جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « انتقال » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Monkeypox (MPX) is an emerging zoonotic virus of the genus Orthopoxvirus that can occasionally be transmitted to humans. With globalization and high-speed spread around the world, MPX has distributed across continents, has risen to the top of the world concerns. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, recent outbreaks of the virus have raised concerns about serious comorbidities, and risks to the fertility of those affected. The virus can be transmitted through contact with an infected animal, virus-contaminated surfaces, or an infected person through body fluids (including vertical transmission), wounds, respiratory droplets, respiratory secretions, skin lesions, or significantly through semen and vaginal fluid. Understanding the pathophysiology will help determine the mechanism of action of monkeypox virus. Many questions about monkeypox remain unanswered. A deeper understanding of these issues will help develop preventive and therapeutic approaches to viral infertility and sexually transmitted infections. But since contamination of semen with other viruses can have adverse effects on male fertility, until all aspects of the disease are known, it is recommended to take precautions during sexual activity to reduce the risk of contracting monkeypox.

Clinical hand-off is a key factor in continuity of care and the most vital means of communication between nurses.

Considering the importance of improving the safety of patients this study aims to determine the effect of using the communication model ISBAR on the performance of nurses in the clinical hand-off patients with head or neck trauma in a selected hospital in Tehran.

This semi-experimental study was conducted with two control and intervention groups on 78 nurses working in a selected hospital in Tehran, , during the period of 2022-2023. Nurses were randomly assigned to either the test group (n=39) or the control group (n=39). Prior to the intervention, the researchers recorded the personal information and utilized a researcher-made checklist to assess the nurses’ performance based on the ISBAR model, which included the following five items: Identify, Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation. This assessment was conducted through the researcher’s observational evaluation using the checklist. The test group underwent training on how to use the ISBAR communication model in patients with head or neck trauma, which comprised 5 face-to-face training sessions lasting 90 minutes each. The control group did not receive any intervention from the researchers. Subsequently, the researcher completed the checklist again for both groups.

The initial clinical performance record scores of the nurses in the test and control groups (6.53±5.19 vs 7.11±5.60, P=0.724) showed no statistically significant difference before the intervention. However, following the intervention, the test group demonstrated a significantly higher score (96.27±4.41) compared to the control group (43.12±14.06, P<0.001). Additionally, the overall clinical performance score in the test group increased significantly after the intervention (P<0.001). In contrast, the control group’s average clinical performance post-intervention was significantly higher than
before the intervention (P=0.001).

The implementation of the ISBAR communication model improved nurses’ performance in Clinical Hand-off for head or neck trauma patients. Therefore, integrating communication skills training with other programs to enhance patient safety can elevate nurses’ performance and the quality of care.

More than 90% of people’s lives are spent indoors and indoor air pollution is the cause of more than 2.2 million deaths annually worldwide. Contrary to popular belief, the dangers of pollutants in enclosed spaces are greater than in open environments. In this study, the ability of the computer models to simulate flow behavior in the interior space of an industrial workshop was investigated to may check the satisfaction of the environmental standards

The flow pattern and flow mixing and dilution were investigated by developing a specific solver in OpenFOAM and comparing the results with the ex[perimental data.

Due to the initial buoyancy, the plume enters from the lower opening with high concentration and after diluting in indoor space, goes out from the roof opening. It is then observed that while there are no openings, the concentration of Carbon Monoxide in the breathing height of workers will reach the dangerous limit of (100 ppm <) in different models.

In this study, the concentration of Carbon Monoxide in the building’s interior space was estimated far higher than the maximum allowable centration mentioned in the standards. Therefore, the high level of pollution concentration in indoor spaces indicates the inadequacy of natural ventilation and the need for mechanical ventilation to could decrease pollution down to the breathing standard of ocupants.

In recent years, the widespread spread of the corona virus has had many legal, economic and cultural effects. As for these effects and the emergence of legal challenges arising from this, the current study entitled The approach of criminal law systems to the corona phenomenon as bioterrorism, based on library studies using a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative look at the possibility Measuring the prosecution and punishment of perpetrators of the spread or transmission of the corona virus from the perspective of the penal system of Iran and several other countries, as well as the international penal system.

This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

The findings of this study indicate that the corona virus has the potential to be used as a biological agent and as a tool to commit international crimes. In this case, from the perspective of the international criminal justice system, it will be possible to prosecute and punish the perpetrator in accordance with the provisions of the Statute of the International Criminal Court.

