جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "Inhibition" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

 The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the hot and cold executive functions of patients with bipolar disorder (BD, I) and non-suffering individuals.

 In the current cross-sectional-analytical research, 140 individuals were selected as the sample size. The participants were chosen based on diagnostic interviews using SCID-I and SCID-II and placed in two groups. The collected data were analyzed by the analysis of variance for two groups (two-sample Hotelling’s T2).

 The results showed that the reappraisal scores in the patient group were significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.001). In the two groups, there was a significant difference in inhibitory control as well as in its other subscales, namely, commission (P<0.001), omission error (P<0.001), inhibition (P<0.001), and response time (P<0.001). Regarding the cognitive flexibility variable and its subscales, the two groups were significantly different, except for failure to maintain the sequence (P=0.21) in the number of categories (P<0.001), perseverative errors (P<0.001), correct answers (P<0.001), and incorrect answers (P<0.001).

  Based on the findings, patients with BD had significant deficits in terms of emotion regulation strategies, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility compared to non-sufferers that can be considered in pre-clinical and clinical studies of BD.

Specific learning disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders with biological origin. This origin includes the interaction of genetic, paragenetic, and environmental factors. At the same time, the symptoms of this disorder occur at the cognitive level. Specific learning disorders include problems in academic abilities such as fluency in reading, reading comprehension, writing, and mathematical reasoning. The most common learning disorder seems to be dyslexia. Learning disabilities are one of the main problems in children's academic performance and progress in the educational system of the United States and probably other countries around the world. One increasingly prominent and well–documented treatment for this developmental impairment has recently been the executive functions training approach. This study is intended to be a systematic review of the effectiveness of executive functions training on reading and writing skills of students with learning difficulties as a scientific ground for selecting more efficacious treatments.

To this end, this research was done as a systematic literature review, scoping various techniques and different treatment approaches that have been applied so far to enhance the academic performances of students with reading and writing difficulties. Three online databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Only research studies published in English were accounted for. No limitations were exerted but on the subject's country or language. The time duration for all search was from 2010 to 2022. All papers were to be first–order research; this study did not include other literature reviews and meta–analytic research in its study sample. It also excluded interventions for other learning problems, such as dyscalculia. Furthermore, interventions for adult problems were excluded.
A total of 1172 potentially relevant papers were found at the primary searching activities. However, after different levels of elimination, only 14 papers were decided to meet the criteria fully.

There were few relevant treatments, but they were divergent regarding the techniques used and the cognitive functions trained. Among them, however, those who were found to be more decisively influential were Computerized Executive Functions Training (CEFT), Computerized Working Memory Training (CWMT), Action Video Games Training (AVG), and Visual Spatial Attention training. Careful examination of these treatments shows that most computerized training tasks could have been executed in non–computerized versions. Indeed, computerization for most tasks is only a methodological strategy to implement training in exact timing. Meanwhile, some negative evidence was also found, suggesting that some of the executive functions training that has been frequently claimed to be effective were completely useless on children with learning disabilities. Although this evidence is relatively negligible, subsequent work is needed to determine the effectiveness of each treatment. On the other hand, some of the most effective intervention programs were organized in such a way as to take, explicitly or implicitly, a central or supervisory system of executive functions for granted.

Despite the lack of certainty regarding the effectiveness of each of the interventions individually in improving learning problems, it seems that to improve children's reading and writing skills, using programs based on executive functions as a combination of several designed components is a more practical approach.

The present study aims to compare the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) plus transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or pharmacotherapy on depression symptoms, inhibition and cognitive flexibility of stroke patients

This is a randomized controlled clinical trial with a pre-test/post-test/follow-up design. The study population consists of all stroke sufferers referred to Dr. Hashemzehi's clinic in Zahedan, south of Iran, in 2022. The samples were 45 eligible patients who were selected by a convenience sampling method and randomly divided into three groups of 15 including CBT+tDCS, CBT+pharmacotherapy, and control. To measure depression, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility, we used Beck’s depression inventory, go/no go test, and Stroop test in the pre-test, post-test, and 2-month follow-up phases. The CBT was provided at 12 sessions according to Kootker et al.'s CBT protocol for stroke patients. The tDCS program was 20 sessions of anodal stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The pharmacotherapy was the administration of 10 mg citalopram daily for three weeks. 

