Information-seeking behavior of individuals has been greatly influenced by the emergence of digital libraries. The objective of this research was to examine the factor affecting information-seeking behavior of medical students when utilizing the digital library. This descriptive-analytical study, through the utilization of Morgan table and stratified random sampling techniques, 234 student at Abadan University of medical sciences was chosen to partake in the research. Data collection was carried out using an information seeking behavior. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 21 software and frequency, one-sample t test, independent t test, and ANOVA analysis of variance calculated at a significance level of 0.05. Highest averages were observed for the flow of experience, usefulness, and ease of use. The average information-seeking behavior of students was calculated to be 3.38, with a standard deviation of 0.68. A notable distinction was observed among the three components, self-efficacy in obtaining information, information seeking, and information need, in relation to the information-seeking behavior of students in the digital library. However, no significant differences were found between gender, age, and field of study of students in terms of their attitude towards information-seeking behavior in the digital library. The advancement in digital library usage depend on adapting to the information needs and information-seeking behaviors of users to maximize productivity. To enhance the usability of digital libraries, customized programs should be developed to increase user familiarity with the services offered, alongside a more proactive involvement of librarians.

To determine the effect of problem-solving skills and self-efficacy on the information-seeking behavior of graduate students in management, information science, and Knowledge.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and by survey method. The students in this research were selected by random sampling. To collect information in the current study, three general self-efficacy questionnaires with 17 questions, Hepner's problem-solving skills questionnaire with 32 questions, and a researcher-made information-seeking behavior questionnaire with 31 questions were used. According to the results of Cronbach's test, the reliability of the information-seeking behavior section is (0.73). The problem-solving skill section is (0.71), and the validity of the questionnaires has been examined and approved by 7 experts in the fields. Out of 3278 people, the questionnaires were randomly distributed among graduate students (master's degree and doctorate) of nine public universities in Tehran and a total of 234 responses were received.Data analysis was done using SPSS software. Due to the normality of the data, the regression test was used to identify the effect of problem-solving and self-efficacy on information-seeking behavior.

According to the Pearson test results, there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of self-efficacy and information-seeking behavior, and there is also a positive and significant relationship between the components of problem-solving skills and information-seeking behavior, as well as between self-efficacy and problem-solving skills.Based on the obtained results, the level of problem-solving skills and self-efficacy as well as information-seeking behavior of students is average. Among the three components of problem-solving skills, (personal control) has the highest value, and (confidence in problem-solving) has the lowest value. Among the components of self-efficacy, the highest value is related to (tendency to initiate behavior) and the lowest value is related to (persistence in homework). Also, among the components of information-seeking behavior, the highest value is related to (the nature and type of information sought) and the lowest value is related to (motivation).

According to the findings, the low value of the component of trust in solving problems shows the lack of ability of a person to solve problems. Because people do not trust their ability to solve the problem and avoid reaching the right answer and solving the problem with self-control. The lower component of insistence on the task compared to other components of self-efficacy is a sign of not accepting failure by the person and starting the next behavior. Since a person does not tolerate failure, after spending a little time on the path if no progress is made, he quickly replaces the previous path with another path to avoid failure. Also, due to the higher value of the information-seeking behavior component compared to its other components, it shows that the type and subject of information sources is a determining factor of the search. Because students do not have the motivation and desire to reach the desired subject through different methods and subjects, they try to identify only the desired subject and collect information about the same subject. Also, the results of the findings show that since the confidence in solving problems among students is low, they do not have enough motivation to reach information and as a result, they do not persist in doing their work and homework and leave it half-finished.

Economic rent is a multi-dimensional issue with influential factors contributing to its creation, potentially causing significant negative effects on economic growth and development. The rise in rent-seeking behavior reduces the attractiveness of productive and entrepreneurial activities, fosters distrust in the public sector, increases corruption, and heightens inefficiency within the public sector. Reports have shown that widespread rent-seeking inflicts severe damage on economic systems and hampers fair wealth distribution. This research aims to present a fuzzy mapping model of factors influencing efforts to combat economic rent. The study population included experts in economics and law, as well as regulatory authorities. The snowball sampling method was employed until theoretical saturation was reached. Utilizing a fuzzy mapping method to design the model, information was gathered through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The findings indicate that factors such as government reliance on underground resources, management of familial relationships, strengthening political authoritarianism, reducing environmental uncertainty, meritocracy in employment, and transparency and free flow of information have a significant impact on combating economic rent.

