جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Ammonia » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

 Composting process as a biological method in waste management has many problems including odor emission. Ammonia, volatile organic compounds and hydrogen sulfide are factors that cause odor. The purpose of this study is to review studies on odor emission and strategies of reducing odor emission in the composting process.

 In this study, the keywords including Odor compost, Food waste composting, Odor emission composting process and Odor composting were searched in scientific databases such as Google scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PrpQuest and PupMed. As a result of this search, more than 200 articles were identified and extracted.

 The results of the investigated studies showed that the major components of odorous gases in the composting process are ammonia gases, hydrogen sulfide and VOCs. Studies on controlling and reducing the emission of odorous gases from the composting process are included in two groups: improvement of the composting process by adjusting environmental conditions and using additives with the aim of reducing odor production.

 The review of studies showed that by adjusting the physical and chemical factors of the composting process, it is only possible to reduce only one of the odorous gases, and due to the composting process is a biochemical procedure and the sensitivity of microorganisms, as well as the production mature fertilizer, the adjustment of the composting conditions is limited and the operable range is very narrow so principally, this method is difficult to control odor in practice. Therefore, the use of additives is suggested as a suitable strategy to control odor emission in the composting process. These additives reduce the odor emission in the composting process by creating porosity, gas absorption, and gas precipitation. 

Food and sports supplements are used by athletes all over the world, and correct and optimal consumption improves performance and prevents sports injuries. In this regard, creatine and ginseng supplements can be effective on physiological indicators and sports performance. Therefore, considering that no research has been done on the use of these supplements on blood indicators on fencers. The present study compares the effect of creatine and ginseng supplements on blood ammonia, HDL, LDL and homocysteine indices of the male players of the Iranian Epe fencing team.

In the present study, 14 male players of the Epe national fencing team were divided into two creatine supplement groups (7 people) and ginseng supplement group (7 people). Subjects in two groups performed their normal exercises with the team during the research, and on the day before the measurement, after a specific activity in a sitting position, blood was taken from the arm vein of the subjects by a specialist. The statistical significance difference was determined at the level of P ≥ 0.05 and ANCOVA test was used to determine the differences between groups and the data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 25.

This article was approved by the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch (Code: IR.IAU.SHAHROOD.REC.1400.073).

The results showed that after six weeks, there is a significant difference between the creatine and ginseng groups in the blood indices of ammonia, LDL, HDL and homocysteine (P≥0.05). so that the average of creatine supplement group in ammonia, LDL, HDL and homocysteine index in terms of mg/dL respectively (2.56±0.83, 1.16±0.33, 7.45±0.48, 8.89±0.18) and Gensing group (2.05±0.29, 1.46±0.78, 8.11±0.27, 7.63±0.45).

The results showed that there is a significant difference in the average of blood ammonia, HDL, LDL and hemocytin between the creatine supplement group and the ginseng supplement group. Therefore, the role of ginseng supplement in reducing blood ammonia and homocysteine and in increasing HDL was more than that of creatine supplement, and the role of creatine supplement in reducing LDL was more than that of ginseng supplement. So it can be concluded that the role of ginseng supplement in the changes of blood ammonia, homocysteine and HDL is more than the role of creatine supplement.

Food and sports supplements are used by athletes all over the world, and correct and optimal consumption improves performance and prevents sports injuries. In this regard, creatine and ginseng supplements can be effective on physiological indicators and sports performance. Therefore, considering that no research has been done on the use of these supplements on blood indicators on fencers. The present study compares the effect of creatine and ginseng supplements on blood ammonia, HDL, LDL and homocysteine indices of the male players of the Iranian Epe fencing team.

In the present study, 14 male players of the Epe national fencing team were divided into two creatine supplement groups (7 people) and ginseng supplement group (7 people). Subjects in two groups performed their normal exercises with the team during the research, and on the day before the measurement, after a specific activity in a sitting position, blood was taken from the arm vein of the subjects by a specialist. The statistical significance difference was determined at the level of P ≥ 0.05 and ANCOVA test was used to determine the differences between groups and the data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 25.

This article was approved by the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch (Code: IR.IAU.SHAHROOD.REC.1400.073).

The results showed that after six weeks, there is a significant difference between the creatine and ginseng groups in the blood indices of ammonia, LDL, HDL and homocysteine (P≥0.05). so that the average of creatine supplement group in ammonia, LDL, HDL and homocysteine index in terms of mg/dL respectively (2.56±0.83, 1.16±0.33, 7.45±0.48, 8.89±0.18) and Gensing group (2.05±0.29, 1.46±0.78, 8.11±0.27, 7.63±0.45).