In some criminal systems, according to the law, the intentional spread and transmission of the corona virus can be an example of bioterrorism. However, in the Iranian criminal system, according to Article 286 of the Islamic Penal Code (1392), only the issuance of a corona (and not a transfer), on a large scale and with a specific Sunni, can be an example of bioterrorism. This legislative approach in the Iranian judicial system has limited the prosecution and punishment of perpetrators of the spread and transmission of deadly infectious viruses; therefore, at present, these persons can be prosecuted and punished mainly in the form of crimes against persons (according to the case of premeditated murder, unintentional murder and causing unintentional bodily harm.Please cite this article as:Ebrahimi M, Taheri Bojd MA, Chahkandinejad A. The Approach of Criminal Law Systems to the Corona Phenomenon as Bioterrorism. Medical Law Journal. 2022; 16(57): e50.

Infertility has various and innumerable causes, which pointing them out one by one is difficult and out of the scope of this paper. Infertility causes are different between males and females, and each case requires a separate and thorough research. The present study aimed to identify the male infertility causes.

This study was conducted using a qualitative method, which analyzed the infertile males' accounts regarding their problem. For this purpose, couples suffering from infertility were interviewed 13 times .In all these cases, men were responsible for infertility, but both men and women experienced the issues related to infertility. Interviews were analyzed using Glaser approach.

Various causes regarding male infertility were discussed, the most important of which was infertility as a consequence of previous diseases. Furthermore, in addition to the cultural view of women as the ones responsible for infertility, infertile males unconsciously, affected the fertility of their female partners, where ,in time they also became infertile.

In general, all the points discussed, were classified into five categories including: “genetic infertility,” “physiological infertility,” “gender stereotypes of infertility,” “reproduction of male infertility,” and “genesis of infertility,” from which the core concept of “the challenges of infertility”  was derived.

Coronavirus has a high transmissibility, and there are various ways to transmit it. Health forces must consider all possible routes of transmission. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of environmental factors in the spread of coronavirus.

This study was a systematic review. The articles were first selected according to the title related to the research objectives; then the abstract of the study articles and related articles were separated. Finally, after a thorough review of the articles, research related to the objectives of this study was selected. A total of 245 review sources were selected, and finally 63 sources were entered the study.

The coronavirus can be transmitted in different ways. Inanimate surfaces, water and sewage, air, and contaminated hands are important in this regard. The corona virus may remain in the contaminated water of the carrier for days to weeks. The highest concentration of corona virus was in the room air of infected patients. The coronavirus stays in the water contaminated with the corona carrier for a long time, and may be transmitted to other people.

Proper ventilation, disinfection of public places, observance of social distance, attention to water and waste hygiene, and personal hygiene should be considered to prevent the spread of coronavirus. Attention to prevention is the main concern of healthcare workers, and more attention should be paid to the role of them as the main lever in prevention.

One year after the appearance of the coronavirus, not only that, the attention to this important issue has not diminished but because of the problems it has created in the health and economy of countries, Prevention has become important. This study aimed to evaluate the awareness of a teaching hospital staff toward to covid-19.

This descriptive- analytical study was conducted in 2020. The statistical population of the study includes all the staff of the medical and non-medical wards of Razi Ghaemshahr Educational and Medical Center using the formula of estimating a ratio of the required number of samples size to 219 people. Data were collected using WHO questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS 22 software with Chi-square and t-test.

The level awareness of hospital staff to covid-19 was acceptable and at the moderate level (p< 0.001). Also, the awareness of non-medical staff was more than medical staff. There was statistically significant difference between the level of education and organizational position of staff to the level of awareness (p<0.005). But no difference regarding to age, sex and work experience and staff awareness (p>0.005).

Based on the results, it was found that the Covid 19 awareness of non-medical staff is Average, so it is suggested that senior policy makers and managers of educational and medical centers, Maintain this situation and Adopt programs to raise the awareness of medical and non-medical staff and be control Covid 19 disease better than before.

Trauma patients are the main emergency visitors in need of in-hospital transfer, who are exposed to a wide range of complications. This study was performed to evaluate intra-hospital transportation of trauma patients using a checklist.