This narrative review explores the role of social media in promoting health-oriented lifestyles and influencing behavioral change from a health management perspective. Social media platforms have emerged as powerful tools for disseminating health information, raising awareness, and engaging diverse audiences in health promotion activities. This review synthesizes findings from various studies to evaluate how social media impacts health behaviors, such as diet, physical activity, and smoking cessation, and highlights the contributions of health influencers and organizations in shaping public perceptions and behaviors. The review also examines the challenges associated with the use of social media for health promotion, including the spread of misinformation, disparities in digital access, and privacy concerns. Theoretical frameworks such as the Social Cognitive Theory and the Health Belief Model are applied to understand the mechanisms through which social media influences behavior. Additionally, emerging trends in AI-driven health content and the integration of social media with other digital health tools, such as mobile apps and telemedicine, are explored for their potential to enhance personalized health interventions. The review concludes with policy recommendations to improve the quality and reliability of health information on social media, emphasizing the need for ethical standards and digital literacy programs to address the digital divide. The findings underscore the importance of strategic management in leveraging social media for public health promotion, while addressing the associated risks, to maximize its potential in fostering healthier communities.

Today, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has become one of the key tools in many fields. One of the special tools in the field of AI is AI chatbots, which have benefited from advances in deep learning, natural language processing, transformers, and large language models (LLM)[1]. These chatbots based on LLMs are designed to mimic interactive conversations, whereby the user enters a potentially complex request, and the chatbot provides a human-like response. Since their inception, these chatbots have been utilized for various applications, including answering questions, creating explanations and summaries, translating between languages, and various other tasks involving natural languages [2]. The first models recognized and accepted in this regard were ChatGPT, including GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 models developed by OpenAI, followed by other LLM-based chatbots such as Google Bard and Meta LLaMA.One of the significant uses of these chatbots is to facilitate access to health information. These chatbots can automatically answer users' questions and provide appropriate medical information based on their needs [3]. Preliminary evaluations have shown that large language models have strong semantic and syntactic understanding in many natural languages and can perform natural language processing tasks in response to health-related questions effectively [4]. However, the fundamental question is whether this technology is a valuable opportunity to improve access to health information or a threat that could pose potential problems.

experience and skill in working with computers from an early age and learn that they can search for information through the web and meet their informational needs. However, they have difficulty extracting and retrieving information appropriate to their age and needs. This research aimed to identify and designate the practical elements in primary school children's interactive information retrieval on the web-based model presented by Spink and Saracevic (1998). This model is an extension of Saracevic's (1997) layered model, which covers its weak points by considering the types of feedback and the time factor. Therefore, it is chosen as the research reference model. The present research is applied and has been done with a qualitative approach. This research uses the meta-synthesis method to systematically review, analyze, and combine the qualitative findings of published research articles on interactive information retrieval and information-seeking behaviour in children. For this purpose, research articles published in reputable scientific journals were searched and analyzed. Based on the research purpose, those articles were selected and published in English or Farsi from 1998 to 2022 and investigated the web search behaviour of children 7 to 12 years old. Based on the mentioned criteria, 32 articles, including 31 English and one Persian articles, were selected. Using "MAXQDA" software, the components of children's search on the web were extracted and coded based on the qualitative findings of these articles, and a total of 225 codes were extracted. Then, the primary codes were categorized based on the research reference model's layers, and each category's components were determined. 30 elements for interactive information retrieval on the web for children were identified based on the codes extracted from the selected studies. Some of these components are: "pleasure and entertainment" and "despair and frustration" from the affective aspect, "knowledge and skill", "search style" and "how to judge relevance" from the cognitive element, "how to choose query terms" and "techniques used to reformulate the query" in the context of the query, "search engine usability" and "cognitive skills support" from the aspect of user interface design for children and "safe and appropriate content" and "content's aligning with children's reading comprehension level" from the element of content provided to children. Finally, the identified components were presented as the research reference model. The identified components serve as a practical framework for modelling children's interaction with information systems. They can be instrumental in developing education programs for children in search and interactive information retrieval on the web and in designing information retrieval systems for children. By considering the influencing factors in interactive information retrieval by children, these components can be effectively applied in real-world scenarios.

