جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « urbanization » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »
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مقدمه
همسرآزاری، علی الخصوص زن آزاری، یکی از آسیب های اجتماعی شایع در بسیاری از جوامع است که موجب بروز پیامدهای روانی و اجتماعی متعددی برای زوجه می شود. به همین دلیل این پژوهش با هدف تعیین عوامل اجتماعی و اقتصادی موثر بر نرخ خشونت خانگی نسبت به زنان (زن آزاری) صورت پذیرفت.
روش بررسیدر مطالعه حاضر از روش میانگین گیری مدل بیزین (BMA) (بسط آن به داده های پانل و با برآوردگر اثرات ثابت) برای بررسی اثر 17 متغیر توضیحی بر متغیر وابسته نرخ خودکشی در 31 استان کشور در فاصله زمانی سال های 1398-1391 با استفاده از نرم افزار R بهره گرفته شد.
یافته هااز بین 8 متغیر اقتصادی، تنها نرخ بیکاری مردان با احتمال حضور 1 با ضریب 0.7976 دارای تاثیر بسیار قوی بر نرخ زن آزاری است. همچنین متغیر شهرنشینی با احتمال حضور 0.9777 با ضریب 1.6305 - و نرخ سقط جنین درمانی با احتمال حضور 0.8803 و با ضریب 0.1931 به ترتیب دومین و سومین متغیر نیرومند موثر شناخته شد. در مقابل سایر متغیرهای اجتماعی و اقتصادی تاثیر با اهمیت زیادی بر میزان وقوع این خشونت نداشتند.
نتیجه گیریبراساس نتایج این پژوهش، نرخ بیکاری مردان و نرخ سقط جنین درمانی باعث افزایش نرخ خشونت خانگی علیه زنان شده در حالی که با افزایش میزان شهرنشینی این نرخ کاهش می یابد.
کلید واژگان: خشونت خانگی, بیکاری, سقط جنین, شهرنشینی}IntroductionSpouse abuse, especially female abuse, is one of the most common social harm in many societies, which causes many psychological and social consequences for the wife. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the socio-economic factors affecting the domestic violence against women rate (female abuse (in 31 provinces of the country in the period 2012 and 2018.
MethodsIn the present study, the effect of 17 socio-economic explanatory variables on the domestic violence against women rate was investigated using the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) method in the context of a panel data regression using R software.
ResultsIn among the 8 economic variables, only the male unemployment rate with a probability of 1 with a coefficient of 0.7976 has a too strong effect on the rate of domestic violence against women. Also, the urbanization variable with a probability of presence of 0.9777 with a coefficient of -1.6305 and the rate of abortion therapy with a probability of 0.8803 and with a coefficient of 0.1931 were recognized as the second and third strongest, respectively. In contrast, other social and economic variables were not significant to the extent of this violence.
ConclusionBased on the results of this study, the unemployment rate of men and the rate of abortion therapy increase domestic violence against women and in contrast, with the increase in urbanization, the violence decreases in Iran.
Keywords: Domestic violence, Unemployment, Abortion, Urbanization} -
Aims
The quality of life for the disabled is one of the biggest challenges in today's societies. This study aimed to investigate the quality of life, determine the effective criteria, and provide operational solutions to improve the right of people with disabilities in Tehran.
Instrument & MethodsThis combined-exploratory research with the qualitative-quantitative method was carried out on disabled people in Tehran from 2021 to 2022. In the qualitative phase, the pathology of improving the right of people with disabilities in the city was investigated using a phenomenological approach through a semi-structured interview. The experts and disabled population were selected by snowball and available sampling, respectively (n=27). The quantitative phase was performed by survey method using a researcher-made questionnaire. Cluster sampling was performed in five areas of Tehran. The number of samples was estimated to be 384 using Cochran's formula. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed using face validity and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. Data were analyzed using a one-sample t-test by SPSS 20 software.
FindingsA total of 335 primary codes and 52 secondary codes were extracted from all interviews. These 52 secondary codes were subjected to 18 sub-themes and finally, five main themes, including improvement of urban spaces for the people with disabilities; participation of the people with disabilities in urban spaces; allocation of the right to people with disabilities; adaptation of public transportation for people with disabilities; and education and information as fulfilling the rights of people with disabilities were extracted.
ConclusionIt is necessary to pay attention to the factors affecting the quality of life of people with disabilities in various socio-cultural, economic, and physical-structural dimensions of Tehran in urban management and design.
Keywords: Disabled Persons, Iran, Quality of Life, Urbanization} -
Background
Urban liveability is a multidimensional concept associated with many domains of human health.
ObjectivesThis study aimed at investigating the association between urban liveability and cancer incidence in Iran.
