جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Gender Differences » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The effect of position and gender on chest movements and respiratory volumes is controversial and investigated in only a few studies.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of position and gender on the breathing pattern during four different positions in healthy individuals.

In this cross-sectional study, twenty-eight (14 males, 14 females) healthy individuals participated aged 20-45 years. The optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP) method was used for the three-dimensional evaluation of chest wall motions and the compartmental analysis of the breathing pattern in supine, sitting, standing, and active straight leg raised (ASLR) positions. Volume changes in different parts of the chest wall were also measured.

Position affected total and compartmental respiratory volumes in both genders. Respiratory volumes decreased in the supine position compared to sitting and standing. Total and abdominal respiratory volumes also decreased in females when comparing supine positions with the ASLR. A higher pulmonary rib cage contribution was identified in females, and males exhibited higher abdominal rib cage volume compared with females. 

The breathing pattern was affected by position and gender, and the respiratory volumes increased in more upright positions, perhaps due to a greater gravitational load. The ASLR decreases the respiratory volume, which is probably due to increased postural demand.

Gender impacts pre-, intra-, and postoperative parameters and outcomes following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with conflicting results. This study aimed to identify differences in preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative parameters. It also seeks to compare the postoperative complications and mortality between two genders who had CABG surgery.  This prospective observational study included patients who had isolated CABG and were divided based on gender. Demographic information, underlying comorbidities, drug history, clinical and laboratory data at the time of referral, operative characteristics, postoperative variables, and mortality outcomes were tracked during hospitalization and six months after discharge.  Three hundred twenty patients were enrolled in the study during its duration. 71% were male. Women were older (62.40±9.03 vs. 59.99±9.81 years, p= 0.011) and had more dyslipidemia (p=0.003), hypertension (p=0.000), and diabetes (p=0.001), whereas men admitted with more myocardial infarction (MI) (p=0.011) and had lower Ejection fraction (EF) (p=0.001). They also had lower EF post-surgery and six months after discharge (p <0.001, 0.006). However, the number of vessels involved was not different between genders (p=0.589), but the number of grafts was higher in men (p=0.008).There was no statistically significant difference in overall mortality rates between the two groups (4.42% and 6.38% in men and women, respectively, p= 0.464). The women had more underlying comorbidities than men. Furthermore, there were some differences in the intra-operative parameters and postoperative complications between the two genders, but there was no difference in postoperative mortality in our setting.

Adolescence is one of the most important and challenging stages in life. psychological, cognitive and emotional changes during this period can expose adolescents to high risk behaviors.

The current study examined the effectiveness of resilience training on emotional intelligence (EI) and assessed gender differences in this regard among adolescents living in the outskirts of Shiraz, Iran.

This pre-post study included 191 students and used an intervention consisting of nine resilience-training sessions. The evaluated outcomes were EI and its 15 components. The paired-samples and independent-samples t-tests were used to analyze the data.

Out of 191 students, 88 (46.1%) were boys. Before and after the intervention, the mean EI score for boys was 312.52 ± 37.79 and 327.31 ± 37.75, while for girls, it was 310.74 ± 30.05 and 312.20 ± 29.51, respectively. Following the intervention, the scores of boys in problem-solving (P = 0.007), happiness (P = 0.001), emotional self-awareness (P = 0.044), optimism (P = 0.029), self-regard (P = 0.046), impulse control (P = 0.013), and social responsibility (P = 0.042), as well as the total score of EI (P = 0.005), increased significantly. However, only the optimism score (P = 0.004) rose significantly in girls post-intervention. In addition, there were significant differences in the mean of problem-solving (P = 0.006), happiness (P = 0.001), impulse control (P = 0.042), and the total score (P = 0.035) between boys and girls, before and after the intervention.

Resilience training may help moderate high-risk behaviors among adolescents living on the outskirts of Iran’s major cities, particularly boys. Based on the gender differences in EI components, it was suggested that female adolescents required significantly more attention. Nonetheless, gender differences in EI components were contentious, and it was concluded that a variety of factors, including the socio-cultural context, may be involved.

With age, a person faces many threats, such as developing chronic diseases. Health literacy plays a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between health literacy and multi-infection based on gender differences in the elderly.

This cross-sectional study was performed on the elderly population over 60 years in Comprehensive Health Center and Health Post at Malekan City, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, in 2018. Four hundred eighty-seven people were sampled by the stratified random sampling method. Demographic and standard health literacy questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test, chi-square, and linear regression model by SPSS 26 software.

The mean participants’ age was 64.9±6.5 years. The health literacy level of 63.86% of the participants was insufficient, and only 1.23% of the subjects had excellent health literacy. The rate of multi-infection in women was significantly higher than in men.

The level of health literacy and multi-infection rate in women is higher than in men.

