco smokers showed a significant difference in four parts of the body, including the elbow, lower back, hip, and knees, with P<0.05 when compared to individuals who did not smoke tobacco.

Individuals who smoked tobacco experienced higher pain in their muscles and bones compared to the other group, which can arise from the adverse effects of tobacco products on muscles, tendons, cartilage, and ligaments. Hence, suitable policies and plans are required to prevent and reduce tobacco consumption in the province, especially in occupations that are susceptible to musculoskeletal disorders.

Tobacco consumption causes altered immune and inflammatory responses which lead to various respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. Studies have only confirmed the harmful effects of tobacco consumption on the severity of COVID-19. The present study aimed to explore the association between tobacco consumption and the initiation of COVID-19. This retrospective cohort study was conducted to explore the relationship between tobacco consumption and COVID-19. A brief closed-ended, self-structured questionnaire was prepared to record participants’ responses. The Participants included the individuals who visited Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India for the COVID-19 diagnostic test. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 24). The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were also used to predict the odds of getting infected with COVID-19.  A total of 521 valid responses were obtained and subjected to analysis. Moreover, 256 participants (49.13%) were COVID-19 positive and 57 participants (10.94%) were tobacco users. The odds ratio of tobacco consumption was higher in COVID-19-positive patients compared to COVID-19-negatives (OR=1.78; 95% CI 1.01, 3.13). The current tobacco users had a higher risk of developing COVID-19 as compared to the former users (OR=4.8; 95% CI 1.39, 16.61). The frequency and duration of tobacco use also affected the COVID-19 infectivity rate but these were statistically insignificant. The COVID-19 positivity rate was significantly higher in tobacco users, especially in current tobacco users as compared to former users. Nevertheless, gender and occupation had no significant effect on COVID-19 incidence in this study.

Tobacco use has become a modern-day epidemic which significantly impacts health, socioeconomic status, and environmental sustainability. The readiness to quit or stop using tobacco is a crucial first step in changing one’s behavior. Hence, the current study sought to assess the prevalence of willingness to quit and associated factors among tobacco users. This study was conducted on 425 tobacco users selected using multi-stage random sampling from the outpatient departments (OPDs) of a tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India. A pre-designed, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to elicit information. Logistic regression was performed to assess the effect of independent factors on the willingness to quit. The mean age of the study participants was 39.37 years (S.D.=±12.99). The majority of the participants were male (400, 94.1%), and 25 (6.9%) were female. Overall, the prevalence of willingness to quit in the current study was 70% among the study participants. The results of the multivariable analysis showed that those belonging to urban areas, tobacco users with a duration of≤10 years, and those who received advice from a doctor to quit had a significantly higher willingness to quit than their counterparts. However, age, gender, marital status, education, religion, age of initiation of tobacco use, and nicotine dependence were not found to have a statistically significant relationship with the willingness to quit tobacco products. Willingness to quit was high among the study participants. The data in this study suggested that belonging to urban areas, duration of tobacco use, and doctor’s advice to quit are important factors which need to be considered when framing future tobacco cessation programs.

People with waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) seem to be more at risk for the serious complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed at assessing the behavioral intention (BI) of WTS by women in the COVID-19 pandemic and its contributing factors.  

This cross-sectional descriptive-correlational study was conducted in 2020 (ie, during the COVID-19 pandemic). Participants were 300 women randomly selected through multistage sampling from comprehensive healthcare centers in Khorramabad, Iran. Data collection instrument was a 42-item questionnaire with 4 main subscales, namely knowledge, attitude, differential association, and BI. Data were collected through both online and phone-based methods and were analyzed using non-parametirc path analysis.  

The prevalence of WTS among women was 13% (95% CI, 11.06-14.94) and the mean scores of attitude, differential association, and behavioral intention among participants with WTS were significantly higher than participants without WTS (P < 0.001). Moreover, 46.12% (95% CI, 38.12-54.08) of participants with WTS reported intention to quit WTS due to the COVID-19 pandemic and 43.6% (95% CI, 35.66-51.54) of women with WTS and 16.5% (95% CI, 14.20-18.80) of women without WTS believed in the protective effects of WTS against COVID-19. The path analysis model showed that the BI of WTS had a significant inverse relationship with knowledge and a significant direct relationship with attitude and differential association.  

