Geographical distribution, and how to deal with the Samum wind in the ‎history of Iran during the Islamic period

One of the interesting and neglected topics in the social history studies of Iran is how to deal with natural and climatic challenges, including hot or cold winds. An important example of these winds has been referred to by historians, geographers, and physicians in various sources as the " Samum wind", Therefore , the current research aims to answer the question, what were the characteristics of " Samum wind" and how to deal with it in the Iranian medicine system? In the first step, this article examines the geographical distribution and history, and in the second step, it explains the cognitive and behavioral approach of physicians in dealing with Samum wind and its complications. The findings of the present research based on the analytical descriptive approach indicate that: Samum wind was considered a climatic challenge in different historical periods and different geographical regions. The geographical area where this wind blows in Iran primarily includes the southern regions (east-west) and the period of its blowing is from late spring to late summer. In terms of quality, the main characteristics of the Samum wind were: heat and dryness. The blowing of this wind caused problems for the region's human, plant, and animal life. confrontation to Samum wind caused fatal physical effects on the person's body, which physicians called " Samum zadegi". Preventive measures to deal with the heat and Samum wind and a variety of treatment methods to eliminate the side effects of facing this wind have been presented by physicians in the framework of Akhlati medicine: ((four temperaments). The current research is an interdisciplinary study with a historical approach. The necessary information has been collected by the library method from historical, geographical, and medical sources that are mostly ignored in historical research. The method of presenting the content is descriptive-analytical.