This study investigated whether a sample of Iranian university students considered posttraumatic depreciation (PTD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) as negative or positive. Also, possible gender and religiosity differences in understanding of changes in PTD and PTG were evaluated.

The present cross-sectional study was conducted during 2019-2020. The target sample Consisted of 298 students (mean age = 23.79) from 3 Universities in Esfahan and Tehran (Iran), recruited by convenience sampling. The sample answered to the scales, including Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and Posttraumatic Depreciation Inventory; and Iranian version of The Clark and Stark Religious questionnaire.

Despite the overall support for the PTG and PTD constructs, the present study showed that there are cross-cultural differences that can affect people's perception of item evaluation positively or negatively. In this study, almost all items that were evaluated differently with operationally defined PTG and PTD belonged to “Relating to Others” factor. The result also displayed gender and religiosity differences in perceptions of growth and depreciation.

These results suggest that it is necessary to identify the concept of PTG and PTD in each culture and the individual differences that may affect the perception of PTG and PDT be considered.

Pregnancy and childbirth are physiological events and they are pleasant in most cases although they are occasionally associated with complications that can be dangerous for the mother and the infant if left unattended. The child’s gender can have emotional-psychological, economic, social, and normative dimensions for different people. Therefore, the present study was done to investigate the difference in gender and the costs of childbirth and evaluate their association with postpartum depression.

The present cross-sectional study included 260 primiparous women as the sample who were selected by the convenient-nonprobability sampling method. Data collection tools included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Questionnaire and forms related to demographic information, infant gender, and the like, which were completed through interviews.

In this study, 260 women were evaluated after delivery, and the prevalence of postpartum depression was 56.9%. There was a statistically significant relationship between postpartum depression and unwanted pregnancy, delivery method, weeks of pregnancy, social and economic costs of having a child, and gender. However, no significant relationship was found between postpartum depression and maternal aging, and the individual costs of having a child.

Postpartum depression has a high prevalence in our society in which almost one mother out of two mothers is involved with depression problems, which can affect the health of the mother, her infant, and the whole family. Therefore, it seems that postpartum depression should be considered as an essential component of postpartum care.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has different effects on people's psychological and social aspects. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between anxiety, self-compassion, and gender differences with self-care behaviors and fear of COVID-19 in Kermanshah.

In the cross-sectional study, 403 people answered online questions on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) Scale, Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), and a questionnaire focusing on COVID-19-related behavior. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used for data analysis.

There was a significant relationship between social distance and gender, and people who observed social distancing reported higher levels of fear of COVID-19 (p < 0.001). No significant relationship was found between handwashing behaviour and gender variables, marital status, and education (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference between those who answered yes to self-care behaviours related to washing and those who answered no in terms of variables of fear of COVID-19, the overall score of compassion, and subscales of compassion, including self-kindness and isolation (p < 0.05). In relation to fear of COVID-19, married status, anxiety, and common humanity had a positive relationship with fear of COVID-19. However, self-judgment was negatively related to fear of COVID-19 (p < 0.05).

According to the findings of the present study, men and people who are less afraid of COVID-19 are more likely not to observe self-care behaviors. Therefore, providing training about treatment protocols is necessary for these people. To reduce the fear of this disease in people with high levels of fear, psychologists, psychiatrists, and other medical staff can implement protocols to increase compassion.

One of the main features of adolescence is the tendency to experience new experiences and to test various and sometimes high-risk behaviors, which have bad consequences for adolescents, families, and society, and some actions are needed to prevent these sequences. In this regard, identification of the causes of teenagers' tendency to high-risk behaviors is necessary. In the present study, the causes of teenagers' tendency to high-risk behaviors were investigated, by gender, from the teenagers' perspectives.

In this qualitative study, data were collected using a semi-structured interview with 40 teenagers (20 female and 20 male) living in district 5 of Tehran, who were selected using purposive sampling. Then, the collected data were analyzed and the causes of teenagers' tendency to high-risk behaviors were identified by gender.

According to the findings, the main causes of tendencies to high-risk behaviors among teenagers were categorized into two groups: individual factors (pleasure, curiosity, identity acquisition, false self-esteem, and exponential hero in male adolescents and the need to have someone to talk to, the need for love and affection, lack of self-confidence in female adolescents) and environmental factors (communication with peers, social networks, easy and inexpensive access to all kinds of drugs in male adolescents and having strict father or brother, Ignorance of family and school, and labeling in female adolescents).

Since a series of individual and environmental factors lead to the tendency to high-risk behaviors among adolescents, it is necessary to reduce teenagers' tendencies toward high-risk behaviors and social harm caused by these behaviors through conducting educational interventions and informing teenagers and parents.