MethodsThe data of provincial-level urban liveability were obtained from reliable sources. The data of cancer incidence were inquired from the population-based cancer registry of the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education in 2016. Urban liveability scores were determined in all provinces of Iran by utilizing the Global Liveable City Index (GLCI) method. Negative binomial Poisson regression was used to examine the relationship between urban liveability and cancer incidence.
ResultsProvinces with a higher urban liveability had a higher likelihood of cancer incidence. Higher economic score was significantly associated with higher incidence in colorectal (IRR = 1.49, P = 0.005), liver (IRR = 1.48, P = 0.002), leukemia (IRR = 1.39, P = 0.005), lung (IRR = 1.39, P = 0.039), breast (IRR = 1.38, P = 0.011), and prostate cancers (IRR = 2.11, P < 0.001). Also, provinces with higher environmental friendliness and sustainability had significantly more stomach (IRR = 1.53, P = 0.004), colorectal (1.79, P < 0.001), lung (IRR = 1.43, P = 0.014), and prostate (IRR = 1.50, P = 0.032) cancer incidence. Provinces with higher political governance had significantly more breast cancer (IRR = 1.34, P = 0.002) and leukemia (IRR = 1.30, P = 0.016) incidence rates.
ConclusionsAlong with the development of urban liveability, the incidence of cancers is increasing in Iran. Cancer control strategies should be implemented especially in settings with higher urbanization.
Keywords: Iran, Incidence, Cancer, Urbanization, Liveability} -
Background
Childhood is the most important life stages where personality is built and formed. Since children are as a treasured capital for each society, assessment of their health status is so vital. This study assessed the health indices of children starting the primary school and considered parental factors influencing kid’s health.
MethodsAn analytical descriptive cross‑sectional study applied to measure the health status of children at the beginning primary school. The data extracted from 7768 primary school children with an average value of age 7 years and their parents, who were referred to Children Health Testing centers in the school year of 2016, in all provinces of Iran.
ResultsFrom 7768 kids, 52.3% were boys and 47.7% were girls. The mean of weight and height of children was 20.65 kg, and 115.84 cm, respectively. The mean body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) for age ratio of children in the country was 16.26. In addition, 4.9% of boys and 3.7% of girls were short stature, 0.5% of boys and 1.8% of girls were tall and 94.5% of kids had normal growth. About 5.3% of boys and 6.8% of girls were underweight, 9.2% of boys and 7.7% of girls were overweight, and 4.7% of boys and 3.4% of girls were obese.
ConclusionsThe overweight and severe short stature problems in children were more dominant than underweight and severe tall. Although underweight is more common in girls than boys, it is reversed in the case of overweight and obesity. In addition, the ratio of health problems among children in different provinces was dissimilar, thus considering the health status of children in each province to find a solution was crucial.
Keywords: Body Mass Index, child, education, employment, health status, urbanization} -
Background
To evaluate the changes of mortality among children aged 1–14 yr due to road traffic injury and related demographic and economic factors in an ecological study undertaken in 33 European countries.
MethodsInformation about mortality due to road traffic injury among children aged 1–14 yr in European countries was obtained from the WHO database. Changes in the mortality for the years 2000–2009 were estimated as linear regression. These deaths were correlated with demographic and economic factors.
ResultsThe greatest burden of child mortality due to road traffic accidents was observed in Baltic States, three times lower mortality levels than that in Northern States. Between 2000 and 2009, there was a significant reduction (P<0.05) in mortality among children aged 1–14 yr in Southern-West countries and Western countries, 1–4 yr in Central and Eastern countries, and 5–14 yr in Northern countries. Mortality due to road traffic injury among boys was strongly associated with the level of urbanization. Both sexes showed strong negative correlations with the economic level and strong positive correlations with income inequality.
ConclusionAlthough in European countries the mortality of children due to traffic injury was considerably reduced, efforts should be made to educate and design a safe environment.
Keywords: Children, Road traffic injuries, Inequalities in health, Urbanization, Economic status} -
The Influence of Air Pollution and Clean Energy on Tuberculosis: The Moderating Role of UrbanizationBackground
Air pollution is one of the major threats to human health and well-being. This study aimed to explore the effect of renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions on tuberculosis (TB) incidences. It further investigates the moderating role of urbanization on the relationship between underlying factors and TB.
MethodsThe data of 183 countries over the period 2000 to 2014 were collected and a two-step system GMM technique was utilized to reduce the endogeneity issue. Additionally, we divided the sample into two sub-panels based on country risk for more robust estimates.
ResultsCarbon dioxide emissions increase the incidences of TB while renewable energy consumption could restrict these cases. On the other hand, urbanization is positively associated with TB in high-risk. System-GMM estimates also indicated that urbanization further strengthens the positive association between CO2 emissions and tuberculosis.
