جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Antibiogram » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a healthcare-associated infections agent and could be an extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producer. Understanding the transmission of this bacterium in a hospital setting needs accurate typing methods. An antibiogram is used to detect the resistance pattern of the isolates. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR are rapid, technically simple, and easy-to-inter- pret DNA typing methods. This study aimed to evaluate the use of antibiotyping, RAPD-, and ERIC-PCR to investigate the heterogeneity of K. pneumoniae isolated from clinical specimens.

The antibiograms of 46 K. pneumoniae clinical isolates were determined by Vitek® 2 Compact. All isolates underwent RAPD-PCR using AP4 primer and ERIC-PCR using ERIC-2 primer. The dendrogram was generated using the GelJ software and analyzed to determine its similarity. The analysis of antibiogram and the molecular typing diver- sity index was calculated using the formula of the Simpson’s diversity index.

About 71.7% of the isolates were ESBL-producers, and more than 80% of isolates were susceptible to amikacin, ertapenem, and meropenem. The antibiotyping produced 32 diverse types with DI = 0.964. In addition, the RAPD-PCR produced 47 different types with DI = 1, while ERIC-PCR was 46 (DI=0.999).

Antibiotyping, RAPD- and ERIC-PCR showed powerful discrimination power among the isolates, supported the diversity of K. pneumoniae isolates in current study. These combination could be promising tools for clonal relationship determination, including in tracking the transmission of the outbreak’s agent in hospital setting.

 Detecting the source of a potential outbreak of multidrug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii is necessary to be investigated. This study aimed to detect the possibility of A. baumannii outbreak in a hospital setting using a combination of random amplified polymorphism DNA- polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), antibiograms, and the presence of oxacillinase genes.

 The antibiogram of 31 clinical isolates and six environmental isolates of A. baumannii were determined by Vitek® 2 Compact. Oxacillinase genes (OXA-23, -24, -51, and -58) were detected by PCR, and RAPD-PCR was conducted using DAF-4 and ERIC-2 primers. The Similarity Index and dendrogram were generated using GelJ v2.3 software.

 The antibiograms showed that all MDR A. baumannii isolates has very limited susceptibility to cephalosporins, but mostly susceptible to tigecycline. All isolates were positive for blaOXA-51-like gene, thirty-two of 37 total isolates (86.5%) were positive for blaOXA-23-like gene, and none were positive for blaOXA-24-like and blaOXA-58-like genes. RAPD-PCR showed that the DAF-4 primer on average had more band visualization and lower Similarity Index’s variation compared to the ERIC-2. The discriminatory power of DAF-4 was 0.906. There was a significant correlation between the DAF-4 dendrogram pattern with the antibiogram (r=0.494, p<0.001) and the presence of blaOXA-23-like gene (r=0.634, p<0.001) from all ICU A isolates. Six out of fourteen ICU A isolates belonged to the same cluster with >95% Similarity Index, while one clinical isolate having an identical dendrogram and antibiogram pattern with an environmental isolate within this cluster.

 There is a high probability of MDR A. baumannii outbreak within ICU A detected by multiple analysis of RAPD-PCR, antibiogram and the blaOXA-23-like gene profiles. This combinatorial approach is conceivable to mitigate possible outbreak situations of A. baumannii in the local hospital without sophisticated microbiology laboratory.

Isolation, identification and selection of the best Lactobacillus with probiotic activity from local dairy products of Gilan province. In this study, 30 isolates obtained from local dairy products in rural areas of Gilan were identified microbiologically and biochemically. The probiotic characteristics of the strains were determined and antagonistic activity of the extract of Lactobacillus isolates against five pathogenic bacteria by the well method in agar, and antibiogram by the disk diffusion method and finally the isolates were identified based on the 16SrRNA sequence. Among the isolates, four strains with the best results in terms of probiotic performance were identified. In the investigation of antimicrobial activity, the isolates were able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Uropathogenic Escherichia coli, but they had no significant inhibitory effect on the growth of Bacillus cereus. Antibiogram results showed that all four strains were resistant to vancomycin and gentamicin but sensitive to ampicillin. None of the isolates showed hemolytic activity. Only two strains showed a clear band in the genomic analysis of 16srRNA by PCR method. The affinity of the strains indicated Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus. The extract of these two strains without neutralization and catalase enzyme showed the best activity against common pathogenic bacteria. According to the available results, our strain can be used as a suitable candidate as a supplement in the prevention and biological treatment of some clinical cases in laboratory and in vivo conditions with further research.

