Classical economic theory tends to recognize Smith as an economist who took a glance to moral philosophy; not a serious moral philosopher with great moral concerns. That is why، The Wealth of Nations was regarded as an independent work from his moral work -The Theory of Moral Sentiments- and became more popular. However، Smith considered economics and ethics complementary. It must be made beyond question that، for Smith، The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations are complementary and not exclusive. He wrote on moral philosophy first and he was more a moral philosopher than an economist. Smith، who is usually regarded as the patron saint of “capitalism” predicted many of its negative consequences such as “wages below the level needed for maintenance،” “exploitation of workers in the colonies،” “alienation in consequence of the division of labor،” “destruction of one’s skills،” and “reduction of workers’ human talents.” He tried to prevent these negative consequences by focusing on some moral issues like “sympathy،” “justice in increasing the level of workers’ wages،” and “equal opportunity for competition in economy.” However، the unilateral interpretation of classical economic theory of Smith’s normative puzzle and neglecting his moral concerns in The Wealth of Nations and The theory of Moral Sentiments made many of his predictions about the negative consequences of “capitalism” come true. Based on Adam Smith’s moral ideas and “Islamic-Iranian Pattern of Development،” this paper tries to put forward a new interpretation of “capitalism” that could be used as a strategy for realizing “Economic Epic” and promoting “National Production.”

This article focuses on Zadie Smith’s The Autograph Man in an attempt to see whether Smith is for the multiculturalist discourse or criticizes it. To this end، two major themes of “identity” and “space” are examined. It is argued that Smith offers a counter-narrative to oppose rather than support multiculturalism. In fact، what is known as multiculturalist aspects of Smith’s work is just a mere reflection of the hybrid، postmodern world. By foregrounding the role of capital، race، religion، and gender، Smith tries to unmask the very policy this discursive practice tries to hide. She attempts to expose multiculturalism as a kind of “micro-colonialism” or a new version of capitalist imperialism by casting light on contradictions inherent in it. However، this is complicated by the fact that Smith herself is by and large under the impact of liberal humanism which has affected multiculturalism in different ways.

A glance at the history of economic thought shows that economics has grown in an ethical formwork. For long time it was considered as a branch of practical sciences. However due to many reasons including the considerable advances in natural science and the prevalence of empirical methods and positivistic methodologies in economic science economics gradually departed from ethical concerns. The first part of this article briefly reviews the link between economics and moral philosophy prior to Adam Smith including the Aristotle’s tradition in which economics was part of a wider study subject that included ethics and politics as well. This classification was valid throughout the middles ages. The second part of article discuses economics from Adam smith’s perspective. Although most of experts hold that the modern economics was founded by Smith and his seminal book” The Wealth of Nations” however, in fact this is the interpretation that the advocates of positive economics make for Smiths views whom they believe to be the founder of modern economics. Anyhow a closer and deeper look into Smith’s works suggests that his approach to economics was far different from the present definitions of economics.The third part of article, covering the period after Smith to 1900, reviews the views of Malthus, Ricardo, Stuart Mill, Marshal etc. shows that although they have largely contributed to the technical parts of economics but most of them considered economics as a science that serves ethical ends.

Globally, Soil erosion is a principal degradation process resulting in negative impacts on different soil functions (food and other biomass production, water storing, filtering and transformation, habitat and gene pool, physical and cultural environment for mankind, and source of raw materials) which ultimately causes irreversible effect on the poorly renewable soil resource. Determination of the soil erodibility factor (K-factor) is a cumbersome and expensive undertaking in the effort to predict the soil loss rates. Soil erodibility (K-value) is a key parameter in erosion prediction and is important for conservation planning in the face of a rising need for protecting the limited land resources. The technique proposed by Wischmeier& Smith for estimating the soil erodibility factor is among the most important methods in this regard.
Given the high amounts of silt and lime content in loess soils of eastern parts of Golestan province, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of Wischmeier& Smith index to estimate the soil erodibility of this region. In this study, soil erodibility was obtained by Wischmeier’s nomograph and then was compared with the actual values obtained by selecting three plots and then performing physical and chemical tests on these samples. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) developed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978) is the most frequently used empirical soil erosion model worldwide. Soil erodibility is one of six factors affecting soil erosion in the USLE that reflects the ease with which soil is detached by splash during rainfall, surface flow or both. To check soil erosion,three plots of 15 meters long and three meters wide with a slope of 16 percentwere selected in the next sites of the station. The plots were separated by metal fences to a height of 30 cm,.To measure the soil profile parameters, the sampling was performedin one stage from depth of0-30 cm in the middle of July 2010 and the samples were transported to the laboratory. The erosion Wischmeier& Smith Index (A), as well as those obtained by SWAT model and two obvious erosion indices of (R) and Fournier was Carefully evaluate based on the half-hour rainfall intensity.
The analysis of soil profile parameters showed that the soilsweremostly silty loamwith 20.29%sand, 66.54% silt and 13.66% clay, with 2% organic matter and 16.6% CaCO3. The soil aggregate stability expressed as MWDwas about 0.8 mm. Overal, 74 rainfallsoccurredin 2010-2011. The minimum and maximum intensities of deposit-producing rainfalls were 2.98 and 73.589 mm h-1, respectively. Using the nomograph, Wischmeier index was calculated to 0.05-0.092 Mg h MJ−1 mm−1. The results showed that Wischmeier index was 182 times the actual value of erosion obtained from plots and half-hour rainfall intensity and 4.11 times that value while considering Fournier index (R); this parameter was also 6 times the value obtained by SWAT model and half-hour rainfall intensity and 0.35 times that value while considering Fournier index. According to the results,there was a negative correlation between clay and soil erodibility factor in USLE, so the rates of erosion in loess soils increases with the decrease in the clay content. Aggregate stability was affected by organic matter content and there was a negative correlation between aggregate stability and the K-factor. The results showed that the soil mostly contained silt and had a medium texture. This is due to the presence of loess parent materials in the soils of the study area. Based on the laboratory results, the actual soil erodibility was0.35 to 182 times smaller than the value estimated by USLE nomograph. The results showed that the parameters used in determining soil erodibility index have shortcomings for use in the soils of the study area. Therefore, corrections must be done according to soil characteristics or other indicators should be used. The particle size and the amount of lime in the soil are two factors that affect the index.
The obtained results showed that the erodibility estimated by Wischmeier& Smith index was higher than the actual measured value. Also,Wischmeier &Smith’snomographhas been proposed by assessing the erodibility of almost non- calcareous soils with limited amount of silt. While in arid and semiarid loess soils of Golestan province, limestone and siltstone have key roles in erodibilityand aggregate stability. On the other hand, the nomograph is based on rainfalls of semi-humid areas of Central America that are different from rain characteristics (intensity and duration) of the study area. Poor performance of this index in loess soils indicates the need for further research in this field.