The primary goal of this study was to examine the political barriers that have hindered the efficiency of privatization in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Utilizing the conceptual framework of North, Wallis, and Weingast's theory of social orders, the study demonstrated that privatization, within the context of a limited access order with widespread rent-seeking tendencies and the creation of a rentier form of capitalism, has not led to the promised goals of the neoclassicists (as envisioned by the Washington Consensus). These goals included promoting a productive private sector, increasing efficiency, and improving the financial condition of the government. An analysis of Iran’s privatization process in recent years reveals that the actual outcomes have fallen far short of expectations. The Islamic Republic's reliance on a natural state model, characterized by rent-seeking behaviors, has obstructed the achievement of privatization objectives. The findings indicate that the reduction in government size and the strengthening of private sector participation in economic activities have remained largely rhetorical, as the share of state-owned companies, banks, and profit-seeking institutions dependent on the government in the national budget has continued to increase over the years. Moreover, the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) index has shown no significant improvement as a result of privatization efforts. Regarding the improvement of fiscal health and the resolution of the budget deficit problem through privatization policies, the study also concludes that privatization in Iran has not led to stronger government finances. In fact, during the accelerated implementation of privatization policies under the ninth and tenth administrations, the budget deficit continued to rise consecutively.

One of the most important indicators of people's health in the pandemic of coronavirus (COVID-19) is their health-promoting behaviors. This study was conducted to investigate the status of health-promoting behaviors of nurses in teaching hospitals in southern Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 340 nurses of teaching hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2022. Data were collected through a standard health-promoting lifestyle questionnaire that was designed in 10 dimensions (physical health, exercise and wellbeing, weight and nutrition control, disease prevention, psychological health, spiritual health, social health, avoiding medicines and drugs, preventing incidents and environmental health) with totally 70 questions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, T-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient by SPSS23 at a significance level of α= 0.05. The mean score of total health-promoting behaviors was evaluated to be 3.48±1.12, which is in a moderate range. Spiritual health (4.62±1.29) had the highest and that of exercise and wellbeing (2.38 ± 1.38) had the lowest mean score. There was a positive and significant correlation between all components of health-promoting behaviors (P<0.05). There was a significant difference between health-promoting behaviors with demographic variables like gender (P= 0.01), marital status (P= 0.03), and educational level (P= 0.03). Nurses' health-promoting behaviors were at a "moderate" level, by continuing the condition of the pandemic, it is recommended to the health policymakers to prepare a more supportive work environment considering educational interventions with an emphasis on exercise and wellbeing.

The rapid and widespread dissemination of various types of misinformation in the field of health and on social media and online platforms has led to the emergence of health information disorders, which has brought serious threats to society. The aim of this studty is to identify actions and strategies necessary to deal with health information disorders in published literatures. The present study conducted using scoping review and searching keywords related to health information disorders in electronic databases of Web of Science, Scopus, Pubmed, Proquest, and Embase to realize the goal of identifying actions, strategies and solutions to deal with heath information disorders. After studying the content of the articles and extracting the data, the actions and solutions were identified and categorized to the health information disorders. These actions were categorized into five main themes, including verification and evaluating, provision and access to valid information sources, control and supervision. Health policy makers’ attention to these actions and strategies is expected to provide a pathway to prevent and deal with the health information disorders and to raise public awareness of future public health crises.

The present study explores the gut microbiota of Apis mellifera and Apis dorsata using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to understand microbial diversity and relative abundance. A total of 05 specimens of each honeybee species were collected from District Kasur, Pakistan and processed under sterile conditions for gut dissection. DNA was successfully extracted and by V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was successfully amplified. The analysis revealed significant bacterial phyla with Proteobacteria dominating in both species accounting for 83% in Apis mellifera and 80% in Apis dorsata. Furthermore, prevalent phyla included Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteriota were documented. Prominent genera identified in both species were Commensalibacter, Dysgonomonas, Lactobacillus, and Gilliamella, which contribute to gut health and fermentation processes. Differences were observed in the dominance of families with Enterobacteriaceae prevalent in Apis mellifera and Acetobacteraceae in Apis dorsata, potentially linked to diet and habitat. The findings suggest that variations in gut microbiota are shaped by environmental conditions, foraging behaviors and evolutionary differences between these two species. These results provide a baseline information for future researches into the functional roles of microbiota in honeybee health and ecological adaptation.