The burden of bacteremia in febrile cases is still poorly understood in Nigeria as in many sub-Saharan African countries due to diagnostic limitations. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella bloodstream infections and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates recovered from febrile patients in Lagos, Nigeria.

A total of 300 blood samples were collected from febrile patients attending four medical centers in Lagos during August 2020 to July 2021. Clinical isolates were identified using API 20E kit. qPCR was used to detect Salmonella isolates in positive blood culture samples using a specific primer set. All isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests using standard procedures.  

  Totally, 55 bacterial isolates belonging to six bacterial genera were identified, including Salmonella (n=4, 7.27%), Klebsiella species (n=23, 41.82%), Escherichia coli (n=6, 10.91%), Proteus species (n=13, 23.64%), Serratia species (n=7, 12.73%), and Citrobacter species (n=2, 3.64%). In this study, the detection rate of Salmonella isolates in positive blood culture samples using qPCR and invA gene primer set was 100%. Salmonella isolates were 100% resistant to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and doripenem. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in Salmonella and other bacterial isolates.

  In this study, qPCR using the invA primer set was found to be highly specific for Salmonella detection. All the bloodstream bacterial pathogens in this study were MDR; thus, there is a need for continuous evaluation of antibiotics in medical settings.  Further molecular studies on these bacterial isolates is essential.

This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and antibiogram of clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates from three tertiary care hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

A total of 185 clinical S. aureus isolates were studied from March 2016 to February 2017 and identified by standard microbiological methods, and an antibiogram was determined by disc diffusion method. A duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was performed on all isolates to detect femA and mecA genes of S. aureus.

Among the 185 isolates, all (100%) were positive for the femA gene, 76 (41.1%) were methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA), and 109 (58.9%) were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). The highest and the lowest frequency of both MRSA were isolated from pus and urine specimens, respectively. All 185 S. aureus were 100% sensitive to both vancomycin and linezolid and were highly sensitive towards rifampicin (94%), meropenem (87%), gentamicin (85.4%), and cotrimoxazole (82.2%), whereas the highest resistance was against penicillin G (94.6%) followed by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (82.7%), azithromycin (72.4%), amoxicillin (66.5%), and ciprofloxacin (63.2%). After vancomycin and linezolid, MRSA showed good susceptibility to rifampicin, cotrimoxazole, and gentamicin, while MSSA exhibited high sensitivity toward rifampicin, gentamicin, cefoxitin, meropenem, cloxacillin, ceftriaxone, and cotrimoxazole. Furthermore, MRSA was significantly more resistant to antibiotics than MSSA (P value < 0.05), and the majority of S. aureus (81.1%), MRSA (97.4%), and MSSA (69.7%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR).

Our findings can guide physicians to provide effective antibiotic therapy, implement monitoring and control strategies to reduce antimicrobial resistance, and prevent the dissemination of MRSA and MDR in the environment.

The study aimed at evaluating the plasmid profile and characterization of E. coli isolated from chronic diabetic foot ulcers among patients in Imo State, South East Nigeria.

A total of 150 wound swab samples were collected and analyzed. Standard microbiological methods processed samples. Antibiogram was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Tests were conducted to determine biofilm potential, ESBL and AmpC production. Plasmid profiling was done by the alkaline lysis method and Gel electrophoresis.

Based on the results, out of the 150 swab samples, 61(40.6%) E. coli isolates were recovered. 57.8%, 32.8%, and 8.2% of the E. coli isolates were positive for biofilm formation, ESBL, and AmpC production, respectively. Further, the study revealed a pattern of multiple-drug resistance of E. coli to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (96.7%), septrin (95.1%), and ampicillin (93.4%).