This study suggests the need for quality educational and counseling interventions for the general public to correct popular misconceptions about the protective effects of WTS against COVID-19.

 Bibliometric analysis may indicate the most active specialist, authors, and journals in a given research field. To the authors' knowledge, there is no bibliometric analysis to provide a macroscopic overview in the field of secondhand smoke that harms non-smoker. 

 Using the bibliometric method, 644 articles that were present in the Scopus database between 1973-2020 on the subject were considered. The data were analyzed by two visualization and science-mapping software called Bibliometrix and VoS Viewer. Also, reference publication year stereoscopy and Co-Citation historiography were used. In the qualitative analysis, 52 articles were selected that had the most citation and were analyzed.

 In this paper, the findings show that the documents were published in 364 sources with an average citation per document of 25.14 and more than 3 authors or nearly 4 authors per document. The peak reference publication year stereoscopy happened in the year 199 with 974 references. The countries with the highest number of MCP were the USA, China, and Spain. The “International Journal of Environmental Research” and “Public Health”, has raised their publications in the field of secondhand smoke and pregnancy rapidly since 2003. Among the titles, "passive smoking" was the most used.

 The study highlights the importance of understanding the harmful effects of secondhand smoke on the developing fetus. The findings also shed light on key research trends, influential authors, and active research areas, which can guide future studies and support evidence-based decision-making in the field of maternal and child health.

The aim of this study is to investigate some pesticides, including organic phosphorus compounds and carbamates, on tobacco leaves, which are commonly used in agricultural activities to increase crop production around the world. Humans are exposed to pesticides through residues left in fields, which have harmful effects on the body.

The study collected a total of ten samples of tobacco leaves, five from different cultivation areas in Iran and five from five different countries as imported samples. The collection was done three times to ensure that the results were reliable and consistent. To determine the residual concentration of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, we collected 210 samples using the QuEChER method to prepare the samples. The residual levels of 26 pesticides were measured using the GC-ECD and UHPLC-MS/MS methods.

Most samples had residual levels of pesticides below the detection limit. However, in Iranian samples, the highest average concentrations were found for Thiodicarb (μg/kg 525.2), Chlorpyrifos (μg/kg 499), Dichlorvos (μg/kg 260.3), Penconazole (μg/kg 208), Thiophanate-methyl pesticides (μg/kg 168.5). For imported samples, Thiodicarb (525.2 μg/kg) and Dichlorvos pesticides (260.3 μg/kg) had the highest average residual concentration.

Despite severe restrictions on pesticide use in the sampled specimens, residual amounts of these chemicals persist, which can contribute to the adverse health effects of smoking. Therefore, more effective monitoring and surveillance measures are necessary.

Cigarette contamination due to contact with contaminated hands is one of the problems of bulk cigarette distribution. This study was conducted to investigate the microbial contamination of unpackaged cigarettes in Bandar Abbas City, Iran. 

This study was conducted among various distributors of bulk cigarettes (peddlers, stalls, and supermarkets) in Bandar Abbas City. Cigarette samples were dried, and the microbial quality of their filter was evaluated by Ultersnap U microbial load measuring device. To express the index of microbial contamination, based on the defined scale of the device, RLUs (relative light units) ≤10 indicate cleanliness, 11 to 29 denote the warning level, and ≥30 signify contamination. 

Our results showed that 26.9% of cigarettes were sold by vendors, 65.4% by stalls, and 7.7% by supermarkets. The prevalence rates of microbial contamination in standard packaged and unpackaged (bulk) cigarettes were 2.3% and 46.2%, respectively. Among the examined samples, 17.3% were clean, 36.5% were contaminated at the warning level, and 46.2% were contaminated. The percentages of contaminated cigarettes sold by vendors, stalls, and supermarkets were 50%, 47.1%, and 25%, respectively.

The results of this study underscore microbial contamination as another side risk that can be transferred directly from the hands of the supplier to the mouth of the consumer. The intensity of contamination was different based on the place of supply (sales units). Therefore, more attention should be paid to the organization of distribution units of these products.

A review of the tobacco control initiatives indicates that the evolution of tobacco control and public health into complex interconnected systems requires approaches and methodologies based on the dynamic nature of this environment. This study attempts to view tobacco control policies from the perspective of systemic dynamics.

The research methodology is based on the stages of system dynamics.

