جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Insulin sensitivity » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Disturbance in the regulation of secretion between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines can lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of concurrent training, calorie restriction and concurrent training+ calorie restriction on the levels of anti-inflammatory adipokines and insulin sensitivity in obese women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Thirty seven women with non-alcoholic fatty liver were randomly divided into four groups: control (n=9), calorie restriction (n=9), concurrent training (n=9) and concurrent training+ calorie restriction (n=10). Training protocol included combination of aerobic with 40-60 percent of heart rate reserve and resistance training 40-60 percent of 1 repetition maximum (1RM), eight weeks and three sessions per week. The calorie restriction groups, alleviate 400 to 500 kcal/day from total daily calorie intake. Blood samples were taken pre- and post intervention. For statistical analysis, paired samples t-test and analysis of covariance at a significant level of p<0.05 were used. Concurrent training+ calorie restriction significantly increased serum adiponectin and adipolin concentration compared to the caloric restriction and control groups (both, p<0.026) and the insulin sensitivity index compared to the control group (p=0.027). Also, there was a significant increase in serum adiponectin and adipolin concentration and insulin sensitivity index of the concurrent training group compared to the control group (p<0.05). In the calorie restriction group, only the insulin sensitivity index increased significantly compared to the pre-test (p=0.004). It seems that performing concurrent training alone and with calorie restriction is a more effective intervention in increasing anti-inflammatory adipokines and improving insulin sensitivity than calorie restriction alone.

Sleep disorders increase many diseases and a decrease physiological function. This study aimed to compare the effect of the two methods of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sleep regulation program and a combination of the two on insulin resistance and sensitivity, body fat percentage, and reaction time in adolescents with sleep disorders.

This is a single-blind and quasi-experimental study was conducted based on an applied research method. In total, 80 female students with sleep disorders (13-17 years old) were selected by the available sampling method and randomly divided in four groups (n=20). All subjects participated in the pre-test and post-test sessions for measurements two days before and after the research process, respectively. The participants in the HIIT and combined groups followed the RAST (Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test) program for 4 weeks, three sessions a week, and the sleep regulation and combined groups followed the sleep schedule for 4 weeks, according to the necessary recommendations. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 26) and running paired t-test, and ANCOVA. Moreover, a P-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant.

The findings showed that 4 weeks of combined intervention of HIIT+sleep regulation could lead to a significant improvement in all research variables, including glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and sensitivity, pancreatic beta cell function, body fat percentage, and reaction time of girls (P=0.001). In addition, the HIIT group, compared to the sleep regulation and control groups, caused a significant improvement in glucose, insulin resistance and sensitivity, pancreatic beta cell function, body fat percentage, sleep quality, and reaction time (P=0.001), except for insulin (P=0.428).

According to the obtained results, HIIT combined with sleep regulation can be a valuable intervention in treatment programs to improve physiologic problems reduce the costs of treatment for adolescent girls with sleep disorders and their families.

Adipokine apelin is involved in energy metabolism and the pathogenesis of diabetes. Apelin can have anti-type 2 diabetes activity and be effective in reducing insulin resistance as an insulin-sensitizing agent. Also, reviewing the effects of different types of exercise on apelin can answer many questions about exercise-induced apelin, and identify the therapeutic role of exercise on apelin and diabetes. Therefore, in the present review article, the effect of chronic and acute exercise on apelin in type 2 diabetes, and the mechanisms of the effect of exercise on apelin and insulin sensitivity are presented.

Few studies have evaluated the effect of acute exercise on apelin in type 2 diabetes, and most of the studies on the effect of chronic exercise have been of the aerobic type, with contradictory results (the increase and decrease of the apelin) reported. Also, it seems that exercise, independently of body weight changes by improving insulin sensitivity can affect adipose tissue and circulating apelin, and thus reduce insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Therefore, apelin and exercise as insulin-sensitizing agents can increase energy metabolism and improve insulin sensitivity by similar mechanisms.

Exercise-induced apelin can be a promising therapeutic strategy and target for type 2 diabetes. However, further studies are needed to determine how different types of exercise affect apelin, as well as the exact association of exercise-induced apelin with the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and related mechanisms.

The aim of the present study was to investigated the comparison effects of eight weeks of continuous and high intensity interval swimming on irisin tissue levels and insulin sensitivity in male rats with metabolic syndrome.

48 male Wistar rats with six weeks of age and a weight range of 150-180 gr were randomly divided into four groups of eight including: standard control, metabolic syndrome control, moderate continuous swimming+metabolic syndrome (CT+MetS) and high-intensity interval swimming+metabolic syndrome (HIIT+MetS). The training was carriedout for eight weeks and five days a week, equivalent to 65 and almost 100 percent of the maximum oxygen consumption, respectively, for the program of CT and HIIT swimming. Measurement of blood and tissue variables (visceral fat and liver) was done by ELISA method and statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance and at a significance level of p<0.05.