Analysis of the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index showed that the organism had MAR index values above the low-risk region (≤0.2) for all the tested antibiotics. Post-curring antibiogram tests revealed that nine isolates carried plasmids, suggesting that the mode of resistance may be plasmid-mediated. Findings could act as a therapeutic guide for antibiotic prescriptions in this environment.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) in children is a serious condition that should be treated promptly and properly to prevent further complications. The most common causative agent of UTI is Escherichia coli (E.coli). This study aims to investigate the resistance profile of E.coli in pediatric cases of UTI.
In this cross-sectional study, the positive cultures for E.coli in patients admitted in Dr. Sheikh Children Hospital of Mashhad, Iran, in Feb 2020 to Feb 2021 were assessed. The demographic factors including age and sex were excluded. Urinalysis was conducted to assess the number of bacteria (categorized as mild, moderate, and many) and the WBC count (categorized as > 5/hpf, > 10/hpf, and > 15/hpf). Furthermore, the antibiogram was consulted to assess the sensitivity and resistance to different antibiotics. Data was analyzed using SPSS software.
In 160 children (20 males and 140 females) with the mean age of 24.00 ± 26.06 months, urinalysis showed that 22.5% were in the mild bacteriuria category, 21.3% in moderate bacteriuria, and 56.3% in the many bacteriuria category. For WBC count in urine, 12.5% had more than 5/hpf WBC, 11.9% had more than 10/hpf WBC, and 75.6% more than 15/hpf WBC. Regarding resistance, 4.5% of the patients were resistant to Amikacin, 6.5% to Nitrofurantoin, 20% to Ofloxacin, 35.1% to Ciprofloxacin, 50% to Gentamicin, 52.6% to Cefixime, 59.5% to Cefazolin, and 76.1% to Trimethoprim. The mean age and also the frequency of sex showed no significant difference between different severities of bacteriuria and WBC count in urine analysis (P > 0.05).
The highest E.coli resistance was to Trimethoprim, Cefazolin, Cefixime, Gentamicin, and Ciprofloxacin. The lowest resistance was to aAmikacin and Nitrofurantoin.

This study evaluated the bacterial contamination and the antibiogram of bacterial isolates in Intensive Care Units in Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia.

Sterile swab sticks moistened with sterile water were used to swab the surfaces of the fomites, hands and anterior nares of healthcare workers and the samples were sent to the laboratory for analysis. Plasmid preparations was done with a QIAprep Spin Plasmid Kit. Antibiotic discs of prior resistance were aseptically introduced into the Muller Hinton agar plates, ensuring that the discs made appropriate contact with the surface of the agar. These were incubated for 24 hrs at 37ºC after which plates were examined for cured colonies.

The common bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, 39(43.2%), Escherichia coli, 16(17.9%), Pseudomonas spp, 10(11.2%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococci, 7(7.8%). Antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial isolates was carried out using the disc diffusion method. Gram-negative bacterial isolates were more sensitive to Ofloxacin, Peflacine, Ciprofloxacin, and Streptomycin. Gram-positive bacterial isolates were more sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Rifampicin, Erythromycin, and Levofloxacin. However, Enterobacter spp. and Coagulase-negative Staphylococci were resistant to the drugs. The biofilm formation potential was observed in 41(46.0%) bacterial isolates.  Extended Spectrum Lactamase (ESBL) producers among E. coli isolates was 56.2%, while Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas spp. isolates were 33.3% and 40%, respectively, Plasmid profile was carried out on some of the bacterial isolates. Six E. coli isolates had plasmid size between 50-400 base pair; five S. aureus isolates had plasmid size between 35-150 base pair, two Proteus spp. and two Pseudomonas spp. isolates had no plasmid.  

This study revealed the resistance of bacterial isolates after currying.

In diabetic foot infections (DFIs), the diversity of microbial profile and ever‑changing antibiotic‑resistance patterns emphasize accurate characterization of microbial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern. The aim of the study was to investigate the pathogens associated with DFI and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns.

