Arbitration is one of the methods of resolving disputes supported by legislators; however, in some cases it is subject to certain conditions in order to protect the exclusive jurisdiction of national courts in certain matters. Undoubtedly, the most important clause is arbitrability, which is known as the cornerstone of arbitration; ignoring it may affect the arbitration process at any stage. One of the disputes arising from the issue of arbitration is the internal disputes of commercial companies. The complexity of the relationship between the elements of the company and the existence of multiple stakeholders, in some cases, is such that the arbitrability of the disputes arises with ambiguity. However, despite the importance of arbitration of internal disputes of commercial companies, in the Iranian legal system, its legal status is not very clear; however, in many countries, there are specific rules in this area. Therefore, the present article comparatively examines the arbitrability of companies’ internal disputes and its findings show that, unlike some countries where the jurisprudence has identified the arbitrability of companies’ internal disputes and explained its obstacles, in the Iranian legal system, the legislator only requires referrals to arbitration for co-operatives and does not have explicit rules for other companies.

This article is dedicated to the analysis of the types, amount and intensity of domestic and international crises and conflicts in the last five decades. The main question of the research is to provide a complete and statistics-based picture of the amount of internal and international disputes and conflicts. The main research question is why the number of internal conflicts and disputes has increased since World War II. The hypothesis of the research is that the institutionalized efforts of the United Nations to prevent another civil war after the Second World War and the imposition of rules prohibiting the use of force in international relations have led to a decrease in conflicts at the international level and an increase in internal conflicts. The research method is analytical-descriptive, and more important innovation of research is the analysis of disputes and international crises by relying on objective statistics and avoiding relying on purely theoretical studies regarding the causes and contexts of disputes and conflicts.

In recent years, we have witnessed the developments in the Middle East region including changes in the political arena of Iraq, participation crisis in Lebanese cabinet, internal disputes of Palestine and nuclear issue of the I.R. of Iran. Given regional rivalries between Saudi Arabia and the I.R. of Iran, the mention developments led to divergence and tensions in foreign relation Saudi Arabia towards the I.R. of Iran. Seemingly, in case of non peaceful settlement of such rivalries and tensions, the relationships between the I.R. of Iran and Saudi Arabia would be strained and would be led to crisis in the relations between both countries. With regard to this point that the trend of situations in the region is not in the line of stand and interests of Saudi Arabia and this country has been prompted to reactions, therefore, I.R. of Iran, should...

In the current era, the emergence of various types of Corporation and the expansion of their activities, has underlied the way for new legal issues regarding these individuals. One of these issues is the use of arbitration in intra-corporate disputes. Although arbitration in intra-corporate disputes is accepted in the legal system of most countries and is used in practice by many corporations, in some cases, this issue is associated with many complications due to the multiplicity of elements or around the differences. One of the things that complicates the arbitration of internal disputes is when the arbitration is multiparty. For this reason, the present article examines multiparty arbitration in intra-corporate disputes. In this regard, after explaining the challenges in multiparty arbitration, the conditions for merging existing disputes have been examined. The findings of this study, based on a comparative study, indicate that in most legal systems, not only the use of general arbitration rules due to the specific characteristics of corporations, does not solve the existing challenges, but also there are not comprehensive laws and sufficient jurisprudence regarding these disputes.

Following the decline of the Mongol dynasty in Transoxiana, the relationship between the rulers and the Såfi sheikhs entered a new phase, so that during the TimårÊds period, NaqshbandÊ Såfis enjoyed considerable influence in the society, the b§z§§r and the court as well.  Although NaqshbandÊyya suffered a severe blow with the rise of Mohammad Kh§n Sheib§nÊ and the fall of the TimårÊds, especially in Samarqand, they not only remained in the Transoxiana politics, but also were able to play an important role in the power equations during this period, while establishing a continuous and extensive relations with the court of the Sheib§nÊds. The question of present study is why this relationship continued. According to the findings, both the emergence of the SafavÊd ShÊÊte rule in Ir§n and the initial coalation of the TimårÊds' remnants with it necessitated the relations of the Sheib§nÊds with the SunnÊ NaqshbandÊ sheikhs. Moreover, conflicts within the NaqshbandÊ houses as well as their local and economic interests, led sheikhs to establish greater contacts with the Sheib§nÊds. The internal struggles of the Abu al-Khairkhan’s descendants for power, especially after the death of 'Ubaidullah Khan, was effective in the entry of influential NaqshbandÊ sheikhs into politics.

