جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « tramadol » در نشریات گروه « دامپزشکی »

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of adding tramadol to lidocaine for brachial plexus block in sheep. Six healthy, adult ewes weighing 41.7 ± 3.82 kg were used. Using an electrical stimulator, brachial plexus block was performed with lidocaine (4 mg/kg) (LID), lidocaine (4 mg/kg)-tramadol (2 mg/kg) (LTL), and lidocaine (4 mg/kg)-tramadol (4 mg/kg) (LTH). All sheep received the three treatments with one-week interval. The final volume of administered solutions was adjusted to 0.3 mL/kg. Time to the onset and duration of anesthesia as well as changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were determined. Time to the onset of sensory blockade and motor blockade was not significantly different among groups. The duration of sensory blockade and motor blockade were significantly longer in LTH (128.3 ± 9.7 and 151.5 ± 21.5 min, respectively) compared with those of LID (88.6 ± 6.5 and 110.5 ± 21 min, respectively) and LTL (51.6 ± 11.8 and 89.6 ± 22.7 min, respectively). Although the onset of sensory blockade was longer than that of motor blockade in the three treatments, the difference was only significant in LTL. No significant differences were observed in heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature among and within treatments. It was concluded that addition of tramadol (4 mg/kg) to lidocaine, without altering the onset, can provide more prolonged anesthesia than that of lidocaine in brachial plexus block in sheep.

Ketamine produces ordinary general anesthesia characterized by weak hypnosis and analgesia leading to complications during surgical operations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combination of ketorolac or tramadol to enhance ketamine anesthesia in 7 to 20-day-old chicks and its feasibility and practical application for induction of general anesthesia in veterinary medicine. Hypnotic and analgesic Median Effective Doses (ED50s) of ketamine alone and combination with tramadol or ketorolac were determined by the up-and-down method, then the ED50 values of these combinations were used for measurement of hypnotic and analgesic criteria moreover, their effect on serum Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) was assayed. Ketamine hypnosis and analgesia were increased when mixed with tramadol (26 and 39%) or ketorolac (27 and 40%), respectively. Ketamine-ketorolac mixture was better combination of inducing the faster onset of anesthesia and short recovery with the longest duration of action and enhancing analgesia when compared to ketamine alone or in combination with tramadol and is preferred for induction of anesthesia. The liver function enzymes, including AST and ALT, showed no significant difference among all above mentioned groups. The data of this experimental study reveal the superiority of using ketorolac (instead of tramadol) in combination with ketamine for induction of general anesthesia in the chicks.

A balanced anesthesia protocol is called perfect when it has fast induction, excellent recovery, the least effect on the cardiopulmonary system and sufficient analgesia. Many of anesthetic combinations have an analgesic effect without opioids. However, at the end of anesthesia, analgesia decreases or is incomplete. The purpose of this study was to evaluate anesthesia times, electrocardiogram (ECG) and analgesic effect of tramadol when administrated with ketamine, ketamine-diazepam, ketamine-midazolam, and ketamine-xylazine and selected a balanced anesthesia protocol in buzzards. Ten adult common buzzards (Buteo buteo) received seven different anesthetic protocols (with or without tramadol). In each protocol, anesthesia times, electrocardiograph parameters and analgesic effect were recorded. Excluding ketamine-tramadol, all protocols produced deep anesthesia in all buzzards. Among of all protocols, no significant differences regarding the amplitude and duration of waves (P, QRS and T) was found. By adding tramadol to anesthetic protocols, response duration to thermal sense increased up 3 hr after recovery. Tramadol did not make considerable effects on anesthesia times and ECG and made analgesic effect up to 3 hr when used with ketamine-benzodiazpins or ketamine-xylazine. Therefore, tramadol can be used with injectable anesthetics to make suitably balanced anesthesia in buzzards.

In order to assess possible synergistic antinociceptive interactions, the analgesic effects of intra-peritoneal tramadol and morphine administered either separately or in combination were determined using tail-flick latency test following exposure to radiant heat in rats. Groups of eight male Sprague-Dawley rats received either tramadol (3.90, 7.00, 12.50, and 22.20 mg kg-1) and morphine (1.26, 2.25, 4.00 and 7.10 mg kg-1) or a combination of tramadol and morphine (4 different combinations). The baseline latency was obtained before drug injection for each rat, then at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 min after injection. The effective dose (ED)50 for either tramadol or morphine individually was 11.70 mgkg-1 and 2.26 mg kg-1, respectively. Based on isobolographic analysis, the ED50 values obtained by drug combination were significantly less than the calculated additive values; which indicates that the co-administration of tramadol and morphine produces synergistic antinociception in the radiant heat tail-flick assay. Combination of morphine and tramadol administered intra-peritoneally can be used for the control of acute pain in rats.