A cross‑sectional retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary‑care hospital, Oman. The socio‑demographic and microbiological profile and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from patients with DFIs from January 2013 to December 2018 were reviewed. Quantitative and qualitative variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and percentages, respectively. A Chi‑square test was used for testing the association between multidrug‑resistant (MDR) organisms and variables.

In total, 233 isolates recovered from 133 clinical specimens with an average of 1.8 organisms per specimen were included in the study. Fifty‑six and forty-four percent of specimens showed monomicrobial and polymicrobial growth of two or more organisms, respectively. The frequency of isolation was predominant among males (65%). Aerobic Gram‑negative rods were predominantly (75%) isolated compared to Gram‑positive organisms (25%). Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most frequently isolated Gram‑positive and Gram‑negative bacteria, respectively. Thirty‑eight percent of them were MDR strains. Gram‑negative organisms showed fairly good susceptibility ranging from 75% to 100% to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and piperacillin‑tazobactam. While doxycycline and trimethoprim‑sulfamethoxazole showed good susceptibility toward Gram‑positive organisms.

DFIs are often polymicrobial with a predominance of Gram‑negative pathogens. This study recommends the use of carbapenems and doxycycline for empirical therapy of Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacterial DFIs, respectively.

The use of mobile phones by healthcare personnel, doctors, patients, and patients’ companions are unavoidable in health centers, especially in hospitals. Besides being rarely clean, the mobile phone is a potential reservoir of disease and pathogens and hospital infections on bedside of hospitalized patients. In this study, the microbial contamination of mobile phones and potential of transmitting infections and their antibiotic resistance pattern were investigated. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a questionnaire was prepared to assess the importance of maternity, neonatal, and intensive care unit (ICU) staff attention to how to use and clean the cell phones in terms of valid sources. Samples were taken from 116 cell phones using a sterile swab. The standard plate count was used to detect the existing bacteria, and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolated bacteria were determined by standard methods. The microbial culture experiments indicated that 107 cell phones had microbial contamination, accounting for 92.24% of mobile phones. From 132 isolated strains, 115 strains (87.12%) were gram-positive while 17 were Gram-negative (12.88%). Furthermore, 67 (57.76%), 9 (7.7%), 4 (3.45%), 10 (8.62%), 12 (10.35%), 22 (19%), and 8 (6.9%) strains were coagulase-negative staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Streptococcus, and Escherichia coli, respectively. The results of this study indicated that cell phones were contaminated with different types of bacteria, and that all species isolated partially played an important role in the development of hospital-acquired and opportunistic infections. Therefore, continuous disinfection of mobile phones and non-use or limited use of them in the hospitals are recommended.

Edwardsiellosis caused by Edwardsiella tarda is a septicemic bacterial disease responsible for 5-70% mortalities and prevalence up-to 70% in freshwater fishes. Although rarely associated with human infections, Edwardsiella tarda has been found to cause gastroenteritis, soft tissue infection, liver abscess, tubo-ovarian abscess, and mycotic aneurysm mostly in immunocompromised humans. This study investigated the prevalence and antibiogram of E. tarda isolated from Oreochromis niloticus obtained from selected farms in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 156 samples consisting: gills, intestines and skins were collected from 52 O. niloticus from Egbeda-(A), Ido-(B), Ibadan: North-East-(C) and North-West-(D) for bacteriological analysis. E. tarda Isolation, identification, and antibiogram were performed using standard methods. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square. An overall prevalence of 62.5% was observed for E. tarda with 87.5%, 62.5% and 50.0% for gills, intestine and skin samples, respectively, whilst overall location prevalence was observed as 100.0%-(A), 50.0%-(B), 66.6%-(C) and 50.0%-(D). Isolates exhibited resistance patterns comprising; 100.0%-(Ceftazidime-(CPZ), Cefuroxime-(CRX) and Meropenem-(MEM)), 91.7%-Cefotaxime-(CTX), 83.3%-(Tetracycline-(TET)), 50.0%-(Cotrimoxazole-(COT)), 33.3% (Ceftriaxone-(CTR) and Gentamicin-(GEN)), 25.0%-(Chloramphenicol-(CHL)), 16.7%-Amikacin-(AMK) and 8.3%-(Ciprofloxacin-(CIP)). Multi-drug resistance pattern: CRX-CFZ-MEM-(100%), CRX-CTR-CTX-CFZ-MEM-(83.3%), CRX-CTR-CTX-CFZ-MEM-TET-(66.7%), CRX-CTR-CTX-CFZ-MEM-TET-COT-(58.3%) and CRX-CTR-CTX-CFZ-MEM-TET-COT-GEN-(8.3%) was observed. Isolation and identification of E. tarda from O. niloticus confirm its presence in Ibadan and affirms that O. niloticus harbors, and could serve as a source of infection to humans. The antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolates to antibiotics indicate misuse in aquaculture and indiscriminate disposal of antibiotics into aquatic environments. This suggests risks of transmission of infectious agents to humans and the probable spread of resistant pathogens to humans from the environment.