ConclusionClimate-friendly energy technologies, surveillance, and adequate city planning can act as effective mechanisms to improve public health.
Keywords: Renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, Urbanization, Tuberculosis, System-GMM technique} -
BackgroundIn this study, we used a variety of factors that affect urbanization in Iran to evaluate different provinces in Iran in terms of the level of urbanization.MethodsUsing information from census 2011, we collected data on 33 indicators related to urbanization in 31 provinces in Iran. To rank the provinces we used density-based hierarchical clustering scheme. To determine similarities or differences between the provinces, the square of the Euclidean distance dissimilarity coefficient; Ward’s algorithm was used to merge the provinces to minimize intra-cluster variance. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the variance between the variables used to rank the provinces in terms of different levels of urbanization. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.ResultsThe provinces in Iran were combined with each other in 30 stages and classified into four levels. Taking into account the variables used to rank the level of urbanization, Tehran, and Alborz provinces were at the highest level of urbanization. On the other hand, the provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan, Kerman, North Khorasan, South Khorasan, Hormozgan, and Bushehr were at the lowest level of urbanization.ConclusionIdentification of provinces at the same level of urbanization can help us to discover the strengths and weaknesses in the infrastructures of each of them. Given the differences between various levels of urbanization, the identification of factors that are effective in the process of urbanization can help to access more information required for designing plans for the years to come.Keywords: Urbanization, Province, Cluster analysis, Iran}
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تصور رایج آن است که «مراقبت از سلامت»، مفهومی قدیمی است که بشر، همواره، با آن درگیر بوده و بیمارستان، به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین نهادهای مرتبط با این موضوع، در طول تمدن بشری، به کار درمان انسان ها می پرداخته است؛ اما مطالعات تاریخی نشان می دهند که در دوره ی پیشامدرن، بیمارستان محلی برای درمان بیماران نبوده؛ بلکه کارکردی همچون نوانخانه برای فقرا و بیماران داشته است. در این مقاله می کوشیم تا دلایل این موضوع را از دو وجه بررسی کنیم؛ ابتدا، به بررسی وضعیت اجتماعی و اقتصادی می پردازیم که سبب چنین کارکردی برای بیمارستان در قرون وسطای میانه شد؛ سپس نشان می دهیم که از وجه پزشکی نیز، شیوه ی درمان بیماران در آن زمان، مبتنی بر پزشکی اخلاطی و رده بندی بود که نه تنها بیمارستان را محلی برای درمان نمی دانست، بلکه حتی آن را مانع درمان بیماری تلقی می کرد؛ ازاین رو، بیمارستان، به عنوان نوانخانه ای برای سالمندان، ازکارافتادگان و معلولان جنگی بود.
کلید واژگان: بیمارستان, پزشکی اخلاطی, پزشکی رده بندی, شهری سازی, قرون وسطی}It is a widely held belief that "health care" is an old concept. As one of the most important institutions dealing with this issue, the hospital has been treating human beings throughout human civilization. But historical studies show that, in the pre-modern era, the hospital was not for the treatment of patients. Its function was as a nursing home for the poor and patients. In this article, we attempt to examine the reasons for this in two ways. We first examine the socioeconomic conditions that led to this function for hospitals in the middle ages. We then show that the treatment of patients at that time was based on humorism and classification medicine, which was not only considered the hospital as a place of treatment but also considered it as a barrier to treatment. Therefore, the hospital served as a hospice for the elderly and disabled, and veterans.
Keywords: Hospital, Humorism medicine, Classification medicine, Urbanization, Middle ages} -
BackgroundThe world is experiencing the biggest wave of urban growth in history. The association between urbanization and health at the global level, as well as the role of air pollution, has not been studied. We aimed to examine the effect of urbanization on global health and the role of air pollution.MethodsUnbalanced panel data comprising 3, 093 observations of 163 countries for 1990–2012 from the World Bank database was used. An infinite distributed lag model was applied to estimate the contemporary and long-term effects of urbanization on health outcomes measured by mortality, under-five mortality, infant mortality, life expectancy at birth(all; female; and male).ResultsUrbanization was positively related to global health in the short term and long term. In the short run, 1% increase in urbanization was associated with reduced mortality, under-five mortality, and infant mortality of 0.05%, 0.04%, and 0.04%, respectively, as well as increased life expectancy of 0.01 year. The effects of urbanization were stronger for high-income countries. However, air pollution undermined the positive impacts of urbanization on health.ConclusionAlthough urbanization leads to improved global health, air pollution undermines the positive effects of urbanization on health. Developing sustainable urbanization practices is crucial for addressing the challenges of pollution caused by urbanization.Keywords: Urbanization, Global health, Air pollution}
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مقدمه
امید به زندگی ازجمله مهم ترین شاخص های بیانگر سلامت جامعه است که تحت تاثیر عوامل مختلف اقتصادی و اجتماعی می باشد؛ بنابراین مطالعه حاضر به بررسی اثر چرخه های تجاری بر امید به زندگی پرداخته است.