Iranian false spider mite, Cenopalpus irani is one of main pests on apple trees and some fruit trees in Iran. The life table parameters of C. irani were determined on four apple cultivars (Kohanz Golab, Imperial Gala, Lebanon Red, and Granny Smith) under laboratory conditions at 25±1ºC, 60±5% RH, and a photoperiod of 16: 8 h (L: D). The longest and shortest developmental time of immature stages was observed in Kohanz Golab (46.02 days), and Granny Smith (22.60 days), respectively. The lowest and highest survival rate for whole immature stages was 82.85% and 90.00% on Kohanz Golab, and Granny Smith, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) ranged from 0.041 day-1 on Kohanz Golab to 0.089 day-1 on Granny Smith. The mean generation time (T) on the above-mentioned cultivars was 66.04, 55.28, 48.10, and 34.99 days, respectively. The fecundity was also affected by the cultivars; it was the lowest on Kohanz Golab (29.55 eggs/female) and highest on Granny Smith (37.93 eggs/female). The results of the data analysis of different apple cultivars based on some demographic parameters of C. irani mite showed that Granny Smith and Kohenz Gulab cultivars are the most sensitive and resistant hosts to this pest, respectively. The findings of the present study provide new information to design a more comprehensive IPM program for this pest in apple orchards.

The life table parameters and predation rate of Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Wainstein & Arutunjan (Phytoseiidae) fed on Cenopalpus irani Dosse (Tenuipalpidae) nymphs reared on four apple cultivars Kohanz Golab, Imperial Gala, Lebanon Red, and Granny Smith were determined under laboratory conditions. The longest developmental time of immature stages in females was observed on Kohanz Golab, and the shortest one was on Granny Smith. The fecundity ranged from 19.17 eggs/female on Golab Kohanz to 32.78 eggs/female on Granny Smith. The highest and lowest intrinsic rate of increase (r) were obtained on Granny Smith (0.251 day-1), and Kohanz Golab (0.113 day-1), respectively. The total prey consumption by all immature stages on Kohanz Golab, Imperial Gala, Lebanon Red, and Granny Smith was 42.90, 34.71, 31.83, and 24.53 prey, respectively. The total prey consumption by adult females was 543.76 prey on Kohanz Golab, 419.40 prey on Imperial Gala, 376.87 prey on Lebanon Red, and 276.76 prey on Granny Smith. Our results showed that predator performance was strongly affected by feeding on C. irani mites reared on different apple cultivars, and also a significant difference was seen in the hunting capacity of T. bagdasarjani on different apple cultivars.

Networked control systems (NCSs) are distributed control systems in which the nodes, including controllers, sensors, actuators, and plants are connected by a digital communication network such as the Internet. One of the most critical challenges in networked control systems is the stochastic time delay of arriving data packets in the communication network among the nodes. Using the Smith predictor as the controller is a common solution to overcome network time delay. Online and accurate modeling of the plant improves the performance of the networked control system, especially when the plant is nonlinear and has unknown parameters and time-variant behavior. In this paper, a novel controller, Neural-Smith predictor, is proposed, which firstly models plant using a perceptron neural network and secondly, another neural network is used as the core of signal processing of the controller. The parameters variation of the plant during time is considered online by the controller, and then the desired control signal is generated. The Integral of Time multiplied by the Absolut value of Error (ITAE) is a proper performance index for position control, so this index has been used to compare the results. Results of simulations show that NCS using the Neural-Smith predictor has better performance in comparison to the common Smith predictor and the novel compensation method using a modified communication disturbance observer (MCDOB) when the values of network time delay and variation of plant’s transfer function are excessive. For example, while the range of stochastic time delay is between 19 and 21 ms, the difference between the ITAE of controllers is 0.0004. This value increases to 0.027, while the range of stochastic time delay is between 910 and 930 ms.