When smoking is initiated at a young age, the risks of heavy smoking and nicotine dependence ncreases, Furthermore, among those with early onset of cigarette smoking, cessation ould be more difficult. The purpose this study was the assessment of health belief and patterns of cigarette smoking mong adolescent students. This research is an analytical and descriptive sectional study, carried out on 250 male students (15- 9 years) of Zarandieh city high schools. Data collection was done by GYTS questionnaire hich consist of twelve health elief question about cigarette smoking. Data analysis was performed using t-test and chi-square. P-value less than 0.05 ere considered significant. The mean age of participants was 16.47 ± 1.13 years. The prevalence of cigarette smoking experience was 46% nd water pipe use was 65%. The age of smoking onset was 12-15 years in 30.4% of the smokers. Among the smokers, 81%believed that smoking is harmful to health, 93.0% believed that they were able to quit smoking, 41% had tried to quit smoking. he significant differences between mean score of health beliefs about smoking among the smokers and nonsmokers ere (p < 0.001). The prevalence of smoking experience is high among Zarandieh adolescents. Therefore, it is necessary to evelop more effective strategies for smoking prevention and cessation.

In spite of many clear benefits of an active life style, lack of physical activity is considered to be a significant health problem in the college population. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Health Promotion Model-based Training on promoting physical activity of the students. This study is a randomized controlled trial one, in which 90 male students of Islamic Azad University of Zarandieh were selected utilizing random sampling and were randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups (45 in each). Data was collected using a questionnaire based on Health Promotion Model about physical activity. According to the data obtained from pre-test, a training program was designed and performed in the experimental group. 2 months after training intervention data was collected using the same questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS 16. The findings showed that 67.5% of university students had risky and weakly physical activity status, before training intervention. Also the mean scores of HPM Model variable, i.e. benefit and barriers perceived, self efficacy and interpersonal influences, were significantly increased in the experimental group compared to those of control ones after intervention, and after 2 month, physical activity rate improved significantly among the experimental group, compared to those of control ones (p<0.05). HPM based training programs are effective in improving students’ physical activities

Most adult smokers began smoking during adolescence، making adolescence tobacco prevention an especially important public health goal. The purpose of this paper is Evaluation of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors of cigarette smoking among Zarandieh male adolescents based on theory of planned behavior. A sample of 400 high schools students، were collected in a cross-sectional survey. The outcome variable was cigarette smoking within the past 30 days preceding the survey while independent variables included intrapersonal factors (age، components of the TPB model، self esteem) and interpersonal factors (Family members’ Smoking، Smoking friends، Independent room، member of sport team، grade point average، parental educational status، parental occupation status). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics، independent samples t-test and loges tic regression analysis. The mean age of participants was 16. 7 ± 1. 5 years. The prevalence of current smoking was 14. 7%. In regression analysis، cigarette smoking was associated with intrapersonal factors [self efficacy (OR =. 83; 95% CI: (. 72-. 97)، normative beliefs (OR =. 82; 95% CI: (. 70-. 95)، behavioral beliefs (OR =. 76; 95% CI: (. 65-. 89)، self esteem (OR =. 71; 95% CI: (. 61-. 82)، knowledge (OR =. 63; 95% CI: (. 39-1)] and some of interpersonal factors [having Family members’ who smokes (OR =3. 6; 95% CI: (1. 4-8. 5)، smoking friends (OR =2. 3; 95% CI: (1. 5-6. 6)، member of sport team(OR =1. 5; 95% CI: (1. 2-5. 4]. self efficacy، normative beliefs، behavioral beliefs، self esteem، knowledge، Family members’ Smoking، Smoking friends، member of sport team، were independently associated with current smoking among Zarandieh adolescents. We believe public health programs targeting adolescent smoking should consider these factors in their design and implementation of interventions.

The main objective of this research was determination and analysis of the fish consumption in the urban and rural areas, Markazi Province. The survey method was used to achieve the research objectives and the main instrument of the research was a researcher made questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed by visiting each of the research samples (Urban and rural households). 2525 number of them was assigned to the sample based on random sampling method. Cities were selected in the first stage by full enumeration (12 Cities: Ashtian, Arak, Tafrish, Khomein, Mohalat, Saveh, Shazand, Delijan, Kemijan, Farahan, Khandab, Zarandieh). Frequency of the sample in each city is determined in proportion of the size of urban households. In this study 1455 people were studied in the urban areas and 1070people in the rural areas. A standard formula was used to estimate the amount of fish consumption. The results showed that the average of per capita consumption in total province is 5.81 kg, in urban area 6.70 kg and in rural area 4.62 kg/y. On the other hand, inflation and lack of local shopping mall near the workplace and residence are considered as the main problems and obstacles of the consumption level. Also, the satisfaction level of the price and diversity of the available aquatic, was lower than average in the market (2.2 and 2.62from 5). Regression analysis results also showed that five variables including education level, number of household members, price, income level and knowing how to cooking fish, explained more than 57 percent of the change in the consumption of aquatics (R2=0.57). In the end it is proposed that planning for increasing the levels of information and public culture, diversifying the methods and programs of the extension service and promoting of the fish consumption, expansion of fish distribution and production centers and assistance to cooperative activities and unions in the field of aquaculture marketing and adopting supportive policies for fishing community in order to promoting their welfare and ultimately reducing the price aquatic be considered by aquatic consumption and public health planners.