This cross-sectional study was performed in AlGhadir Hospital, Abhar, Iran, from 2020 to 2021, on 216 adult trauma patients with triage levels 1, 2 and 3, who needed to be transferred to other wards or required transportation for undergoing diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Evaluations were made before, during, and after the transfer and the results and complications of transportation in these three stages were compared.

In this study, 216 patients with an average age of 18.9 ± 70.3 years were examined. Most of the admitted patients were male (74.1%), with emergency referral (83.3%), and presented following an accident (68.1%). Most transportations were performed for diagnostic purposes (52.3%) and in those with triage level 2 (69.4%). The transfer quality score was calculated to be 93.99% before the transfer, 84.65% during the transfer, and 91.02% after the transfer. Complications were observed in 14.36% of transfers, which included hypotension or hypertension, drop in arterial oxygen pressure, and hypothermia. In addition, most errors had occurred during the transfer and were related to not using monitoring (18.1%), pulse oximetry (17.6%), and not checking peripheral vein line (13.9%). The errors that occurred during the pre-transfer phase included not using pulse oximetry, monitoring, and face mask (1.9%) and those occurring in the post-transfer phase were not controlling Foley and nasogastric catheters (0.5%).

The findings of the study showed that the incidence rate of complications is high, especially during transfer. This can be used in analyzing the causes of errors and planning to increase the safety level of patients. Identification and management of risk factors in the transportation process ensures the safety of patients.

A contract of sale is the most common and important ownership contract by which the seller transfers the money to the buyer in return. Today, the contract of sale is used both in the domestic law of countries and in different societies and as a tool for trade. The expansion of the means of communication and the transportation industry has made the importance of the contract of sale more and more important. For this reason, the study of the ethical conditions of the contract of sale has been selected as the main purpose of the present study in order to examine the approach of the said contract in various areas of transfer, risk, guarantee of the parties, etc.

According to the approach of the present study, the descriptive-analytical method has been selected as the research method and information has been collected through documentary and library methods.

Satisfaction of the contract of sale is a moral and accepted principle between the parties, which is considered both in the domestic law of countries and in international and commercial laws and regulations; in a sale contract, as soon as the sale is realized, the buyer becomes the seller and the seller becomes the owner of the price. The principle of obligation as another moral principle in the contract of sale is that each of them, in exchange for legal life and influence from the other. Therefore, if one of the two is lost, it is released from the obligation, so the loss of the seller is imposed on the seller as a result of a coercive accident. Also, the existence and validity of the price is the basic principle and moral condition for the realization of the contract.

Transaction and commitment in the contract of sale due to the accompaniment of will and action, the existence of price and transfer of risk and ownership to the buyer has ethical aspects that in the absence of these conditions, is considered a formal transaction. By proposing "Delivery" as a turning point in legal systems that use a "conceptual approach" to sales and related issues, it has taken a step forward in which ownership and risk will both be transferred by Delivery. The above argument can be used to support the theory of risk transfer at the same time as Delivery and lead to the improvement of domestic and international transactions. From both a legal and a moral point of view, the acceptance of risk transfer, satisfaction and commitment of the parties can be considered as effective principles in benefiting from the contract of sale.

Introduction Purpose:

Covid-19 epidemic emerged with the advent of the new SRAS-CoV-2 coronavirus in December 2019 in China. The risks of Covid-19 have increased due to overcrowding and poor preparedness in prisons, So that many Prisons now reporting high rates of infection and transmission among prisoners. Therefore, considering the importance of the subject, the purpose of this study is to review the transmission and prevention of Covid-19 in prisons.

The present study was a traditional review. Articles were obtained by November 2020 by searching databases of Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Google scholar, using keywords such as Covid-19, Prison, Transfer, Prevention and Personal hygiene.

In places such as prisons due to high population density and limited access to health facilities, the risk of infection and transmission of coronavirus is higher. personal hygiene through frequent washing of hands with soap and water or the use of alcoholic disinfectants and the use of face masks are the most important principles of prevention. also, disinfection of the prison environment should be repeated frequently to significantly reduce infectious diseases.

Although it is not entirely possible to maintain social distance to reduce the rate of disease transmission in prisons, overcrowding can be reduced in some situations by more careful planning. Despite the importance of these cases, the most effective way to prevent the spread of this disease in prisons is to reduce the prison population.

