Comparison of nanoformulations with conventional formulations of hexythiazox and diafenthiuron in the control of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch

The two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) is one of important agricultural pests and its control is difficult due to pesticide resistance. Here, nanoformulations of hexythiazox, and diafenthiuron were synthesized, and their bioassays were performed on T.urticae comparing with thier conventional formulations. According to bioassays, LC50 of “hexythiazox and its nanoformulation”, and “diafenthiuron and its nanoformulation” were “188, and 87”, and “256 and 139” mg L-1, respectively. Evaluation of acaricidal performance of synthetic nanoformulations showed a significant reduction in the effective concentrations of pesticides to cause mite’s mortalities. Due to the efficiency of these nanoformulations in drop dwan of LC50, their physical properties were investigated by field-emission-scanning-electron microscope (FESEM), and infrared-spectroscopy (FTIR). Physical results showed that the nanoformulations had the size of 30 nm and the main groups were observed in the peak of nanoparticles and pesticides in the final peak of nanopesticides. Evaluation of the acaricidal effects of nanoformulations showed a significant reduction in the effective dose of pesticides to cause mite mortality. The results showed that nanohexythiazox and nanodiafenthiuron could be used effectively for controlling T.urticae. The results of the release of nanoformulations showed their controllable performance to prevent the loss of the pesticide active ingredient and delivery to the target-site. The activity of esterase, glutathione S-transferase, and acetylcholinesterase indicates the ability of nanopesticides to cause physiological disorders in two-spotted spider mite. Therefore, it is predicted that due to the instantaneous effect of nanopesticide, the harmful effects on non-target organisms, consequence pesticide spraying, and environmental pollution could be reduced.