روش پژوهش: پژوهش این پژوهش یک مطالعه توصیفی - تحلیلی، از نوع گذشته نگر است که به بررسی اثر چرخه های تجاری، نرخ بیکاری، درصد مخارج سلامت و درصد شهرنشینی بر امید به زندگی طی سال های 2014 - 2000 پرداخته است. پس از گروه بندی کشورها بر اساس شاخص توسعه انسانی، تخمین مدل با استفاده از رهیافت اقتصادسنجی داده های تابلویی صورت گرفت که برای گروه اول و دوم از اثرات ثابت و گروه سوم از اثرات تصادفی استفاده شد.یافته هاچرخه های تجاری در کشورهای با شاخص توسعه انسانی بالا شامل ایران اثر مثبت بر امید به زندگی دارد و در دو گروه دیگر اثر معناداری ندارد. درصد مخارج سلامت در گروه اول و سوم اثر مثبت اما در گروه دوم اثر منفی بر امید به زندگی دارد. نرخ بیکاری در گروه اول اثر مثبت و در گروه دوم اثر منفی بر امید به زندگی دارد اما در گروه سوم رابطه معناداری ندارد. درصد شهرنشینی در همه گروه ها اثر مثبتی بر امید به زندگی دارد.
نتیجه گیریاثر چرخه های تجاری و شاخص های اجتماعی - اقتصادی بر امید به زندگی با توجه به شاخص توسعه انسانی متفاوت است. با توجه به اثر مثبت چرخه های تجاری بر امید به زندگی در گروه دوم شامل ایران؛ ایجاد اشتغال و رونق اقتصادی باعث افزایش امید به زندگی می شود.
کلید واژگان: چرخه های تجاری, امید به زندگی, مخارج سلامت, شهرنشینی, نرخ بیکاری, ?}IntroductionLife expectancy is one of the most important health indicators that is influenced by various economic and social factors; hence, this study examined the effect of business cycles on life expectancy.
MethodsThis survey is a retrospective descriptive – analytic study that examined the effects of business cycles, unemployment rate, percentage of health expenditures and urbanization on life expectancy in countries noted in the Iran vision plan 2025. After grouping the countries based on the HDI, model estimation was carried out using the panel's econometric approach. For the first and second groups, the fixed effects and for the third group, the random effect was used.
ResultsBusiness cycle in the countries with high HDI, including Iran, has a positive effect on life expectancy and it has no significant effect in the two other groups. The percentage of health expenditure in the first and third groups has a positive effect on life expectancy, but in the second group, has a negative effect. The unemployment rate has a positive effect in the first group and a negative effect in the second group on life expectancy, but in the third group, has no significant effect. The percentage of urbanization also has a positive effect on life expectancy in all groups.
ConclusionThe effect of business cycles and socioeconomic indicators on life expectancy varies according to HDI. Considering the positive effect of business cycles on life expectancy in the second group, including Iran, Increase employment rates and economic expansions will increase life expectancy
Keywords: business cycle, life expectancy, health expenditure, urbanization, unemployment rate} -
زمینه و هدفسرطان پستان، به عنوان شایعترین سرطان در بین زنان و دومین سرطان شایع جهان، هزینه های زیادی را بر نظامهای سلامت تحمیل کند. هدف مطالعه حاضر، بررسی میزانهای سرطان پستان در کشور ایران و استانهای آن و بررسی عوامل مرتبط با بروز سرطان پستان، با تمرکز بر محل زندگی و براساس آخرین داده های کشوری میباشد.