Coronaviruses are important pathogens in humans and animals. In late 2019, a new coronavirus was identified as the cause of a group of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The disease spread rapidly, resulting in epidemics in China and reports of sporadic cases worldwide. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified COVID-19, which stands for Coronavirus 2019. The virus that causes COVID-19 has been identified as the Coronavirus virus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), formerly known as 2019-nCoV. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a name for the disease, and the virus that causes it is known SARS-CoV-2. The very rapid spread of the COVID-19 in China and in many other countries has caused fear among people across the world. The novel coronavirus outbreak declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020. Due to the fact that one of the ways of transmitting the coronavirus is through respiration, one of the most important ways to prevent coronavirus is to use personal protective equipment, including masks, so the knowledge around the use of masks by the general public prevention COVID-19 disease transmission is advancing rapidly. Policymakers require guidance on how to use masks and how to use them for people in the community to combat the COVID-19 disease pandemic. In this article, the relevant literature to inform multiple areas include transmission characteristics of COVID-19 disease, filtering characteristics and efficacy of masks and estimated population impacts of widespread community mask use were synthesized.

In this descriptive review study was examinesd all articles on mask wear and its effect on the prevention of transmission of pandemic diseases, including COVID-19 and influenza, which were published in Farsi and English. PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus and Embase databases were used to search for articles, focusing on the use of masks and the prevention of COVID-19 disease, and combining appropriate keywords (Masks, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Influenza, Epidemic, Prevention and Transmission) without restricting the type of study.

Corona virus size ranges from 80 to 160 nanometers, which can help in choosing the appropriate mask and respiratory protection. Anyone who comes in close contact (less than  of two meters away) with a person with respiratory symptoms (such as sneezing, coughing, etc.) is at risk for exposure to potentially infectious respiratory particles. A main route of transmission of COVID-19 disease is likely via small respiratory droplets, and is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals that come out in talking, coughing or sneezing. The most common droplet size is at least 5 to 10 micrometers. SARS-CoV-2 has a high transmission potential and its transmission rate to individuals is about 2.4. Disease spread was reduced by restrict contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing, contact tracing with appropriate quarantine and reduce the transmission probability percent act by wearing masks in public. The evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces the transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected droplets. Public mask wearing is most effective at stopping spread of the virus when compliance is high.  Therefore, one of the most important ways to prevent the coronavirus is to use personal protective equipment, including masks. The standard masks recommended by reputable organizations are surgical masks and N95 masks. The use of cloth masks is recommended as a last resort, and it has been stated that these types of masks are not part of personal protective equipment. Especially in people who are part of the medical staff and do patient care work. Because of the ability of these masks to protect the person is unknown, and caution should be exercised when using these masks. Ideally, these masks should be used with a protective device that covers the entire front of the face (chin and underneath) and both sides of the face. The N95 mask (American standard; equivalent to FFP2 in Europe) is recommended as a mask for health care workers who perform clinical care for patients with COVID-19 disease. So that if these people use these masks well and according to the instructions, they will not have any problems during the epidemic. In this article, the use of surgical and clean masks by medical staff in medical centers to prevent Rhinovirus infection is recommended and similar studies show that fabric masks have less filtration to the rhinovirus. The results of the above study on the use or non-use of fabric masks in the community cannot be used to control the source of coronavirus, which is a seasonal coronavirus. Another point is that wearing a mask as a source control is largely a cessation of this process, as large droplets become smaller particles suspended in the air that can spread more into the air. Homemade masks have the ability to filter out the normal range of droplets, just as they are effective in blocking droplets and particles, meaning that these masks help keep the droplets from spreading in space. There is no RCT study to evaluate the effect of masks on social transmission during a coronary heart disease. While there is evidence of a flu outbreak, the current global epidemic is a unique challenge. According to a conservative assessment of COVID-19, the initial rate of proliferation is estimated at 2.4. If the mask is used and the efficiency of the mask is 50%, this amount will be reduced to 1.35.The spread of the disease. If the spread of the disease is completely stopped, the initial rate of proliferation will be less than one. As a result, the spread of the disease ends in the community. Wearing a mask may be critical to preventing a second wave of infection in the health care system - more research is needed.