Tuberculosis is an important health challenge with a worldwide increasing trend, especially in developing countries. Early diagnosis and advances in the effective treatment are two of the key elements in tuberculosis control program. The current study was designed to determine the delay in diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients regarding to clinical signs and risk factors.
This is a historical cohort study that conducted with inclusion of 113 tuberculosis patients from Markazi Province of Iran (Saveh and Zarandieh) between 2008 to 2014. Data was provided by a self-structured questionnaire and patient’s medical records. Data was analyzed by t-test and analysis of variances.
The mean age of patients was 57.7±92.1 years, with 52.2% being females. The mean of total delay was 129.9±171 days; including patient 52.7±92.1, health system 47±91.9 and treatment 2.1days. The mean in diagnosis and treatment delay did not show significant differences with gender, marital and nationality of patients. But patients with coughing more than two weeks had shown lower patient’s delay. In addition, patients who had previous contact with tuberculosis patients showed shorter diagnosis’ delay (p Long delay in early diagnosis and treatment is the result of defect finding the cases of tuberculosis within the health system, especially in urban communities. Therefore, increasing the level of health awareness about signs of disease and clinical symptoms would be effective in accelerating the references of suspected people to the health systems

Islamic potteries have been studied since about 100 years ago, which concluded to whole bunch of disseminated literature, including books and articles. However, new findings from archaeological excavations and surveys light ambiguities and develop modern knowledge of potteries. Archaeological excavation project of troglodytic structure of Tahigh revealed glazed and unglazed potsherds that have been left unstudied. Accordingly, present research aims to classify findings from Tahigh to define cultural interactions with neighboring areas, further than relative chronology. Two main problems raise here as period of potteries of Tahigh and relevant manufacturing center(s). collecting data follow bibliographic and field work studies that is based on analytic-descriptive method. Considering comparative studies, the findings probably date to Islamic medieval centuries; and regarding available data, exotic items mostly imported from sudden neighboring areas or close regions of Central Iranian Plateau, including Zolf Abad of Farahan, Moshkoyeh Zarandieh, Aveh, Rey, and Kashan, however, there have not been identified any items from further regions of Kurdistan, Zanjan, and Kirman or other countries of China and India.

The present study aimed at predicting job bullying through work-family conflicts and basic psychological needs in nurses and nursechr('39')s aides. The methodology of the study was descriptive- correlation. The statistic population included all employed nurses and nursechr('39')s aides in city Zaradiah, out of whom, 132 subjects were selected by convenience sampling. Data collection instrument included negative acts questionnaire- revised (Einarsen et al, 2009), psychological basic needs questionnaire (Guaria et al. 2000), and Work-Family Conflict Scale (Carlson et al, 2000). Data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. Regarding the findings, there is a positive and significant relationship between job-bullying and work-family conflicts and family-work conflicts, while there is a negative and significant relationship between job-bullying and psychological basic needs. The results of regression analysis demonstrated that 33%, 44%, and 47.2 % of job-bullying are explainable through psychological basic needs, work-family conflicts, and family-work conflicts, respectively. According to the obtained results, it can be claimed that work-family conflicts and psychological basic needs are factors influencing job-bullying in nurses and nurse’s aides. Thus designing psychological interventions by relevant authorities can be effective for decreasing job bullying in medical care settings

Undoubtedly, the Great Khorasan Road, known as the Silk Road, has been one of the most important trade routes during the historical periods of Iran. In a comprehensive perspective this route would link China to the Mediterranean coast and would pass through the Great Khorasan throughout cultural Iran and many other neighboring areas. In addition to the commercial function and economic and subsistence impacts of people from different regions, the Great Khorasan Road had profound social impacts on human societies of different eras because of the interaction of cultures. Meanwhile, Markazi province and especially the northern part of the province, has an important role in the current borders of the two counties of Saveh and Zarandieh, from pre-Islamic period to its decline in the Safavid period. Therefore, in the present research, using historical and geographical texts, archeological surveys and excavations, we attempt to determine the direction of this ancient road as well as the important cities, buildings and houses along this road and explain the why and how of the ancient communication routs and the historical existence of this ancient road in this area. The most important achievement was explaining how and why and the geographical and historical perspective of this ancient road based on the correspondence of the location of the identified ancient sites with the location of the stations mentioned in the historical sources and texts and the relative drawing of the Khorasan road in the north of Markazi province, in the meantime, Saveh and Moshkuyeh, as two important stations - which have been repeatedly addressed in the texts and valuable archaeological evidence that shows their high status and credibility - have been explored along the road to Khorasan and monuments related to this ancient route were counted