Sitting volleyball is a Paralympic team sport in which players use their upper limbs and hands to move and slide across the playing court. The objective of this study was to determine the differences in physical performance tests between the men and women of Brazilian sitting volleyball national team players. Fifteen sitting volleyball national team players, (seven men, age = 33.7 ± 6.2 years; body mass = 88.4 ± 21.4 kg; body height = 1.74 ± 0.36 m) and (eight women, age = 29.6 ± 8.3 years; body mass = 75.9 ± 17.1 kg; body height = 1.73 ± 0.08 m) with similar time and volume of training, participated in this study. As a physical performance evaluation, five test trials were conducted for each player which included (1) modified agility t-test (MAT), (2) speed & agility test (SAT), (3) speed & endurance test (SET), (4) seated chest pass (SCP) and (5) handgrip (HG). Data were analyzed for normality, using Shapiro-Wilk’s test, and then a student t-test was used to examine the discrepancy of performance tests among the male and female players. Cohen’s effect size (d) was calculated for each result. There were statistically significant differences, between the men and women of the Brazilian sitting volleyball players with higher values for men in MAT (27 %, P = 0.001), SAT (22 %, P = 0.008), SET (23 %, P = 0.008) and SCP (19 %, P = 0.03) scores. Results showed that male players had higher scores in the five performance tests, but according to the effect size calculations there was no significant difference between male players and female players in HG performance.

Gender differences in cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) response are not clear enough. This study aimed to assess gender influence on systemic inflammation, neurohormonal activation, fibrosis in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and CRT. We compared group I (61 men) and group II (16 women) of patients undergoing CRT. Plasma levels of Nt-proBNP, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein, galectin-3 (Gal-3), metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 1 and 4 (TIMP-1, TIMP-4), ratio MMP-9/TIMP-1, MMP-9/TIMP-4 were measured. According to dynamics of left ventricular end-systolic volume patients were classified into non-responders, responders, super-responders. Women more likely had left bundle branch block (81.3 vs 47.5%, P = 0.016), were more super-responders (66.7 vs 30.5%). Both groups showed decrease of IL-6 (P < 0.05), TNF-α (P < 0.001; P < 0.05), NT-proBNP (P = 0.001; P < 0.05), Gal-3 (P < 0.05). In women there was decrease of IL-6 by 44.4 vs 23.5% in men (P = 0.029), TNF-α by 41.4 vs 30.9%, NT-proBNP by 73.3 vs 46% (P = 0.002), Gal-3 by 82.3 vs 64.9% (P < 0.05). Group I also showed decrease of IL-10 by 34.2% (P < 0.05). Group dynamics of TIMP-1 was opposite: men showed tendency to reduction of TIMP-1 (P = 0.054), women showed increase of TIMP-1 (P < 0.05). Besides, men showed decrease of MMP-9 (P < 0.05) and ratio MMP-9/TIMP-4 (P < 0.05). The best response to CRT is associated with female gender explained by greater decrease of neurohormonal activation, systemic inflammation and fibrosis. The revealed opposite dynamics of TIMP-1 in the groups can demonstrate the existence of gender features of matrix metalloproteinase system activity and their tissue inhibitors.

The objective of this study was to determine the gender differences in health‑related quality of life (HRQoL) and to indicate to what extent this difference can be explained by differential in demographic and chronic disease conditions in Iranian elderly people.
This analysis was carried out on cross‑sectional data of QoL assessment among 750 elderly individuals aged 60–90 years who were dwelling in urban population of Babol, the North of Iran. The multiple linear regression model was used to estimate the association between gender and HRQoL after controlling sociodemographic characteristics and chronic disease conditions.
Women had signifcantly lower score in HRQoL in all subscales compared with men after adjusting several confounding factors (P = 0.001). The unadjusted mean difference in overall HRQoL scores was -11.2 (95% confdence interval [CI]: -13.8, -8.6) points, but it was reduced to -6.5 (95% CI: -9.0, -3.9) points between gender after adjusting by age, educational level, living status, physical activity, smoking, abdominal obesity, diabetes, and hypertension.
Adjusting for sociodemographic and chronic disease conditions reduced the effect size of poorer HRQoL for women compared with men but did not remove the sex differences. The poorer scores of HRQoL in Iranian women needs further physical, psychological, and social supports in elderly.

Adequate treatment of hypertension is infrequent in older patients. Determining the prevalence of hypertension in older patients, identifying the pattern of the treatment in this age group and evaluating their awareness of the disease may help healthcare systems to devise appropriate programs for controlling the disease.
This descriptive cross sectional study included a sample from population of Tabriz, a large city in North-West of Iran, who were 60 years or older. Data collection and blood pressure measurements were conducted in the households of the participants from 1st June 2015 through 1st August 2015. Hypertension was defined as systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥150/90 mm Hg or receiving anti-hypertensive medications. Prevalence and determinants of hypertension, awareness of patients about their diagnosis and prevalence of treatment and adequately controlled blood pressure were determined.
The prevalence of hypertension was 68.0%. Among hypertensive patients 81.8% were aware of their diagnosis, 78.0% were receiving antihypertensive medications. Among treated patients, 46.2% were adequately controlled. In univariate analysis, prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in women (74.0% vs. 60.7%, P Hypertension is highly prevalent among older population of Tabriz. Despite high rate of treatment, the rates of control are relatively low, indicating a demand for prevention and better management of hypertension in older individuals.