The results indicated the short-term and long-term effectiveness of both CBT+tDCS and CBT + pharmacotherapy in reducing depression symptoms (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between their effectiveness of . Only the CBT+tDCS had a short-term effect on improving inhibition and cognitive flexibility. 

Both CBT+tDCS and CBT+pharmacotherapy (10 mg citalopram) can be useful for reducing depression symptoms in stroke sufferers.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a neurological condition that often occurs in children.

The purpose of present research was to develop and validate internet neuropsychological training program and investigate its effectiveness on response inhibition and impulsivity of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The program was compiled in a meta-synthesis method from data sources articles within 1982 to 2021 and was approved by professors of clinical psychology and psychiatry, Then, in quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design, 21 children aged 5 to 6 years with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Alborz province in 2022-2023 were selected by the convenience sampling method and randomly allocated into the experimental and control groups. The internet neuropsychological training program was held in 16 sessions for children and in 8 sessions for parents. Children's Raven Colored Progressive Matrices scales (1938), the Conners Parent Rating scale (1978) and Go/No go test (1984) were used to collect data. The program was analyzed by thematic analysis and the data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS version 20.

The results showed that the content validity index of the parents' program was 0.87 and the children's program was 1, and the content validity ratio of the parents' program was 1 and the children's program was 0.75. The measured F-values showed significant changes in response inhibition (P<0.01) and impulsivity (P<0.00).

The results of the research showed that the internet neuropsychological training program was effective on impulsivity and response inhibition; Therefore, this program can be used as an effective program in improving response inhibition and impulsivity of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Abuse of substances leads to much damage in different fields. Therefore, necessary measures should be taken to prevent infection, withdrawal and prevent return. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation combined with cognitive rehabilitation in reducing cravings and improving inhibitory control in adolescents dependent on tramadol.

This research is semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and followup with a control group. The statistical population of this research was all boys and girls (14 to 18 years old) dependent on tramadol in Shahrekord in Iran in 2022. 30 people (12 girls and 18 boys) were selected by the available sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups with 15 people. The research tool included Franken et al.’s Desires for Drug Questionnaire and Hoffman’s Go/ No Go Test. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation treatment combined with cognitive rehabilitation in 10 sessions and each session for 20 minutes was performed on the experimental group, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was done using descriptive methods and multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) in SPSS 21 software.

The average age of the subjects studied in the present study was 16.70±1.35 years. Data analysis showed that transcranial Direct Current Stimulation combined with cognitive rehabilitation in the experimental group could explain 65% of the variance of dependent variables in the post-test phase and 61% of this variance in the follow-up phase. Also, according to the F values for the craving post-test (39.396), inhibitory control post-test (15.677), craving follow-up (24.404) and inhibitory control follow-up (13.840) and their significance level which is less than 0.05, it was observed that transcranial Direct Current Stimulation combined with cognitive rehabilitation was effective in reducing cravings and improving inhibitory control in the post-test and follow-up phase.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation treatment combined with cognitive rehabilitation is effective in reducing cravings and improving inhibitory control in adolescents addicted to tramadol and can be used by relevant experts as an effective treatment in this field.

Introducing: 

Your marriage can be influenced by human sexual activity, which is vital.

Hence, the aim of this study was to examine how sexual satisfaction and attachment styles influence sexual arousal and sexual inhibition in couples.

The research method was descriptive - correlational. The statistical population included all married individuals of Bandar Abbas in 2016 year that 600 individuals were selected using random cluster sampling method. Sexual Excitation and Sexual Inhibition Inventory (SESII), Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (ISS) and Experience in Close Relationship (ECR-R) were used for gathering data. Pearson correlation and multiple regression and SPSS-22 software were used for analyzing the data

Pearson test results showed that there was a significant relationship between sexual excitation and sexual inhibition with sexual satisfaction and attachment styles (p< 0/05). Also regression analysis results showed that sexual satisfaction and attachment styles of anxiety and avoidance can explain together %77/3 of sexual excitation variance and %22/9 of sexual inhibition variance.