One of the important sites of the Seleucid period in Iran is Laodicea in Hamadan province. This site was subjected to systematic survey and archaeological excavations during the years 2004, 2010 and 2021; A part of the cultural data of the excavation determined that the site was reused in the later especially the Islamic periods. In this article, Islamic glazed pottery obtained from three seasons of archaeological excavations has been carefully studied and a comprehensive classification has been prepared. Considering that the importance of the site was more in the historical period, conducting this research can help in clarifying the status of the site in the Islamic period as well as the position of Hamedan in the production of medieval Islamic period. The present research has been done by field studies (description, photography, design, classification and typology) and library studies (comparative studies and relative chronology). The results of the research show that this region was of special importance in the medieval Islamic period due to its location on the highway from Baghdad to Khorasan, and this factor caused the creation of many cultural connections with other regions, the evidence of which has appeared in the characteristic pottery of this region.

Rapeseed is one of the major oilseed crops in the world. Increasing the seed yield and oil content of rapeseed is important for the production of rapeseed oil. The maximum seed yield is achieved in the optimal plant density. By reducing the plant density, it is partially compensated by the increase in number of secondary branches, biomass, while in high density, rapeseed plants are often prone to increase the incidence of disease (Rondanini et al., 2017). Determining the optimal density in crops depends on many factors such as plant type, soil fertility, available water and environmental conditions (Hiltbrunner et al., 2007). Rapeseed genotypes differ from each other in terms of the number of seeds per silique, the number of siliques per unit area, seed weight, and the number of secondary branches. The objective of the present experiment is to obtain this information and determine the appropriate plant density to obtain the highest seed yield and to identify the role of yield components in production and the relationships between them in new rapeseed cultivars.

The seedinging rate was determined based on the thousand seed weight of rapeseed cultivars using a fine seed machine and 1 kg., 2 kg, 4 kg and 8 kg.ha-1 seed were used. The rapeseed cultivars used were Architect, Rohan and Okapi. Factorial arrangement in randomized complete blocks design with three replications was used. The experiment was carried out in research farm of Fadak Agro-industry Company in Markazi province, Iran in 2021-22 and 2022-23 growing seasons. Phenological traits including days to flowering days to maturity, seed filling duration, seed filling fraction (the ratio of seed filling duration to the total growth duration from seeding to maturity) and plant height were measured and claculted. Seed yield and its component, including; number of secondary branches, thousand seed weight, number of silique.plant-1, number of seed.silique-1, were measured on randomly harvested 20 plants from each experimental plot and calculating the average. Seed yield was obtained with harvesting from 50 m2 in each plot. Seed oil content was measured using an NMR spectrometer (ISO 10565, 1998). Analysis of variance was performed using SAS 9.1 software, and relationship between traits was studied using Excell 2003 software. LSD test, at the 5% probability level, was used for means comparison.

Results showed that days to flowering varied from 198.7 to 205.8 days and had a decreasing trend with the increasing of seeding rate. The longest seed filling duration (30.5 days) was recorded for cv. Architect. The shortes seed filling duration (24.3 days) belonged to cv. Okapi at the seeding rate of 2 kg.ha-1. The 1000 seed weight of the cv. Architect, cv. Rohan and cv. Okapi were 5.22 g, 4.36 g and 3.39 g, respectively. With the increase of seeding rate, 1000 seed weight decreased from 4.56 g in 1 kg.ha-1 to 4.1 g in 8 kg.ha-1 seeding rates. The highest number of secondary branches in the cv. Architect was obtained at 1 and 2 kg.ha-1 seeding rates. The highest seed yield in cv. Architect (4731 kg.ha-1) was obtained in seeding rate of 4 kg.ha-1. The plant height decreased from 172 to 152.6 cm. with increasing seeding rate.The number of seed.silique-1 had a downward trend. With the increase in seeding rate, the seed oil content showed a significant upward trend. Seed yield significantly correlated with 1000 seed weight, number of secondary branches, plant height and seed oil content.

With the increase in seeding rate, seed oil content increased and this result can be related to the increase in the number of main stems with the increase seeding rate. Seed filling fraction (the ratio of seed filling duration to the total growth duration from seeding to maturity) and its positive and significant correlation with yield traits such as seed yield, 1000 seed weight and seed oil content showed that the long seed filling duration in addition to the early flowering is a desirable attributes. According to the results of this experiment, the optimum seeding rates for cv. Architect, cv. Rohan and cv. Okapi were 2, 4 and 8 kg.ha-1, respectively. In new rapeseed cultivars, cv. Architect and cv. Rohan, early flowering, longer seed filling duration and higher seed filling fraction may have important roles in achieving higher seed yield.