The results showed that there is a significant difference in the average of blood ammonia, HDL, LDL and hemocytin between the creatine supplement group and the ginseng supplement group. Therefore, the role of ginseng supplement in reducing blood ammonia and homocysteine and in increasing HDL was more than that of creatine supplement, and the role of creatine supplement in reducing LDL was more than that of ginseng supplement. So it can be concluded that the role of ginseng supplement in the changes of blood ammonia, homocysteine and HDL is more than the role of creatine supplement.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes vascular wall damage and poor wound healing due to the excessive accumulation of glucose. Various investigations have been performed on increasing the diabetic wound healing rate. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Ammonia single-cell eukaryote extract in Zinex ointment compared to silver sulfadiazine ointment on increasing the diabetic wound closure rate.

This study was performed on 54 BALB/c transgenic mice. For type 2 diabetes induction, the animals were fed a high-fat diet for two weeks and followed by a single dose of Streptozotocin (STZ) (30 mg/kg) injection intraperitoneally. The excisional wound was created using the excisional wound splinting model and a biopsy punch. For diabetic wound treatment, 10% Ammonia extract in Zinex ointment and 1% silver sulfadiazine ointment were used every three days. Glucose and insulin serum levels were measured using a glucometer and an ELISA kit, respectively. Histopathological examinations were also performed using H&E methods.

Macroscopic observations indicated an increase in the wound closure rate in the Ammonia extract group compared to the other groups. Also, histopathological results showed a significantly decreased inflammation and increased re-epithelialization in the Ammonia extract treatment group compared to the silver sulfadiazine treatment and control groups. 

The results showed that Ammonia extract in Zinex ointment could improve the closure rate and re-epithelialization in diabetic rat wounds through inflammation reduction.

Ammonia is a colorless gas with a pungent and corrosive odor that can cause serious damages to human health and the environment. Ammonia is used in the industries of pharmacology, tanning, and silvering mirrors and the production of military explosives. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of inexpensive adsorbent obtained from the walnut shell in the surface absorption of ammonia from water and the parameters affecting it.

In this quasi-experimental interventional study, charcoal of walnut shell was used and the effects of carbonization temperature, pH, ammonia concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time on the adsorption of ammonia from the aqueous medium were investigated. Ammonia concentration was measured by a spectrophotometer at 640 nm. More than 712 samples were analyzed for this study.

In this study, the highest efficiency of ammonia removal from an aqueous medium was obtained at optimal pH 8, carbonization temperature of 850°C, and adsorbent dose of 20 g/l. According to the obtained adsorption capacity, the optimal concentration for ammonia removal was considered 60 mg/l. The results showed that the experiments followed the Freundlich isotherm (R²=0.9949). Kinetic studies also indicated a higher correlation with the first-order equation.

Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that the adsorbent obtained from the walnut shell, as a natural adsorbent, is able to remove a relatively desirable amount of ammonia from aqueous medium and is recommended for other environmental pollutants due to its high adsorption capacity.

Pulmonary consequences of exposure to low concentrations of ammonia have been less studied. The purpose of this study was to model the pulmonary consequences of exposure to low concentrations of ammonia.

This historical cohort study was conducted in the fertilizer industries in 2019. The participants were divided into two groups of exposed (n=98) and non-exposed (n=105). The exposure level, pulmonary symptoms, and pulmonary function parameters were assessed using the NMAM 6016 and American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory society (ATS&ERS) protocols. Data analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS v. 22.0, and multivariate linear and logistic regression models.

The ammonia exposure level was 4.80±1.54 ppm in the exposed group. There was no significant difference in most of the individual variables between the two groups (P>0.05). The frequency of all pulmonary symptoms was significantly higher in the exposed group compared to the non-exposed group (P<0.05). The highest prevalence of pulmonary symptoms in the exposed group was for cough (25.51%), wheezing (19.39%) and shortness of breath (18.37%). All lung function parameters were significantly lower in the exposed group versus the non-exposed group (P<0.05). The values of lung function parameters in the exposed group including FVC, FEV1 and FEV1 / FVC were 86.0%, 82.47% and 81.97%, respectively. Regression modeling results showed that ammonia exposure had a significant relationship with all pulmonary symptoms and lung function parameters (P<0.05).

The findings indicated that exposure to low concentrations of ammonia should be considered as a major risk factor in the prevalence of pulmonary symptoms and reduced lung function parameters.

Ammonia is a toxic gas and is used as a refrigerant due to its special thermodynamic properties. This study was designed to evaluate the toxic effects of ammonia leakage in an industrial refrigerator.

The present study was conducted in an industrial refrigerator in 2019. Due to its widespread use in industrial refrigerators, reservoirs containing ammonia gas were selected as the center of hazards. Given the potential damage of this chemical, only the toxic dimension of this gas was evaluated. Also, owing to the importance of determining the extent of human vulnerability, the scenarios were evaluated in the worst condition and in the case of the catastrophic rupture of reservoirs. Consequences modeling of selected scenarios was performed using PHAST 7.2 software.