According to the findings this study, can suggested training and intervention on improving sexual satisfaction and attachment styles as an effective way on creasing sexual excitation and decreasing sexual inhibition.

Previous research has reported executive function impairments an underlying deficit in developing depressive symptoms in depressed individuals. However, the relationship between executive function impairments and depression has remained inconclusive. Although many studies have found significant deficits associated with major depressive disorder on neuropsychological measures of executive functions, others have not, potentially due to the severity of depression, which is not considered an essential factor in executive function deficits. Also, one of the reasons for disagreement is the lack of objective diagnostic criteria for the severity of depression in these patients. Previous research has considered the clinical status of depressed patients an essential criterion in the severity of the disorder. Given these conditions, the present study compared the executive functions of inhibition, shifting, and updating information in inpatient, outpatient, and subclinical depressed patients and the control groups.

The study method was causal–comparative. All samples were selected by available sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. From the statistical population of depressed patients admitted to Shahid Beheshti Psychiatric Hospital in Zanjan City, Iran, in 2020–2021, 46 patients were selected. A total of 68 people were selected from the statistical population of depressed outpatients referred to the outpatient clinic in 2020–2021. From the statistical population of Zanjan in 2020–2021, 65 people were selected for the subclinical group and 66 people for the control group. Research assessment tools included the Beck Depression Inventory–II (Beck et al., 1996), the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–5 (First et al., 2016), the Computerized version of the Stroop Color–Word Test (Stroop, 1935), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Grant & Berg, 1948), and the N–Back Test (Kirchner, 1958). The data of this study were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean & standard deviation). Also, in the inferential statistics section, the Chi–square test, The Kruskal–Wallis test, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), 1–way analysis of covariance (ANOVA), and LSD post hoc test were used. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05. All analyses were performed using SPSS software version 23.

The multivariate analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the studied groups in the components of executive functions (p<0.001). The ANOVA showed that the groups of depressed outpatients (p=0.008) and depressed inpatients (p<0.001) had a significant difference from the control group in the "incongruent response time" as an inhibition measurement index. However, no significant difference was found between the subclinical depressed and control groups (p=0.125). Also, in the paired comparison between all three depressed groups, there was a significant difference (p<0.001). Still, no significant difference was found between the outpatient and the inpatient depressed groups (p=0.062). There was a significant difference between all depressed groups and the control group in the "number of categories completed" and "perseverative error" as shifting measurement indices (p<0.05). Also, there were significant differences in the paired comparisons between all three groups of depressed people (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was found between the subclinical and outpatient groups (p>0.05). There was a significant difference between the inpatient depressed group and the control group regarding the "correct answer" and "average response time" as indices of evaluation of updating (p<0.001). However, no significant difference was found between the subclinical and outpatient depressed groups with the control group (p>0.05). Also, in the paired comparison between all three groups of depressed people, the inpatient depressed group showed a significant difference with the subclinical and outpatient depressed groups in the "correct answer" and "average response time" (p<0.05). A significant difference was also found in the "correct answer" between subclinical and outpatient depressed groups (p=0.034).

According to the study findings, depressed groups show weaker performance in all three components of executive functions compared to the control group. Also, in addition to the fact that executive functions are damaged in depressed people, in people with more severe symptoms of depression, executive functions are significantly weaker.

One of the major problems in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a deficiency in cognitive skills, especially executive functions. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of a positive discipline parent education program on the executive functions of children with ADHD.

The study population consists of the parents of all children aged 7-11 years with ADHD in Isfahan, Iran in 2018. Of these, 30 parents of children who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria (fifth edition) were selected using a convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The data collection tools were Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnostic Questionnaire and the Coolidge Neuropsychological Inventory for Children (CPNI). The positive discipline program was presented at 8 sessions, each for 90 minutes.

There was a significant difference in the decision making/planning (p < 0.001) and inhibition (p < 0.001) components of CPNI between the two study groups, but the difference was no difference in the organization component. The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed that program in post-test and follow-up phases was effective in terms of decision making/planning and inhibition components.

The positive discipline parent education program has a positive effect on executive functions of children with ADHD.

The response disinhibition is one of the most common problems in post-stroke patients. Many studies have shown that transcranial direct current stimulation could improve cognitive impairments by increasing the cortical excitability.