Accurate identifying and assessment of the degree of pain that the animal is suffering can be a challenge, and, control of painful condition is becoming an increasingly important part of veterinary medicine.
This study was carried out to compare different tools for postoperative pain assessment in bitches.
Ten adult mixed breed bitches were selected and randomly divided into two equal treatment and control groups. Anaesthesia was premedicated with acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg, IM) and induced with Sodium thiopental (6-10 mg/kg, IV). Halothane was used for maintenance of the anesthesia. Ovariohysterectomy performed in the two groups. Treatment group received 3 mg/kg of tramadol intramuscularly (i.m.) and control group received normal saline (equal volume with tramadol, i.m.) before the anesthetic induction. After operation the injections of tramadol and normal saline were repeated for every 6 hours in 7 days. The animals were monitored at hour 2, 3 and 4 after each injection and they were scored for signs of pain by two trained assessors who were blinded to the groups. The measured variables were pain assessment with different methods including Simple Descriptive Scale (SDS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and University Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS). Duration of anesthesia and duration of surgery, were also recorded.
There were no significant differences between the two groups in regard to analgesia that were measured based on VAS and SDS methods, but in UMPS method, analgesia was significantly better in treatment group. Among simple clinical criteria body temperature and respiratory rate did not show any significant alterations, but heart rate had significant changes between the groups.
The ability to quantify the degree of pain experienced by animals is an important aspect in the assessment of animal welfare; in addition, we concluded, that the great challenge for the veterinarians is the evaluation of postoperative pain in dogs

Objective- Evaluate analgesic effect of meloxicam and tramadol following dental extractions in cats.
Design-Experimental study
Animals-20 DSH cats who were diagnosed with 3rd or 4th stage of periodontal disease at their third mandibular premolar were entered the study in order to perform surgical dental extraction.
Procedure-A blood sample was taken prior to surgery to assess the level of cortisol and CPK. General anesthesia performed using ketamine and diazepam (IV, 8.5 mg/kg.2 mg/kg) and inhalation of isoflurane following intubation. 3rd mandibular premolar extracted in all of the patients using surgical procedure. The cats were randomly selected into two groups of A receiving Meloxicam (IV, 0.2 mg/kg) or B, receiving tramadol (IV, 3 mg/kg) at the time of induction of anesthesia. The analgesics were continued after the surgery for 24 hours. The score of pain were recorded using UMPS and assessment of serum level of cortisol and CPK at 2, 4 and 24 hours after the surgery performed.
Results-The highest score of pain was recorded at 4 hours after the surgery in both groups. Level of cortisol was significantly higher at 4 hours after the procedure in group B (P= 0.035). The increase in CPK was statistically significant at 2,4 and 24 hours after the surgery in group B when compared to group B (PConclusion and Clinical Relevance- It is concluded that although tramadol and meloxicam are both effective in reducing pain at early hours after the surgery, meloxicam is more effective to control pain after the first few hours.

Objective-The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of intra-articular administration of tramadol in horses following arthroscopic surgery.Design-Experimental study.
Animals-Ten Warmblood horses Procedures- Horses underwent arthroscopic surgery of the tarsocrural joint (TCJ) (8 horses) and metacarpo- metatarsophalangeal joint (MCPJ/MTPJ) (2 horses). Intra-articular tramadol (2 mg/kg) or saline was administered in randomly selected horses (5 in each group; 4x TCJ and 1x MCPJ/MTPJ) under general anesthesia prior to recovery. After the horses were fully recovered and had returned to the stable two observers, blinded to the treatment scored pain independently at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours based on a composite measure pain scale (CMPS).
Results- Significant difference in pain score (P Conclusion and Clinical Relevance-Analgesic efficacy of intra-articular tramadol administration was demonstrated by significantly reduced pain scores following arthroscopic surgery in horses. This observation might be useful as basis for a multimodal analgesic protocol; however, more detailed studies are warranted.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate anti-nociceptive effects of morphine, tramadol, meloxicam and their combinations in rats. Seventy male Wistar rats were divided into seven equal groups and randomly assigned to receive intraperitoneal saline (S) (control group, 1.0 mL kg-1), morphine (MO) (4.0 mg kg-1), tramadol (TR) (12.5 mg kg-1), meloxicam (ML) (1.0 mg kg-1), tramadol- morphine (TR-MO), meloxicam-morphine (ML-MO) and meloxicam-tramadol (ML-TR) at the same doses. Anti-nociception was evaluated using tail flick latency (TFL) test at 45, 60, 75, 90 and 120 min after drug injection. The TFL was significantly higher in TR and MO groups compared to S group for 90 and 120 min, respectively. No significant change in TFL from baseline values was observed at all time points in ML group. Among rats that received combination of analgesics, those that received TR-MO had significantly greater TFL. There was no significant difference in TFL between ML-TR and ML-MO groups. In conclusion, TR, MO and their combination all provided acceptable anti-nociceptive effects in rats. Meloxicam at the given dosage (1.0 mg kg-1) did not demonstrate any anti-nociceptive effect when evaluated by TFL test.