The obtained concentration profiles showed that during the first and last six months of year, reservoir 1 with up to respectively 570.20 and 349.09 meters beyond it in the wind direction, located on the ERPG3 level, according to ERPG (Emergency Response Planning Guidelines) levels. Likewise, in reservoir 2 between 891.05 and 556.74 m from the reservoir, during the first and last six months of the year, located on the ERPG3 level, respectively.

Catastrophic rupture of ammonia tanks and its dispersion into the environment can cause a high mortality rate. Therefore, implementation of preventive programs such as emergency response planning appropriate to the potential hazards of ammonia gas, development of a comprehensive risk management plan, determining the correct location of reservoirs following the results of consequence modeling, etc. can be effective steps in reducing the consequences in the case of such accidents.

Ammonia, chloroform, and diethyl ether are the three most commonly used solvents in sample preparation and extraction processes in forensic laboratories (especially forensic toxicology laboratory). The staffs of these labs are notably exposure to these solvents. Exposure to these solvents can have deleterious effects, such as hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occupational exposure of Bushehr forensic laboratories staff to these solvents.
Materials & This experimental research was performed in a cross-sectional study in 2017. Sampling was conducted individually for two consecutive weeks using individual sampling pump and adsorbent tubes. Analysis the amount of chloroform and diethyl ether was conducted using gas Chromatography with flame-ionization detector, and analysis the amount of ammonia was conducted using Spectrophotometer at 660 nm. Weight-time averages of exposure were also calculated using the relevant formulas.
Weight-time averages of exposure to chloroform, diethyl ether and ammonia in the extraction section of the laboratory on days without sample extraction were 0.021, 0.0017 and 0.17ppm, respectively and on the days with sample extraction were 7.02 32.25 and 3.63ppm, respectively. There was a significant difference between the amount of staff exposure on the days of extraction and days without extraction (p<0.05). The weight-time average of exposure for all solvents (except chloroform) was less than their allowed limitation by the country.
However, exposure levels of staffs of forensic medical laboratories in Bushehr is lower than the allowed limitation by the country, but in some cases (especially chloroform), these exposures are at the warning range.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complicated brain disorder that has resulted from the liver failure. In HE, due to the inability of the liver in detoxification, the concentration of toxins, such as ammonia, will be increased in the blood and brain. To preserve neurons from the adverse effects of ammonia, astrocytes convert it to glutamine. The increase in glutamine, in turn, alter osmotic pressure and the volume of the interstitial fluid in the brain. On the other hand, the increase in ammonia level also excites immune cells in the brain and induces neuroinflammation. The high levels of ammonia and subsequent neuroinflammation alter neurotransmitter levels, which in turn induce cognitive dysfunctions, including learning and memory impairments as well as locomotion and coordination disorders. Glutamate and GABA and the downstream signaling cascades are the main molecular pathways that are affected in HE. According to the latest molecular data, it can be concluded that different signaling molecules downstream to the neurotransmitters receptors, such as Ca2+-dependent kinases including protein kinase C and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, mitogen-activated protein kinases and inflammatory cytokines, are proposed as the effective molecules in pathogenesis as well as potential targets for controlling and treatments of HE in the future. Considering the multidimensional appearance of HE, it can be proposed that a complex of treatment strategies, including the use of lowering ammonia level agents, effective antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and a balance in protein intake can effectively control the symptoms of HE.

The most important goal of modeling is to acquire knowledge about the real system's behavior. Toxic leakage in process and chemical industries is likely to be one of the main causes of working people and residents around these industries. In this study, the ammonia liquid release from storage reservoir in one of the southern refineries was investigated and analyzed using of ALOHA software. This research was modeled on three scenarios: 1. modeling the formation of toxic vapor clouds 2. Modeling the flammable environment 3. Modeling the toxic explosive atmosphere. Based on the results of this modeling, the concentration of ammonia is 1100, 5 km around the reservoir (red range). The area around the reservoir (orange range) is about 160 miles (about 10 km) from the area. In the event of full leakage of ammonia from the reservoir up to 500 m, the ammonia concentration is about 90000, which is about 60% of the minimum flammable concentration of ammonia gas and up to about 1.7 km of the ammonia concentration tank of 15000, which is about 10% of the minimum flammable gas concentration Ammonia. In the event of a supersonic explosion, the explosive wave pressure is approximately 700 meters from the reservoir equivalent to Psi 8, which can cause serious damage to the buildings. According to the results of modeling, ammonia toxicity is the most important threat to personnel. Therefore, inspections in accordance with the company's proposal on ammonia repositories and emergency response plans will have an effective role in limiting the harmful effects of toxic and dangerous emissions.