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of two protocols of direct transcranial electrical stimulation with cognitive rehabilitation in patients with stroke.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a control group. From the population of stroke patients in 2016, 32 people (including 21 men and 11 women aged 40 to 65 years) were selected by purposive sampling method based on including and excluding criteria. All subjects in the study groups underwent Fruit Ninja task training as cognitive rehabilitation and transcranial direct current stimulation and were evaluated by continuous performance, flanker and target stop tasks. Findings were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with SPSS-22.

The results showed that the group that receiving stimulation with unihemispheric concurrent dual-site a-tDCS along with computerized cognitive rehabilitation in comparison to groups with unihemispheric tDCS with & without computerized cognitive rehabilitation & sham stimulation, showed a significant improvement in response inhibition function (P≤0.05). Also, at 8-weeks follow-up, the unihemispheric concurrent dual-site a-tDCS along with computerized cognitive rehabilitation group continued to show better functions in response inhibition tasks than other groups (P≤0.05).

The present results show that the simultaneous use of transcranial stimulation along with cognitive rehabilitation has an effective role in improving cognitive deficits.

Studies have shown that cognitive function is impaired in patients with diabetic retinopathy. The aim of this study was to determine and compare active memory, inhibition of response and dimensions of nature and character in patients with type 2 diabetic retinopathy and normal counterparts in Tabriz.

The present investigation was a cross-sectional descriptive-comparative study. The statistical population of this study were 160 patients with type 2 diabetic retinopathy with an age range of 32 to 55 years referred to Tabriz Diabetes Center in 2019. Based on the available sample, 80 patients with type 2 diabetic retinopathy were selected in Tabriz hospitals and with 80 Ordinary people became equal, in addition to the questionnaire of the dimensions of nature and the character of Cloninger, they answered the tasks of memory and inhibition. Data were analyzed using multivariate, Levene's Test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis of variable statistical tests.

Data analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between the scores of patients with type 2 diabetic retinopathy and normal people in active memory, response inhibition and the dimensions of nature and character. This means that in memory and inhibition, the response of the normal group is better than the condition of patients with type 2 retinopathy, and also in the components of reward dependence, perseverance, cooperation and self-care, the performance of the normal group is better than the retinopathy type 2 (p<0.01). However, retinopathy patients scored higher than normal subjects (p<0.01) and no significant differences were observed between the two groups in the component of regression and self-guidance (p<0.05).

According to the results of the present study, it can be said that diabetic retinopathy patients are more passive in terms of personality and weaker in terms of memory than their counterparts and have less inhibition and more impulsive behavior in their behaviors. As a result, it is recommended that cognitive rehabilitation training be considered for these patients.

Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects social, emotional, and familial functioning. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of "Neurofeedback" and "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation" on the Executive Function of Response Inhibition of Boys 6 to 11 years with Attention Deficit- Hyperactivity Disorder.

 The present study is a quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test and control group. The statistical population included all students aged 6 to 11 in Islamshahr boys' primary and preschool levels in the 96-97 academic year. The research sample was 34 people who were identified by the convenience sampling method among Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder and by simple random sampling (simple lottery) were divided into two intervention groups and a control group (12 people in each group). However, one person from each intervention group withdrew. Research instruments  include the “SNAP-IV Scale”, the “Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (Fifth Edition)”, the “Conner's Parent Rating Scale”, and  “Go/No Go Test”. The validity and reliability have been measured in previous studies.Interventions included neuro feedback 20 sessions of 30 minutes (Three days a week) and tDCS included 10 sessions of 10 minutes with intensity of 1 Ma (two days a week). Data were analyzed with SPSS. 23.

Average response inhibition scores were improved in two measurements, with the largest change in the neurofeedback group being controlled on accuracy scores (12.04). Also, by eliminating the pre-test effect, it was determined that "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation” had a significant difference in accuracy and speed of execution and” neurofeedback” in the implementation speed score compared to the control group (p˂ 0.001).

Due to the number of sessions and the type of waves corrected, "neurofeedback" is not effective in improving inhibitory response. But "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation" is an effective method. Therefore, it is suggested that the "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation” be used to solve the above problem."