Through the model’s analysis, two primary smoking control policies are proposed: First, a strategy focused on reducing consumption through enhanced awareness and ongoing monitoring via an active learning program, and second, enhancing the smoking cessation rate by establishing dedicated clinics and utilizing cultural approaches that condemn smoking.

Using either a system dynamics approach or qualitative and descriptive methods, tobacco studies reveal no quantitative decision support system to measure the effectiveness of the policies guiding the development of this system. This gap inhibits the identification of the root cause of the problem and improves the behavior of essential variables with dynamic hypotheses. A fundamental issue in the development of any model is access to valuable and accurate data, a resource not readily and transparently available in Iran.

Water pipe tobacco smoking is used as a traditional way of smoking, but its ascending trend and increasing consumption has become a global phenomenon, which has been associated with increased consumption of fruity or flavored tobaccos. Given the students’ increasing tendency in this regard, this study aimed to explore the medical students’ tendency toward using waterpipe tobacco smoking. This is a qualitative study using a semi-structured interview with 16 medical students in Southeastern Iran (Zabol) from January to May 2020. The data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Data analysis led to the extraction of 4 themes of “cultural/ family roots”, “individual roots”, “attraction of tobacco flavor and water pipe”, and “misconception about health risks of water pipe tobacco smoking”. Waterpipe tobacco smoking has increased among students for leisure and entertainment. Given that waterpipe tobacco smoking is the basis for entering various opioid addictions and cigarettes, it needs more attention to students from the academic side of principals and families. It is recommended that national and academic authorities should consider the issues that attract the students toward water pipe tobacco smoking.

Tobacco is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality, with a considerable economic burden. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence on the economic burden of tobacco use by searching national and international databases so as to generate useful information about the costs of tobacco use globally.

A systematic search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, ProQuest, and Web of Science (ISI) databases to identify relevant studies from 1990 to June 2021 using keywords like burden, productivity, indirect cost, direct cost, economic, monetary, expenditure, tobacco, smoking, and cigarettes. Cost estimates were converted into 2020 international dollars per adult.

A total of 1,781 articles were identified, of which 361 were deemed to be eligible for inclusion. Eventually, 23 articles were found eligible. In most studies, cost estimates were provided using a prevalence-based approach. The highest total cost, as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), was reported for South Korea (1.19%). Noteworthy, in all studies, indirect costs accounted for the highest proportion of all costs. The mean total cost amounted to 5,866 million dollars. The direct costs ranged from 179 million dollars in South Korea to 8,156 million dollars in Israel. Meanwhile, the indirect costs ranged from 289 million dollars in Hong Kong to 9,808 million dollars in India. 

The evidence demonstrated the considerable economic burden of tobacco use in various countries, ranging from 0.33 to 1.19% of the GDP of the investigated countries, indicating the necessity of taking immediate measures. Hence, policies are needed to address the economic burden of smoking.

Tobacco is one of the leading risk factors for many respiratory infections and is linked to the clinical severity of the disease. COVID-19 primarily infects the lungs and causes severe pneumonia-like illness. Tobacco consumption may thus, increase the risk for developing COVID-19. However, this study was planned to assess the tobacco consumption among COVID-19 patients and determine the relationship between SARS CoV-2 and tobacco use among COVID-19 patients. Lists of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 positive patients aged 18-70 years were obtained from District Government Hospital on November 2020 and were interviewed telephonically after taking informed consent. A total of 470 patients under home isolation for the past one month after getting diagnosed with SARS CoV-2 were recruited in this study. Data was entered in MS Excel 2019 (Microsoft Corp.) and analysis was done using SPSS 25 (IBM Inc.). Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test were used and significance level was set 0.05 with 95% confidence interval. In the present study, the mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 37.8 (12.1) years. Among the COVID-19 patients, 21% of participants were tobacco users. Clinical symptoms such as fever, severe acute respiratory illness (SARI), acute respiratory illness (ARI), loss of taste/smell, and other symptoms such as body-ache, myalgia, nasal secretion and flue like symptoms were presented; of which most common symptoms were fever (26.8%) followed by SARI or ARI (11.5%) and significantly presented more among tobacco users (66.3%) than non-tobacco users (55.6%) (P = 0.036). Nonetheless smokers, these symptoms also affected significantly SLT users (64.8%) (P = 0.029) and dual tobacco users (100%) (P = 0.010). Tobacco use may worsen COVID-19 disease symptoms among COVID-19 patients.