"Gol-e Zard" An attempt to change the pattern of women's life in Iranian society in the late Qajar era

Critical cultural and social discourses related to the lives of Iranian girls and women emerged after the Constitutional Revolution. Many women's journals criticized the traditional lifestyles of women and girls, challenging the norms, patterns, and traditional frameworks that defined their lives. Alongside the establishment of women-oriented newspapers that focused on the status and conditions of women and critiqued them, there were male-oriented publications such as "Gol-e Zard." These publications addressed women's issues and their roles through literature and poetry, aiming to change and improve the conditions of women and girls, ultimately leading to social, political, and economic transformations. These efforts were both negative and positive: negative in their critique of traditional lifestyles, particularly regarding marriage, familial relationships, and social activities; and positive in their pursuit of new opportunities for women and girls, such as in education, schooling, and healthcare. This article explores the reasons behind and the approaches of the "Gol-e Zard" magazine towards women's issues using content analysis. It offers new and innovative insights into the efforts and activities of this lesser-known publication.