روش ومواداین مطالعه براساس آخرین اطلاعات در دسترس نظام کشوری ثبت سرطان در سال 1388 انجام گرفت. 8333 مورد سرطان پستان ثبت شده، شامل 259 مرد و 8074 زن مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. اطلاعات تکمیلی جمعیت شناختی، بر اساس سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن سال 1390 توسط مرکز آمار ایران استخراج و با کمک آن میزان بروز استاندارد شده سنی )ASR( Rate Standardized -Age کل کشور، استان ها، مراکز استانها و کلانشهرها )به صورت یک مجموعه( و قطبهای جغرافیایی کشور شامل شمال، جنوب، شرق، غرب و مرکز تعیین شد.یافته ها1/3% مبتلایان به سرطان پستان مرد بودند. میانگین )انحراف معیار( سنی در زنان مبتلا، 7/12( 5/50 و در مردان )4/15( 5/56 بود. میزان بروز استاندارد شده )ASR( کل کشور برای جمعیت زنان 6/24 در صد هزار و برای جمعیت مردان 82/0 در صد هزار بهدست آمد. بروز سرطان پستان از میزان 15 در صد هزار نفر در مناطق شهری تا 6/34 در کلانشهرها متغیر است. همچنین این میزان از حدود 1/18، 1/19، 7/19 به ترتیب در غرب، شمال و شرق ایران تا حدود 3/29 و 7/29 در جنوب و مرکز متغیر است. در ضمن، با افزایش میزان شهرنشینی، میزان بروز سرطان پستان نیز افزایش داشت )71/0 = r و 001/0 >P(.نتیجه گیریبا توجه به همبستگی قابل توجه بین شهرنشینی و بروز سرطان پستان در ایران، اقدامات سلامت عمومی جهت پیشگیری و غربالگری سرطان پستان با هدف شناسایی زودرس مبتلایان، در مناطق شهری ضروری می باشدکلید واژگان: سرطان پستان, بروز, ایران, اپیدمیولوژی, ثبت, شهرنشینی}Background And ObjectivesAs the most common neoplasm among females and the second most common cancer globally, breast cancer imposes enormous costs on health systems. This study aims to estimate levels of breast cancer in Iran and provinces, and examine correlates of incidence of breast cancer, focusing on place of residence, using the most recent nationally available data.
Material andMethodsThis study is based on a total of 8333 breast cancer cases (259 males and 8074 females) registered by Iran Cancer Registration System during a Persian year (March 21th 2009 through March 20th 2010). Complementary demographic data about the study population was obtained from the 2011 National Census, conducted by Iranian Statistical Center. The Age-Standardized Rate (ASR) of breast cancer was estimated for the overall population, the capital city of provinces, large metropolitan areas, and four categories of provinces located in the north, south, east, west, and center of Iran.ResultsOnly 3.1% of total 8333 breast cancer patients were men. The mean (SD) age of female and male participants were, respectively, 50.5(12.7) and 56.5 (15.4). The rate of breast cancer for the country was estimated at 33.1 cancers per 100,000 population, and the estimated rates for men and women was are respectively 24.6 and 0.82 per 100,000 population. The incidence of breast cancer in Iran varies from 15 cancers per 100,000 population in urban areas to 34.6 cancers in large metropolitan areas. Also, the estimated rate of breast cancers ranged from 18.1, 19.1 and 19.7 cancers in the west, north, and east of the country, respectively, to 29.3 and 29.7 cancers per 100,000 population in southern and central provinces of Iran. With rising the level of urbanization of provinces, the estimated rate of breast cancer increased (r=0.71, PConclusionGiven the strong correlation between the incidence of breast cancer and urbanization, especial preventative and screening health programs need to be designed and implemented in urban areas to detect suspected cases of breast cancer.Keywords: Breast neoplasms, Incidence, Iran, Registration, Urbanization} -
هدفهدف این پژوهش، بررسی رابطه ویژگی های جمعیت شناختی زندانیان در 7 استان کشور، با نوع و میزان جرم آنها بود.روشاین مطالعه به روش توصیفی در کلیه 2200 زندانی تازه وارد در دی و بهمن سال 1387 در 7 زندان بزرگ کشور (زاهدان، ارومیه، کرمانشاه، کرج، بندرعباس، یزد و گرگان) انجام شد. تحلیل ویژگی های فردی (سن، سطح سواد، بیکاری، فقر و محل زندگی) زندانیان در چارچوب نظریات ساختارگرایی و کارکردگرایی با کمک نرم افزار آماری SPSS 19 صورت گرفت.یافته هاافزایش سن و سطح تحصیلات زندانیان با ارتکاب به جرایم، به ویژه سرقت که بیشترین فراوانی را در میان جرایم به خود اختصاص داده، رابطه معکوس داشت وفقط در مورد کلاهبرداری رابطه مستقیم مشاهده شد. میزان جرم و ارتکاب مجدد آن با سطح تحصیلات و درآمد رابطه ای معکوس و با شهرنشینی و متارکه رابطه ای مستقیم داشت. ضرب و جرح و تصادفات رانندگی با شهرنشینی رابطه معکوس و کلاهبرداری و قاچاق مواد مخدر و همچنین سابقه تکرار آنها با شهرنشینی رابطه مستقیم داشت.نتیجه گیریعوامل جمعیت شناختی همچون سن و سطح تحصیلات و درآمد پایین در ارتکاب به جرایم به ویژه سرقت نقش قابل توجهی دارند. همچنین عامل محل سکونت نیز با ارتکاب انواع جرم نیز مرتبط است، به طوری که جرائم اعتیاد، قاچاق مواد مخدر و کلاهبرداری و تکرار آن بیشتر در میان شهرنشینان و ضرب و جرح و تصادفات رانندگی و تکرار آن در روستانشینان وقوع بیشتری دارند.