Depression is a mental health state whose frequency has been increasing in modern societies. It imposes a great burden, because of the strong impact on people’s quality of life and happiness. Depression can be reliably diagnosed and treated in primary care: if more people could get effective treatments earlier, the costs related to depression would be reversed. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of socio-economic factors and gender on depressed mood, focusing on Korea. In fact, in spite of the great amount of empirical studies carried out for other countries, few epidemiological studies have examined the socio-economic determinants of depression in Korea and they were either limited to samples of employed women or did not control for individual health status. Moreover, as the likely data endogeneity (i.e. the possibility of correlation between the dependent variable and the error term as a result of autocorrelation or simultaneity, such as, in this case, the depressed mood due to health factors that, in turn might be caused by depression), might bias the results, the present study proposes an empirical approach, based on instrumental variables, to deal with this problem. Data for the year 2008 from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were employed. About seven thousands of people (N= 6,751, of which 43% were males and 57% females), aged from 19 to 75 years old, were included in the sample considered in the analysis. In order to take into account the possible endogeneity of some explanatory variables, two Instrumental Variables Probit (IVP) regressions were estimated; the variables for which instrumental equations were estimated were related to the participation of women to the workforce and to good health, as reported by people in the sample. Explanatory variables were related to age, gender, family factors (such as the number of family members and marital status) and socio-economic factors (such as education, residence in metropolitan areas, and so on). As the results of the Wald test carried out after the estimations did not allow to reject the null hypothesis of endogeneity, a probit model was run too. Overall, women tend to develop depression more frequently than men. There is an inverse effect of education on depressed mood (probability of -24.6% to report a depressed mood due to high school education, as it emerges from the probit model marginal effects), while marital status and the number of family members may act as protective factors (probability to report a depressed mood of -1.0% for each family member). Depression is significantly associated with socio-economic conditions, such as work and income. Living in metropolitan areas is inversely correlated with depression (probability of -4.1% to report a depressed mood estimated through the probit model): this could be explained considering that, in rural areas, people rarely have immediate access to high-quality health services. This study outlines the factors that are more likely to impact on depression, and applies an IVP model to take into account the potential endogeneity of some of the predictors of depressive mood, such as female participation to workforce and health status. A probit model has been estimated too. Depression is associated with a wide range of socioeconomic factors, although the strength and direction of the association can differ by gender. Prevention approaches to contrast depressive symptoms might take into consideration the evidence offered by the present study.

Influence of gender on auditory evoked potentials is contentious. Although there are quite a few studies documenting the gender as an influencing factor on auditory evoked potentials in younger subjects, but there is a lack of similar studies among elderly population. The present study was conducted to find out the pattern of gender based differences in auditory evoked potentials among healthy elderly subjects.

A cross-sectional study was conducted on age matched, healthy males (n = 35) and females (n = 34), aged 50-70 years. The measures included latencies of waves I-V and interpeak latencies (IPL) I-III, III-V and I-V separately for both ears. Data was analyzed statistically using Students unpaired t-test, using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software v13.0.

The values of all the latencies and IPL for both the ears were non-significantly higher (P > 0.05) in males as compared to females. These results may be attributed to the differences in head circumference between both the genders and to the changed hormonal milieu of sex hormones after menopause.

Statistical insignificance of latencies among male and female elderly subjects excludes gender as an influencing factor on auditory evoked potentials in this age group.

The aim was to evaluate gender differences in depression scores of Iranian and German medical students. Two hundred Iranian medical students (100 men and 100 women) and 200 German medical students (100 men and 100 women) were selected randomly and completed the English form of the self-rating Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Analysis gave a mean rating of 10.7 ± 6.6 for Iranian men and 10.9 ± 7.81 for Iranian women (NS). Also, 5 ± 4.9 for German men and 5.6 ± 5.0 for German women (NS). On Item 2, which asked whether the person was pessimistic 33% of Iranian men and 30% of Iranian women indicated that they were pessimistic (NS). Also, 21% of German men and 20% of German women indicated that they were pessimistic (NS). On Item 9, which asked about suicidal tendencies, 9% of Iranian men and 13% of Iranian women reported as having suicidal tendencies (NS). Also, 13% of German men and 21% of German women reported as having selfharming thoughts (NS). The present study showed no gender differences in Iranian and German medical students’ scores on the BDI.