To evaluate antinociceptive efficacy of pre- versus post-incisional morphine, tramadol and meloxicam using tail-flick test in an incisional model of pain in rats. Design: Prospective, randomized experimental study. Animals: Eighty, adult, male Wistar rats weighing 250–300 g. Procedures- Animals were randomly divided into eight groups to receive pre- or post-incisional (tail skin incision) saline (1 mL/kg, IP), morphine (4 mg/kg, IP), tramadol (12.5 mg/kg, IP), or meloxicam (1 mg/kg, IP). Antinociceptive effect of drugs was assessed using tail-flick latency (TFL) test following exposure to radiant heat. Morphine injection before or after incision prevented hyperalgesia for 120 minutes, while pre- or post-incisional administration of tramadol prevented hyperalgesia for 90 and 120 minutes, respectively. There was no significant difference between pre- or post-incisional administration of morphine or tramadol. Meloxicam, given either before or after skin incision, did not prevent hyperalgesia as compared with saline control group. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: The timing of treatment had no significant effects on post-operative nociception. Both morphine and tramadol were effective in reducing post-operative hyperalgesia and can be used for the control of early postoperative nociception in rats.

This study was performed to investigate the analgesic effects of lidocaine and lidocaine/tramadol combination in epidural anaesthesia in dromedary camels.Design: Experimental StudyAnimals: Eight healthy immature dromedary camels The camels were randomly designed in 2 equal groups. In group L: lidocaine 2% (0.22 mg/kg) and in group LT: a combination of lidocaine 2% (0.22 mg/kg) and tramadol (1 mg/kg) were injected into the first inter-coccygeal (Co1–Co2) epidural space. Onset time and duration of caudal analgesia, sedation and ataxia levels were recorded after drug administration. Epidural lidocaine and co-administration of lidocaine and tramadol produced complete analgesia in the tail, anus and perineum. There were no significant differences in onset and duration of caudal analgesia parameters between groups L and LT (p>0.05). Epidural administration of the lidocaine– tramadol combination resulted in mild to moderate sedation, whilst the animals that received epidural lidocaine alone were alert and nervous during the study. Ataxia was observed in all test subjects and was slightly more severe in camels that received the lidocaine–tramadol mixture.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: It was concluded that epidural administration of lidocaine plus tramadol resulted in sedation and unnoticeable longer caudal analgesia in standing conscious dromedary camels compared with the effect of administering lidocaine alone.

The objective of the present work was to investigate the effects of tramadol administration on sperm quality and testicular tissue in mice. Design: Experimental study Animal- Sixty:three mature male mice Procedures: Mice were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n=21) and the following treatments were intraperitoneally administered, 3 times a week, for 6 weeks: Control male mice were given physiological saline. Two other groups were given different doses of tramadol including 10 mg/kg (group T1) and 20 mg/kg (group T2). Seven mice in each group were sacrificed at weeks 3, 6 and 12 after the beginning of treatments. Left testes were removed for epiddydimal sperm quality and histopathological evaluations. The results showed that sperm concentration, motility and vitality in group T1 and T2 were significantly decreased (PMicroscopic examinations revealed that tramadol in both doses damaged the testicular tissue at weeks 3 and 6, so that more degenerative changes were observed in group T2 at week 6. Most of histopathological parameters returned to the normal structure in groups T1 and T2, at week 12. Conclusion and clinical relevance: According to the results of present study, it can be concluded that long-term administration of tramadol have adverse effects on sperm quality and testicular tissues and these effects are dose dependant. Also the negative effects of tramadol on testes are reversible.

The objective of the present experience was to study the effects of metoclopramide and tramadol on epidural analgesia induced by lidocaine in rabbits.Fifteen healthy New Zealand White rabbits weighting 3-3.5 kg of both genders were used.Animals were divided randomly into three groups. Three different combinations of drugs were injected into the epidural space to induce epidural analgesia in the following order: group A2% lidocaine(1.5 ml), group B the combination of 2% lidocaine(1.5 ml) and metoclopramide (0.5 ml) and group C, the combination of 2% lidocaine(1.5 ml) and tramadol (0.2 ml). The procedure was repeated 48 hours and a week after the first injection. The onset time of analgesia (OT), duration of flaccid paresis (DFP) and duration of analgesia (DA) was determined in all treatments. There was no complication in the induction of epidural analgesia.Statistical analysis showed thatmean of OT in group C (15.7±4.2 sec), was significantly lower in comparison to group A (68.6±15.5 sec)and group B (45.8±17.1 sec)(P=0.004). Mean DFP was significantly higher in group C (35.9±10.5 min) in comparison to group A (18.3±5.2 min) and group B (29.2±11.5 min)(P= 0.001). Mean of DA was significantly higher in group B (39.1±16.2 min) compared to group A (23.6±5.5 min)(P=0.018) and also in group C (48.9±10.7 min) compared to group A (P=0.00). But there was no significant difference between means of DA in group B and C (P=0.05).The present study indicates that addition ofmetoclopramide and tramadol to lidocaine is effective in prolongation of epidural analgesia in rabbit.