کلید واژگان: جرم, جمعیت شناسی, زندان, انحرافات اجتماعی, شهرنشینی}Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of prisoners demographic features in 7 provinces of Iran with their crime type and level.Materials And MethodsThis descriptive study was performed in all 2200 newcomer prisoners of 7 great prisons of Iran (Zahedan¡ Urmia¡ Kermanshah¡ Karaj¡ Bandar Abbas¡ Yazd and Gorgan) during January and February 2009. The analysis of personal properties (age¡ level of education¡ unemployment¡ poverty and place of residence) of prisoners was done in the framework of structuralism and functionalism using SPSS 19 software.ResultsIncreasing the age and level of education of prisoners was inversely related to crimes¡ especially theft¡ which was the most frequent among the crimes¡ and only a direct relation to fraud was observed. The amount of crime and its re-engagement with the level of education and income was inversely related and was directly related to urbanization and intercourse. Traffic accidents and accidents with urbanization had a direct relationship with the reverse and fraudulent and drug trafficking¡ as well as the history of their repetition with urbanization.ConclusionDemographic factors such as age¡ education¡ and low income play a significant role in committing crimes¡ especially robbery. Also¡ the location agent is also linked to crime types¡ so that drug addiction¡ drug trafficking and fraud and repeat offenders are more likely to occur in the city¡ and driving accidents and accidents and repeat offenses in villagers.Keywords: Crime, Demography, Prison, Social Deviations, Urbanization}
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امید به زندگی یکی از مهم ترین شاخص های خلاصه مرتبط با عوامل مختلف اقتصادی، اجتماعی، زیست محیطی و غیره است و از آن به عنوان نشانگر اصلی سلامت یک جامعه یاد می شود. در این راستا پژوهش حاضر، با هدف بررسی تاثیر تورم، مخارج بهداشتی و شهرنشینی بر امید به زندگی در کشورهای منطقه ی خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا (MENA) انجام شده. آمار و اطلاعات مربوط به متغیرهای به کاربرده شده در پژوهش از لوح فشرده ی WDI2014 استخراج شده و روش اقتصادسنجی به کار برده شده در پژوهش، روش پنل دیتا بود. هم چنین، قلمرو زمانی پژوهش فاصله ی زمانی سال های 2000 تا 2012 و قلمرو مکانی پژوهش نیز کشورهای منطقه ی خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا (MENA) بود. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده از پژوهش، ضرایب هریک از متغیرهای الگو با مبانی نظریه ای هم خوانی داشته و یک واحد افزایش در متغیر تورم باعث کاهش 17/3 واحد در امید به زندگی و یک واحد افزایش در هریک از متغیرهای مخارج بهداشتی و شهرنشینی به ترتیب باعث افزایش 0/12 و 0/37 واحد در امید به زندگی می شود. از این رو با توجه به تاثیر مثبت مخارج بهداشتی و شهرنشینی بر امید به زندگی، پیشنهاد می شود که سیاست گذاران اقتصادی در این کشورها، با توجه ویژه به بخش بهداشت و درمان و افزایش آگاهی و اطلاعات مردم در استفاده از خدمات بیمه ای و غیره، زمینه را برای افزایش امید به زندگی و سلامتی مردم فراهم آورند و با توجه به تاثیر منفی تورم بر امید به زندگی، با سیاست های مناسب مانع از افزایش بی رویه ی قیمت ها شده و یا حداقل قدرت خرید مردم و به دنبال آن سلامت جسمی و روانی مردم را ارتقاء دهند.کلید واژگان: منطقه ی MENA, امید به زندگی, مخارج بهداشتی, تورم, شهرنشینی}Objective(s)Life expectancy is one of the most important summary measures and the main indicator of health. Accordingly, the objective of this research was studying the effect of inflation, health expenditure and urbanization on life expectancy in the Middle East and North Africa Countries (MENA).MethodsThis research was a causal-analysis by using panel data over the period of 2000 - 2012 for the countries of Middle East and North Africa.ResultsCoefficients for each of the variables in the model were consistent with the theoretical bases. So that, one-unit increase in the inflation has decreased life expectancy by 3.17 units and also one-unit increase in each of the variables of health expenditure and urbanization, have increased life expectancy by 0.12 and 0.37 units respectively.ConclusionGiven the positive impact of health expenditure and urbanization on life expectancy, special attention to the health sector and increasing public awareness on using insurance services is recommended. Also, with respect of the negative impact of inflation on life expectancy, it is suggested that by using appropriate policies, the policy makers prevent excessive price increases to provide the least purchasing power of people and therefore their physical and mental health.Keywords: MENA, Life Expectancy, Health Expenditure, Inflation, Urbanization}