The results showed that CT and HIIT swimming after induction of metabolic syndrome increased level of irisin in the liver tissue and visceral fat of rats (p=0.002 and p=0.0001, respectively); so the changes were higher after HIIT. The glucose levels in the CT and HIIT swimming group were significantly lower than the standard and the metabolic syndrome control (p=0.0001) groups. No significant difference was observed in the insulin sensitivity (p=0.67) between the training groups and the metabolic syndrome control group.

It is possible that moderate and high intensity intermittent swimming induce protective effects on metabolic syndrome by increasing irisin and reducing blood glucose.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common medical complication of pregnancy and is defined as glucose intolerance or high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), with the onset or first diagnosis during pregnancy. The prevalence of gestational diabetes varies from 1 to 20% and is increasing worldwide as maternal obesity and type 2 diabetes increase (1). Gestational diabetes increases the risk of short-term complications such as preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, macrosomia, hypoglycemia in infants, or hospitalization in neonatal intensive care units, as well as the long-term progression of type 2 diabetes (3). Some risk factors that predispose women to gestational diabetes include overweight and obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), pre-diabetes, gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy, a family history of type 2 diabetes, maternal age and vitamin D deficiency (4).Blood glucose control is a vital factor in counteracting the side effects associated with GDM (5). Peripheral insulin resistance has been shown to help increase GDM-related blood glucose (6). In women with GDM, peripheral insulin sensitivity decreases and beta-cell dysfunction cannot meet the increased insulin needs during pregnancy and thus increase blood glucose (7).Metabolic disorders in GDM may be due to excessive accumulation of adipose tissue due to chronic low-grade inflammation associated with macrophage infiltration and secretion of many inflammatory cytokines. GDM is associated with an imbalance of various inflammatory processes that occur during pregnancy. Cytokines including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) as well as other inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) increase in the female bloodstream of Obese pregnant women and women with GDM. These cytokines are biologically active compounds that participate as mediators in many metabolic pathways and affect the use of energy substrate in the fetus and offspring (8).Gestational diabetes control is based on two different approaches: interventions aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles, such as changes in diet or exercise, and anti-diabetic drug therapy (11). However, it is not clear about the characteristics of the type of exercise needed to better manage gestational diabetes. Findings from clinical and epidemiological studies do not show any maternal or fetal side effects on women with mild to moderate exercise. In fact, pregnant women are now advised to exercise regularly in the absence of medical or delivery complications (12). In the present study, some of the most important pathophysiological aspects of gestational diabetes are investigated and discuss how exercise can bring about some physiological adaptations of GDM. Metabolic changes and the role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in gestational diabetes are examined and attempts are made to elucidate the mechanisms by which exercise can be useful as an adjunctive therapy in improving metabolic conditions and reducing inflammation during gestational diabetes. In view of the above, the present study intends to investigate the effect of exercise activities on metabolic responses and inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in women with gestational diabetes. The aim of this study was to review the effect of exercise on metabolic responses,
inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in women with gestational diabetes (GDM).

Search performed for studies on the response of metabolic, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors to exercise in gestational diabetes in the reputable databases Springer, Hindawi, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, SID and ISC using the keyword Exercise Training, Metabolic factors (glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin and insulin sensitivity), inflammatory factors (interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and reactive protein C (CRP)) and Anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin-10 (IL-10) were performed. 20 studies of metabolic responses and inflammatory-anti-inflammatory to exercise in women with GDM were reviewed.

In studies on metabolic factors, the benefits of exercise were observed to improve glycemic control, optimize fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, reduce glycosylated hemoglobin levels and improve insulin sensitivity in women with GDM. Also, decreased levels of inflammatory markers have been reported in women with GDM.

