Originality of Spirit: In the perspective of the Qur'an, Muslim philosophers and contemporary Western scientists

From the old times dualism, i.e. human beings' ownership of a body and a spirit , has been a controversial problem. With the dominance of positivism in modern times, the dominant view was the principality of matter and that spirit is a byproduct of matter.In recent decades a number of scientists consider the spirit to be material but it cannot be explained in terms of present science. On the other hand, some believe that due to its complexity it can never be explained by science. But some very eminent scientist of our era believe that it is immaterial. Among this group some consider the human spirit to be an effusion from God