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تامین، حفظ و ارتقاء سطح سلامت کودکان زیر یکسال به عنوان یک گروه آسیب پذیر در خدمات بهداشتی درمانی جایگاه ویژهای دارد. میزان مرگ ومیر کودکان زیر یکسال از جمله گویاترین شاخص های توسعه جوامع مختلف است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، برآورد رابطه بلندمدت بین مرگ ومیر کودکان زیر یکسال و عوامل فقر، شهرنشینی و تولید ناخالص داخلی سرانه در ایران در فاصله زمانی 1348 تا 1389 است. برای تحلیل موضوع از تابع عکس العمل ضربه ای و تجزیه واریانس بر اساس روش خودتوضیح برداری و آزمون هم انباشتگی جوهانسن جوسیلیوس استفاده شده است. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده از این روش، اثرگذاری ضرایب متغیرها بر اساس مبانی نظری مورد انتظار و از نظر آماری معنی دار بودند. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن است بود که در بلند مدت، یک درصد افزایش در فقر باعث افزایش 0/61 درصد در مرگ و میر کودکان زیر یکسال شده و یک درصد افزایش در هریک از متغیرهای شهرنشینی و تولید ناخالص داخلی سرانه به ترتیب باعث کاهش 2/04 و 4/43 درصد در مرگ ومیر کودکان زیر یکسال می-شود. هم چنین نتایج بر اساس ضریب جمله تصحیح خطا، حاکی از آن بود که در هر دوره حدود 0/07 از عدم تعادل کوتاه مدت، برای رسیدن به تعادل بلند مدت تعدیل می شود.ا:کلید واژگان: مرگ و میر کودکان, فقر, شهرنشینی, تولید ناخالص داخلی سرانه}Objective (s): This study aimed long-run relationship between mortality of infant under one year old and poverty, urbanization and GDP per capita in Iran over the period of 1969 to 2010.MethodsThe impulse response and variance decomposition based on vector auto regressive and Johansen-Juselius method was used to analyze the data.ResultsThe results indicated that the coefficients of all variables were significant and based on theoretical foundations. Findings also showed that, in the long run, one percent increase in the poverty increases the mortality of infant under one year old by 0.61 percent and one percent increase in the urbanization and GDP per capita lead to 2.04 and 0.43 percent decrease in the mortality of infant under one year old, respectively. The results based on error correction model also indicated that to achieve long-term balance, about 0.07 of short-run imbalances is adjusted in each period.ConclusionPoverty increases mortality of infant under one year old. The findings also showed that urbanization and increase in GDP per capita could decrease mortality of infant under one year old.Keywords: Infant mortality, Poverty, Urbanization, GDP Per Capita}
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Background
Accidents, such as domestic accidents, and the resulting injuries are presently a matter of concern in communities. Some factors such as urbanization cause an increase in the incidence of accidents for recognized and unrecognized reasons. The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of domestic accidents among a group of families who had migrated to the determined urban aria (Rafsanjan County, Kerman Province, Iran) and compare the results with that of urban families in the last year.
Materials And MethodsIn this descriptive study, we compared the 1-year incidence rate of domestic accidents among 115 families who had migrated to Rafsanjan County from rural areas and 100 families who had lived in Rafsanjan throughout their life. Data were collected during 3 years (2009-2012) using the study checklist during interview sessions. Families were recruited via urban health centers. All indoor accidents and injuries which were serious enough to require medical intervention were considered as domestic accidents. Data were analyzed in SPSS software using parametric and non-parametric tests.
ResultsThe mean age of injured individuals in migrated and urban families were 35.9 ± 18.7 and 30.7 ± 20.6, respectively. In addition, 22 cases of injuries were reported among urban families (1-year incidence rate = 220 cases per 1000 families) and 37 cases were reported among migrated families (1-year incidence rate = 322 cases per 1000 families). There was a significant difference between these incidence rates (P < 0.01).
ConclusionsOur finding showed that individuals who migrate to an urban area are at a higher risk of experiencing domestic accidents compared to those who are familiar with the urban lifestyle. This might be due to the novelty of the city lifestyle for those who have immigrated to the urban area from rural regions. More investigations are needed to shed more light on this phenomenon.