Evidence from randomized controlled trials shows that exercise as a supplement to standard care significantly improves postprandial control for glycemia and lowers fasting blood glucose for women with GDM (85-88). It was also found that people who exercise are prescribed less insulin (86, 89), so exercise is as effective as insulin in maintaining normal glycemia and can be helpful in meeting the need for insulin therapy. These results are clinically important because they show the potential of exercise to help lower acute blood glucose levels to normal. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels also measure long-term glycemic control (2 to 3 months), and exercise appears to improve HbA1c in the long term (87, 88). There is an acceptable physiological explanation for supporting exercise as a therapeutic supplement to improve glycemic control in women with GDM. Insulin administration does not reduce insulin resistance. In contrast, exercise increases insulin by stimulating glucose uptake into muscle by activating intracellular glucose transporters and increasing the use of intracellular fatty acids (50). Also, the amount of glucose consumed is affected by the duration and intensity of exercise. The more intense the exercise, the stronger the effect of lowering blood sugar (92). On the other hand, women with GDM show a greater inflammatory response. If inflammation promotes these adverse pregnancy outcomes, exercise may protect against the anti-inflammatory effect. Regular exercise has been shown to reduce some of the complications and risks of gestational diabetes, the protective effect of exercise in pregnant women is partly due to the reduction of inflammation (93). Exercise stimulates glucose in insulin-independent skeletal muscle.Therefore, less insulin is needed to maintain glycemia, and this appears to be mediated by muscle-derived cytokines. Both mechanisms could explain the lower first-phase insulin response seen in more active women. Inflammatory cytokines may play aprotective role on the glucose / insulin axis (39), extending this role to overweight and obese pregnant women. Pregnant women are more likely to have a more pronounced proinflammatory condition due to weight, BMI, and metabolic characteristics, which may affect their response to exercise. In general, it seems that changing the exercise version in the experiments prevents identifying the optimal type of exercise to improve metabolic conditions and reduce inflammation in women with GDM. In general, it can be concluded that aerobic and resistance or combined exercise are similarly effective in improving blood glucose control and reducing inflammation in women with GDM, provided they are similar in terms of exercise characteristics. Future studies should evaluate the effects of exercise combined with other interventions (diet) versus control (standard care-recommendation) on metabolic responses and inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in women with GDM, separate studies determine the effect of each intervention, and the type and severity of prescribed exercise should be considered. It seems that regular participation in exercise training can improve metabolic conditions and reduce inflammation in women with GDM. However, more studies are needed to investigate the effect of exercise, especially on inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in women with GDM.

Gestational diabetes is a disorder of carbohydrate and glucose metabolism that is first seen during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes, in addition to maternal complications, also causes adverse effects in children. Considering that increasing the level of physical activity has an important effect on reducing the complications of diabetes, this study was conducted with aim to evaluate the effect of exercise at home during the Covid-19 pandemic on serum levels of insulin markers in women with gestational diabetes.

This semi-experimental study was performed on 40 pregnant women with gestational diabetes and 24-28 gestational age referred to the clinic of Shahid Heydari in Nahavand in 2020. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups (n=20 in each group). The intervention group performed the selected exercises at home using univariate cache for eight weeks and three days a week for 20 to 40 minutes every day; the control group had no physical activity during this period. Then, through blood sampling, the serum level of fasting blood sugar and insulin was measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 21) and Shapiro–Wilk test, Levon's test, paired t-test, and independent t-test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

In this study, eight weeks of selected exercises at home could have a significant increase on fasting insulin levels (-2.482±1.036 vs. 0.116±0.626) and significant decrease on FBS levels (45.550±14.978 vs. -0.150±6.823) in pregnant women in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.001). While these exercises did not show a significant effect on the variables of insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance in the intervention groups compared to the control group after eight weeks of selected exercises (P>0.05).

The eight weeks of exercise at home using univariate caches based on the presented protocol regarding to the principle of overload and increasing resistance (with moderate intensity), have a significant effect on insulin levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes.

Decreased insulin sensitivity and its secretion of pancreas increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). In the present study it was aimed to assess the effect of resistance training on Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) expression in pancreas tissue, serum insulin, and insulin sensitivity in obese rats with T2D.

T2D was induced by high fat diet and Streptozotocin (STZ) in 14 male wistar rats, then they were randomly divided into exercise (resistance training, 8 weeks, n = 7) and control (n = 7) groups. Resistance training was performed 5 sessions a week in the form of climbing a ladder with resistance. Glucose, insulin, insulin sensitivity, beta cell function and FOXO1 expression in pancreas tissue were measured, 48 hours after the last training exercise, and compared between 2 groups. Independent t-test was run for comparing variables between groups.

PCOS rats showed significant anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze (decrease in open arm time and entries percent). Open field test also showed anxiety in PCOS rats compared with the control animals (decrease in the inner time, p<0.05). Exercise protocol in PCOS rats significantly reduced anxiety in both tests.

Resistance training resulted in significant increase in serum insulin (p<0.05), insulin sensitivity (p<0.005), beta cell function (p<0.001) and FOXO1 expression in pancreas tissue (p<0.05) and decrease in fasting glucose (p<0.001) in comparison with the control group.

Decreased blood glucose in response to resistance training can be attributed to both increased insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. Based on the available evidence, increased serum insulin and beta cell function may be rooted in increased FOXO1 expression, although further studies are required in order to accurately identify the mechanisms responsible for these changes.

The supplements and exercise training are used to diabetes control. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks high intensity interval training and caffeine intake on glycemic indices and insulin resistance in diabetic rats.

In a quasi-experimental study, 50 Wistar diabetic male rats were randomly divided into five groups including control, diabetic control, diabetic + supplement, diabetic + exercise and diabetic + exercise + supplement. Training was planned for 8 weeks and 5 sessions weekly. In the supplement groups, caffeine was administered at the dose of 70 mg/kg, five days weekly for 8 weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, fasting serum glucose, insulin levels, insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA method (P <0.05).