A review of the use of masks in this article showed that proper use of masks at the community level has a significant impact on reducing the rate of disease transmission among people in the community. Non-medical masks use substances that prevent the release of droplets of the required size. Non-medical masks are very effective in reducing the transmission of influenza. The results show that non-medical masks are effective in small trials in blocking coronavirus transmission and in areas and periods when the use of masks was required and widely used; the transmission of the disease has decreased in the community. People are usually infected in the early period after infection, which usually has few or no symptoms during this period. It is also suggested that the general use of cloth masks is more effective than other health strategies, distance and patient diagnosis strategies in reducing the rate of disease transmission. It is suggested that government officials and relevant organizations strongly encourage the use of masks by the public and crowded environments as a requirement to reduce disease transmission. To reduce the transmission of respiratory viral disease, the following interventions should be preferred, preferably in combination:- Frequent washing with or without side disinfectants - Create a retainer such as using gloves, clothing and a mask equipped with a filter - Identify suspicious individuals by isolating possible cases However, it has been warned that long-term routine administration of some of the evaluated measures may be contagious without the threat of disease. Health officials need to provide specific guidelines for the production, use and disinfection or reuse of facial masks and to review their distribution on a regular basis so that they do not become deficient. According to the precautionary principle, the positive effect of wearing a public mask is "scientifically acceptable but unclear." While researchers may logically disagree about the degree of reduction and flexibility of the transfer rate, it seems that the relatively low benefits due to the exponential distribution of the transfer process can be collectively profitable. Models show that wearing public masks is most effective in preventing the spread of the virus when acceptance is high. This is the situation we see with vaccines.Therefore, the use of masks should be done extensively with confidence based on this principle in society. All countries suggest that masking is a low-risk but highly potentially positive action, so that many countries with a high prevalence of the disease have been able to reduce mortality with the widespread use of masks. It is recommended that governments apply the requirements for the use of masks, and that organizations that provide public services, such as public transport providers or stores, apply the rules: "Without masks, no services are provided." These rules should be accompanied by measures to ensure that people have access to masks, possibly without problems in the mechanisms of distribution and storage of masks, and to focus on the benefits of public health. Health officials also need to provide specific guidelines for the production, use and disinfection or reuse of face masks, and review their distribution on a regular basis to avoid deficiencies. Also, clear and applicable guidelines can help increase public acceptance of the use of masks at the community level and reduce communities to the goal of ultimately stopping the spread of COVID-19.

Natural or human-made disasters are the main reasons for hospital evacuation. Health officials must pre-plan hospital programs for complete or partial evacuation and establish an optimal management structure for the area of ​​operation. In the present study, we outlined some points for dealing with the possibility of hospital discharge. Despite the high risk of the evacuation of intensive care units in crises, service providers in these wards unfortunately do not receive adequate training on the safe and effective evacuation of intensive care units.

The present study aimed to determine the extent of readiness of hospitals to evacuate and transfer patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit in accidents and disasters.

In the present review study conducted in 2019, a protocol for evacuating patients in the intensive care unit during disasters has been studied. PubMed and Scopus databases were reviewed. For this purpose, the keywords Disaster, Evacuation, and Intensive Care Unit were used. Then, databases were searched with the help of keywords.

In the present study, fifteen steps have been considered for before, during, and after the evacuation of an intensive care unit during disasters. These steps are introduced as a protocol according to the papers reviewed.

While patients are at risk, the hospital manager often decides on how evacuate facilities for protecting patients and staff. Hospital evacuation had a dramatic effect on staff, family members, the community, and even the country, as well as the consequences for patients. Successful evacuation of the ICU in the event of a disaster requires readiness, participation, effective communication, and leadership by special care providers.

Transferring a premature infant from the hospital to home is a burden for the family. One of the most important goals of the health system is to facilitate the transition of the infant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the presence of a support nurse on the safe transition of premature infants from the hospital to home.

This clinical trial was performed in the presence of 60 mothers of premature and very premature infants (26-35 weeks) discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit of a hospital in Isfahan (2018). Mothers were randomly assigned to control and intervention groups. Data collection was done through a questionnaire and a researcher-made checklist. The intervention included the presence of a support nurse from the time of discharge, who accompanied them along the way, and stayed at their home for 1 to 3 hours. The nurse supported the family by training and performing the required care. The effect of the nurse s presence on the variables of home environment, infant health status and safe transition conditions was evaluated and compared.

Based on the results of the study, the mean score of home environment (87.73±10.45) and the mean score of safe transition (83.79±17.90) in the control group were higher more than the intervention group (81.45±16.49 and 80.77±16.52, respectively). The mean score of infant health status was the same in the two groups.