Keywords: Urbanization, accidents, Urban, Families, Community} -
BackgroundMultiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with unknown factor. The prevalence and incidence rate of this disease had an upward trend in many regions in the world such as Middle east and consequently in Iran over the recent years. As the risk factors of this increased trend and high-prevalence is unknown in Iran, the current study has been designed to evaluate the correlation between MS dispersal with urbanization, life style and industry, as an ecological research.MethodsThis retrospective study was designed as an ecological approach in 2011. Data were collected from three databases by high precision (CI95%) from national registry plans. The subjects of study were provinces of Iran (n=31). The linear regression was used to perform statistical analyses.ResultsThe obtained results indicated an ascendant trend of MS during the recent years, as the incidence of this disease reached from 26.24/100000 (CI95%) people in 2006 to 44.53/100000 (CI95%) in 2011. There is a direct correlation (P<0.05) between the percentage of urbanization and the percentage of male smokers with the prevalence of MS in provinces.ConclusionThe role of smoking was more highlighted in this study as a probable factor in increasing risk and causing MS disease. Urbanization could be introduced as an augmentative factor, but this is a combination of several complex factors that this effect must be appraised with smaller scale in other researches.Keywords: Ecological study, Industry, Life style, Multiple sclerosis, Urbanization}
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Aims
The first aim of this study was to estimating the percentage of land area that was affected by various levels of light pollution and secondary aim is to assess the light pollution growth.
Materials and MethodsThis study describes a methodology for modeling light pollution in Bojnord city, using geographical information systems and remote sensing technology. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) and Landsat TM5 images in 1991, 1999, 2005 and 2012 were used. The DMSP-OLS images were classified to six categories from null to very high. The Landsat images were applied in order to calculate the urban area and extraction urban border in 4 years.
ResultsThe results were showed that the light pollution area (km2) in very high category has increased 10.34, 2.73 and 15.94 km2 of the entire study area from 1991-1998, 1998-2005 and 2005-2012, respectively. While, in that periods of time, the null category area (km2) declined 23.19, 21.97 and 100.36 km2, respectively. In 2005 and 2012 about 92.8% and 86% of the total study area has been in the Null class. There was a direct association between urbanization, spatial development of urban areas and light pollution growth.
ConclusionsOne of the main reason for light pollution growth is declaring this region as capital city in 2005 and consequently, urban development and population emigration to capital.
Keywords: Bojnord, Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-Operational Linescan System geographical information systems, light pollution, urbanization} -
BackgroundThe prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as hypertension and diabetes including obesity has increased over the past few years in Iran. The increase in these diseases has been associated with increased urbanization and lifestyle changes. The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCD) is increasing in low and middle-income countries. The aim of this report is to address the threat of NCDs in the capital city of 6 big provinces of Iran.MethodsA community based cross sectional study was carried out between March 2010 to January 2011 in 6 province's capital cities (Isfahan, Karaj, Mashad, Shiraz, Tabriz, and Tehran). Participants were men and women of 30 years and older who had been screened through the National Diabetes Prevention and Control Program. BMI, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and lipids were measured.Results439406 cases (60% female & 40% male) were studied. The prevalence of pre-diabetes (13%), diabetes (13%), hypercholesterolemia (14%), hypertension (11%), overweight (27%) and obesity (20%) was higher than expected. Only 35% of participants were healthy.ConclusionThis study reveals a high prevalence of NCDs in urban living population in those capital cities. It also shows that increasing urbanization may be an important threat to public health regarding NCDs especially in developing countries. It is crucial to implement a comprehensive NCD program (across the life time) in the health system with a strong collaboration with all stakeholders (governmental and non-governmental sector, academic, research centers and scientific associations) in the community (Multisectoral Approaches).Keywords: Non, communicable disease, Risk factors, Urbanization, Iran}
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BackgroundBased on the previous national oral health survey in India, some variation was observed in oral health status and behavior between the urban and rural population. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the dental caries experience in deciduous dentition of 6‑year‑old urban and rural schoolchildren of Udaipur district and to evaluate the influence of socio behavioral characteristics on dental caries experience.Materials And MethodsA combination of multi stage and cluster sampling procedure was executed to collect a representative sample of 875, 6‑year‑old school children. Clinical examination for caries was conducted using dmft (decayed, missing and filled teeth) index. Socio ‑ demographic information was collected prior to clinical examination in addition to information on oral health behavior by personal interviews.ResultsOnly 7.8% children reported of brushing their teeth twice or more than twice daily. Rural children visited the dentist less often than the urban children (P < 0.05). Greater proportion of boys (62.2%) experienced caries than girls (55.1%), decayed component constituted a major contribution for dmft. Multivariate analysis demonstrated the influence of gender, urbanization, tooth brushing frequency, dental visits, parent’s education and occupation on caries occurrence.ConclusionsRural children and boys experienced greater caries than their urban and girl counterparts. Caries experience was related to the parent’s occupation and education. Moreover, caries occurrence was influenced by brushing frequency and dental visiting habits.Keywords: Dental caries, education of parent, occupation of parent, urbanization}
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