Diabetes is one of the most important metabolic diseases worldwide. Wound infections due to antibiotic resistant bacteria can cause lower limbs ulceration and amputation in diabetic patients.The present study was performed with the aim of the evaluation of antibacterial effects of cellulose disc from kombucha- on bacteria isolated from diabetic foot ulcers.

In this descriptive-analytical study,bacterial were isolated from diabetic wounds and identified based on biochemical and molecular characterization. Then the antibacterial effect of Kombucha cellulose layer wasevaluated on the isolates using disc diffusion (qualitative) and agar dilution (quantitative) methods, and the data was statisticaly analyzed.

The most frequency of pathogenic bacteria that isolated in the present study from diabetic wounds were included 56% Escherichia coli (E.coli), 22% Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacae), 6% Citrobacter diversus (C. diversus), 4% for each of Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes), Citrobacter freundii (C. freundii) and Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia), and 2% for each of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). TheResults of antimicrobial effect of kombucha cellulose disc showed that the disc weighing 0.5 mg was effective on all bacteria during agar disk diffusion method and the largest diameter of the growth inhibition zone was related to MRSA (27.5 mm).The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Kombucha cellulose layer were 12.5 mg/ml on MRSA, 25 mg/ml on S. aureus, 75 mg/ml on  E. aerogenes, C. diversus and K. pneumonia, 71.15 mg/ml on E.coli, 85 mg/ml on E.cloacae, and 100 mg/ml on C. freundii.

The findings of this study showed that the cellulose layer of Kombucha has excellent antibacterial effects against  infectious bacteria in diabetic wounds and can be used in various medical and therapeutic targets.

Due to important role of Streptococcus agalactiae, Group B streptococci (GBS), in production of invasive disease in neonates, investigation regarding the pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance factors is necessary in selecting the appropriate therapeutic agents. Beside capsule, the pilus has been currently recognized as an important factor in enhancing the pathogenicity of GBS. Resistance of GBS to selected antibiotics is noticeably increasing which is mainly due to the anomalous use of these drugs for treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pili genes followed by antibiotic susceptibility of GBS, previously serotyped, isolated from pregnant women in the city of Yazd, Iran.

Fifty seven GBS from pregnant women were subjected to multiplex PCR for determination of PI-1, PI-2a and PI-2b pilus-islands and simultaneously, the phenotype of antibiotic resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamycin and levofloxacin was determined. Antibiotic resistance genes (ermA, ermB, mefA, tetM, int-Tn) were further diagnosed using PCR and multiplex PCR.

PI-1+PI-2a with 71.9%; followed by PI-2a (21.1%) and PI-2b (7%) were observed. PI-1+PI-2a in serotype III was (73.2%), serotype II, Ia, Ib and V were 12.2%, 9.8%, 2.4% and 2.4% respectively. GBS penicillin sensitive was 89.5% and 96.5% resistance to Tetracycline. The frequency of resistance genes were as follows: tetM (93%), ermA (33.3%), ermB (8.8%), int-Tn (80.7%) and mefA (0).

Majority of GBS contained PI-1+PI-2a. Hence presence of this pilus stabilizes the colonization, therefore designing a program for diagnosing and treatment of infected pregnant women seems to be necessary.