ObstractWith the beginning of constitutional movement in the early 20 century, Fars estate and the city of Shiraz was the center of constitutional political changes in the south of Iran to the extent that it was considered the second state after Tehran that whose constitutionalist consisting of intellectuals, guilds, scholars and neighborhood chiefs started a general movement against domestic tyranny and favorable to constitutionalism, they sent their representatives to the first parliament .The formation of state associations in Shiraz which later took place by inviting Solat - ol - Doleh, Head of the Qashqai tribe and Seyed Abdol- Hessein Lari, influential cleric of the south to confront the Qavam family, intensified the peak of constitutionalism in Fars. According to this, this research is trying to answer this question that the leaders of constitutional of Shiraz were able to achieve the constitutional ideals? In response to this question, this hypothesis was suggested that internal contradictions of the members of the associations, lack of effective police force , the dependence of some of its members on the governor of Fars and personal purposes against the family of Qavam-Ol-Molk Shirazi didn't provide the necessary approaches for constitutionalism. Therefore, Fars state associations didn't cultivate a favorable environment for the growth of constitutional ideas such as law, equality and establishment of justice hom.Key words: Fars, constitutionalism, state associations, scholars, the tribal chiefs

Based on the religious research, the study aims to review the Shiite traditional sources that inform of the way to face the issue of Appearance during the world government of this leader. According to these sources, the Shiites are among the first and most important allies waiting for Messiah during absence, and they would do this by passing different tests and tough situations, and pave the way for the emergence. With the advent of the Messiah, they resolve their internal conflicts and takes major roles on their behalf as much as they deserve in his government. Shiite clerics who claim to be knowledgeable are the source of deviations and they sow seeds of a discord that Imam Mahdi will terminate.

The nature and roots of European integration as one of the most successful models of post-integration after World War II, Due to its role in reducing conflict and the spread of peace between European countries, and because of the importance and role of the European Union in the current international system, It has always been a matter of interest from scholars and political theorists. Although various national, regional, and international variables were effective in the post-war European integration, the variable that we referred to in this article was the role of identity components in expanding cooperation and integration between European countries. The main question of this study is how does European integration create a European identity and promote peace in post-war Europe? The research hypothesis is that the European Union has been a project to save European countries based on Mythology and antagonism. The findings of the research show that European identity is a political and discursive and the result of the deconstruction of the discourse of national identity and its nodal point, Mythologies such as unity in diversity, cosmopolitan Europe and exceptionalism, as well as antagonism In order to reduce internal conflicts among European countries.

The eastern and southern parts of Caucasus joined the territory of the world of Islam Subsequent to the Islamic conquests in the first century (A. H). Tiflis, the capital of Georgia and considered as one of the biggest Caucasus cities, was of significant role in regard with the events of this district. Following the descriptive-analytical method, the present research tries to clarify the position of this city in the Islamic conquests came about in Caucasus and to investigate its role in the events after the conquest to the sixth century (A. H). The findings of present research clarify that, after the conquest, Tiflis changed into the capital of Muslim warriors against the Christian Georgians as well as the tribes in the north of Caucasus, and the organization of part of the attacks by the Muslims to the north of Caucasus was done in this city. Along with the flaw of Abbasid caliphate, an independent dynasty took power in this city while its resistance towards the attack of non- Muslim Georgians endured to the sixth century (A. H). In the beginning of the sixth century, the internal disputes among the Muslim governors provided the ground for the Georgians in 515 A. H) to seize Tiflis and to change this city into a base for attacking the other Islamic lands.

In the wake of the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and the ensuing dominance of political Islam discourse and its impact on Pakistani society, the ground was prepared for the spread of Wahhabism and anti-Shiism in that country due to the failure of the Islamabad government to manage the reactive conduct of extremist Salafist groups as well as its engagement in internal disputes. Consequently, plots and threats from Salafist extremism in Pakistan led to the emergence of a confrontational ideological identity against the Islamic Revolution. In response to the question about the main root of Pakistani extremist groups’ security threats and plots against the Islamic Revolution, the hypnosis of this paper is that efforts made by radical Salafist groups for constructing an extremist identity based on authorization triggered the confrontational identity formation against Iran’s Islamic Revolution. This research will first analyze the impact of the Islamic Revolution’s influence on the reaction of extremist groups in Pakistani society. Then, it will study the impact of such factors as poverty, political instability, religious schools and regional machinations on the growth and creation of extremism in Pakistan. The third section will explain Pakistani extremist groups’ security threats and plots targeting the Islamic Revolution.