The results of the study showed that mothers were well empowered in intensive care units and discharge instructions have been able to provide safe transition for premature infants.

The emergence of a novel coronavirus causing acute respiratory syndrome called coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in late 2019 in China has now become a global concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) in January 2020 declared the novel coronavirus outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern. The morphology and chemical structure of the novel coronavirus are very similar to other human coronaviruses, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS).

This narrative review was conducted from March to April 2020. Keywords of Coronavirus, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, Environment, Air, Disinfection, Water, and Wastewater were searched in important databases including PubMed, Science direct, and Google scholar. In this review, environmental factors affecting the transmission of coronaviruses were investigated with emphasis on survival and resistance in different environments as well as appropriate disinfectants for inactivation of the viruses.

According to the collected evidence about the novel coronavirus and other human coronaviruses, the virus is transmitted directly through oral and nasal secretions and respiratory droplets, as well as indirect transmission through the contact of virus-contaminated hands to the mucous membrane of nose and eyes.

Because of the lack of definitive medical treatment for the novel coronavirus and the role of environment in transmission of the virus, prevention of virus transmission via protection of environmental health and cutting off the transmission chain is essential.

FSH is a heterodimeric glycoprotein that performs an important role in the regulation of reproductive processes. Over the past decades, injectable gonadotrophins have played a leading role in the treatment of infertility. The production of FSH in the country is one of the main goals around this drug. The aim of this study was to produce a semi- industrial recombinant FSH.   In this research study, the FSH gene contained within the pVITRO2-neo-mcs vector was transfected into the cell line of CHO after transformation in DH5α and plasmid purification. The amount of FSH in cell supernatant was measured by ELISA. The FSH protein was purified by HPLC. The presence of FSH protein after purification was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting methods. Finally, the clinical effects of purified FSH on the ovary in the rat model were investigated.   The expression of the protein was determined by ELISA test at 450 nm that was 43.538 mIU/ml. In the HPLC purification step, the FSH peak was observed at a time interval of about 7.9 minutes, and the purification efficiency was 70%. The existence of a 45 KDa band on the pvdf membrane was confirmed after western blotting of FSH.  Increasing the weight of the ovary after the injection has confirmed the functionality of the protein.   At present, the production of recombinant hormone is one of the basic needs of every country. In order to arrive at this aim, a long-term planning is required. We are trying to pave the way for producing human FSH hormone as an effective recombinant drug in the treatment of infertility.

Aim and Due to the central role of working memory in general cognition, in recent years, programs for enhancing working memory capacity are of high interest for researchers from different areas in psychology. The purpose of the present research was to study the effects of enhancing working memory capacity using simple span tasks on near and far transfers in male adolescents with low working memory capacity.
Methods and Materials: 30 adolescents from high schools in Damghan City, Iran, who had low working memory capacity were voluntarily chosen and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Participants in the experimental group received training in simple span working memory tasks in 20 sessions. Tasks used for pre- and post-tests and follow-up assessments included the Wechsler numeral auditory and visual working memory span tasks and the N-back working memory updating task.
Findings: Working memory training using simple span tasks led to improvement of auditory working memory (P This research provided evidence for near transfer in some tasks when simple span tasks are used for training; however, no significant effect was obtained in far transfer tasks.

Background and One of the basic and new explanations for the treatment of learning disabilities is the model of executive functions.The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of executive functions (transfer, inhibition, updating, continuous functioning and planning-organizing) in predicting the learning performance of students with learning disabilities.
The present study is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population consisted of all primary school students with learning disabilities in Mashhad in the academic year of 2016-2017. 116 students were selected through a random sampling method. Wisconsin test (Heaton et al., 1993), the stroop complex assignment (Stroup, 1935), the London tower test (Shallis, 1982), the working memory test (Wechsler, 2003), and continuous performance test (Rooseveld et al, 1956) were used as research tools. To evaluate the predictive power of academic performance through the variables of executive actions, the LaserL structural model was used.
The results showed that the model is fitted with research data. The results of structural analysis showed that among executive functions, response inhibitory variable and active memory have a greater role in predicting the academic performance of students with learning disabilities in reading, writing and math (p Based on the results of this study, executive functions such as responsive inhibition, working memory, and mental flexibility are required as cognitive activities in reading, writing, and mathematics, which should be considered in the educational and rehabilitation curriculum of these students.