The results showed a significant decrease in glucose and a significant increase in insulin levels in the two groups of diabetes and in the diabetic + supplement + exercise group compared to the diabetic control group (P =0.001). Diabetic + exercise group showed more effects on insulin resistance than diabetic control group (P =0.001), but this difference was not significant in comparison with other groups (P =0.85). The highest increase of insulin sensitivity was observed in the diabetic + supplement group (P =0.007).

It seems that caffeine can improve blood glucose level, insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity in rats with type 2 diabetes. Also, HIIT exercises can reduce insulin resistance and be used as an intervention in diabetes.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate continuous training on plasma apelin concentrations and insulin resistance in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. 39 elderly males and females were randomly divided into three groups: high intensity interval training (HIGH), moderate continuous training (CONT) and control (CTL).
This research was a clinical trial; it was informative and quantitative one in collecting information. Training interventions were performed three times per week and for 10 weeks on a bicycle ergometer. The high intensity interval training included 6 intervals and each interval included 4 minutes with 85-90% HRmax and 3 minutes with 45-50% HRmax. The moderate-continuous training included 42 minutes cycling with 70% HRmax. 48 hours after the last training session, blood sampling was performed and plasma apelin levels, lipid profile, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and insulin plasma levels were measured.
ANOVA test and Tukey post hoc test showed a significant decrease in insulin resistance in the two groups of training compared to the control group (P = 0.019). The plasma apelin levels in the high intensity interval training group was significantly lower than the control group (P = 0.022). Cardio respiratory fitness (VO2peak) was significantly increased in the training groups compared to the control group (P = 0.008). After a 10-week exercise, HDL-levels increased significantly in exercise groups (P = 0.022) and decreased significantly compared to the plasma levels of LDL (P = 0.046). However, there was no significant difference between the training groups. All the values were expressed as mean± SEM and P Possibly in elderly patient with type 2 diabetes high intensity interval training have a greater effect on the improvement and regulation of the secretion of apelin and other glycemic indices compared to continuous training protocols.

Excess fat accumulation in the liver can be seen in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition is closely associated with insulin resistance and abdominal obesity. Genistein, one of the major isoflavones, can improve glucose and fat metabolism. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of genistein supplementation on insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance and beta cell function index in NAFLD patients.
a randomized double-blind clinical trial was done by recruiting ninety-two NAFLD patients for 8 weeks. Participants were assigned to either genistein group, which received daily 250 mg of genistein, or placebo group. All participants received nutritional and physical activity consultation. Anthropometric factors, liver enzymes, fasting blood sugar and insulin were measured. Finally, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, and beta cell function were calculated.
Genistein reduced fasting insulin, insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity in comparison with the placebo group. In addition, waist-hip ratio was reduced in the genistein group while no significant changes were observed in BMI, fasting glucose, beta cell function and liver enzymes in genistein groups.
this study showed that 8 weeks supplementation with daily 250 mg of Genisetein in NAFLD patients, improved insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, and waist-hip ratio and it can be considered as an effective supplement for these patients in terms of weight management.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of iso-caloric combinations of exercise and caloric restriction on insulin sensitivity of obese male rats.
Fifty-six, eight-week-old male Wistar rats (190±16 g) were primarily divided into the obesity (n=48) and healthy groups (n=8) and were fed high-fat and standard palate for seventeen weeks respectively. After obesity induction, the obesity group was randomly assigned to one of six groups, i.e. EXE, CR, EXCR1, EXCR2, and EXCR3 as experimental groups and OC as the control group following which 15% of food intake was reduced. Their exercise intensity was about 70-75% vo2max, 28 m/min for 48 to 55 minutes. Negative energy balance was applied through caloric restriction (CR) (6d/w); exercise training (EXE) (6d/w), in three combinations: EXCR1 (2d/w exercise 4d/w CR, (EXCR2 (3d/w exercise 3d/w CR) and EXCR3 (4d/w exercise 2d/w CR) for two months. One way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc were applied for data analysis by SPSS version 16 (p Serum glucose levels of EXE, CR, EXCR1, EXCR2 and EXCR3 significantly decreased compared to the OC group. Plasma CR and EXCR3 insulin were significantly decreased, in comparison to OC insulin level. Compared to OC, insulin sensitivity was significantly elevated in CR and EXCR2.
It is concluded that exercise and caloric restriction, both per se and in different combinations reduced obesity elevated induced serum glucose. However caloric restriction and EXCR2 and caloric restriction lead to significant increase in insulin sensitivity. It is recommended to consider equal doses of exercise and caloric restriction which may improve insulin sensitivity.