The aim of the research is defining the criteria and patterns of passive defense in emergency discharge and settlement. Research is descriptive-analytical method and the technique is Delphi. The Focus Groups’ comments are used for the finalization of the criteria.The statistical society of research included all experts in the field of defense and architecture that 10 samples were selected. The results indicate that the criteria of passive defense in emergency discharge and settlement are included two general categories of the discharge and settlement.The discharge is included transport and discharge use and settlement is included locating settlement, routs and access roads to the settlement areas, temporary settlement centers in and out of town.Panelists in order to achieve the criteria of defense, gain 69 criteria so finally in order to increasing criteria in composed Focus Groups, 21 criteria are extracted and finalized as the important criteria of passive defense in emergency discharge and settlement.

Urgent settlement is one of the utmost significant acts after the rise of adversity. Needless to say, not attending this issue could provoke another adversity more catasrophic than the first one. As the metropolis of Tehran faces natural and unnatural threats and one of the severe consequences of adversity and war is wandering citizens, one of the most important issues is the intense crowd and the shortage of suitable spaces for urgent settlemet and building of shelter in natural and unnatural adversities. In the same vein, this study seeks to determine the considerations of passive defense in the design of urgent settlements in natural and unnatural crises in such a way that they turn into safer palces, and the events, added costs and balanced works be impeded.

Earthquakes can cause significant disruption and devastation in communities. Especially, Iran is one of the countries with the most natural hazards, while earthquake causes most of casualties in this country for several reasons including the inappropriate construction methods, the improper physical growth and the lack of minimum necessary requirement. Mashhad is a city located in the northeast of Iran, the center and capital of Razavi Khorasan Province and the second largest populated city after Tehran. This city because of the high-density housing and the absence of urban development plans in worn-out context is facing a more serious risk. In this study a new hybrid method has been proposed for emergency location problem. First, a system dynamics model for the urban has been used to estimate the number of damaged buildings by focusing on construction and population subsystems. Second, the number of earthquake casualty has been estimated by the casualty estimation model of Coburn and Spence, while the output of system dynamics model is the most important inputs of this model. This method is implemented for different possible earthquake scenarios in Mashhad. Each scenario has been defined based on the length of active fault, the acceleration of activity and the greatness of the quake. Third, the Geographical Information System (GIS) has been used to specify the potential emergency location centers to cover the population. Finally, the location allocation model has been presented to locate the emergency location centers cover the survivors. The results of this hybrid model showed that we need at most 231 emergengency locations in the worst case and the minimum needed locations is 93.

Reducing the vulnerability of cities to natural disasters such as earthquakes is considered as one of the main goals of urban and urban planning. Hence, the first step is to identify the safe areas of the city for the construction of a shelter against earthquakes. This research aims to identify and zonate safe areas of the Kerman city during earthquakes and to manage the crisis using spatial information systems. Because the safety of urban areas depends on several criteria, the model of the research is a multi-criteria model and according to the spatial nature of the criteria, implementation of the model was done in the GIS environment. Safety criteria of urban areas were determined by the Delphi method and preparing questionnaires from urban planners, constructors, architects and studying past works. These criteria areutility matrix (ground resistance) criteria, criteria of adaptation matrix (1- neighborhood to compatible uses: parks and green space, and distance from health centers & urgent cares 2- Non-adherence to incompatible uses: major explosive industries such as gas-petrol stations and military centers) and the matrix of capacity (population density). Each of these criteria was ranked according to the inverse hierarchical analysis method and then modeled in the GIS environment. Finally, by using analytical functions maps of safe shelters in Kerman were prepared. Our results indicate that the mostsuitable places for the construction of shelters are in regions 2 & 3 in the Kerman city, which should be prioritized in the city plans. Finally, after the definition of the land reference database for urban routes, the geometric network of the distances of the area was designed to react more quickly to shelters to provide services to injured people after the crisis. By designing the geometric network of passages and defining the limits for each path, such as the length of the route and the presence of the traffic lights, it is possible to determine the best route to the closest shelter by using network analysis at the time it is needed.

In this way, the present study was conducted to analyze the factors affecting emergency accommodation management using descriptive-analytical method and using a questionnaire tool. The statistical population of the residents of Ilam city and all experts in crisis management and familiar with the areas of Ilam city was selected by simple random sampling method and using Cochran formula, 322 people were selected. The study of the main components of emergency management in the city of Ilam shows that all of these components are at a low level. The results of the Topsis technique show that, trained human resources, storage of equipment for the accommodation, use of live sensors, Validity of relief programs, existence of the crisis committee, communication infrastructure, and Finally Recognizing parks, the most impact has been on the efficiency of urban crisis management and Emergency accommodation. In the study of the relationship between urban population density and emergency sites in Ilam city with qiquor quantity is equal to 𝑥2=71.5 with a significant level (Sig= 0.000) which indicates that between urban population density and emergency sites With confidence level of 99%, there is a meaningful relationship. Also, Coefficient of correlation fi (0.761) and Coefficient of agreement Fi(0.649) and their significant level (sig = 0.000) indicate a positive and relatively high correlation between the two variables.

The environmental health conditions faced by people are largely affected by the location and organization of the site where they obliged to live in the days, weeks or months after a disaster. Sheltering which is a priority for relief organizations, denotes the activity of staying in a place aftermath a disaster where daily routines are suspended. Shelter is one of the primary needs of the affected people in the post-disaster phase. Similar to the other reconstruction and rehabilitation processes, settlement of the affected people should be undertaken within a long-term strategy. This strategy could be different in various disasters and communities. In an ideal type which is applied in the United States, it includes four phases. These are emergency sheltering, temporary sheltering, temporary housing and permanent housing. Emergency shelters are generally for one or a couple of days after the event. This situation usually does not need extensive preparation of food or other services and may be a public shelter, motel, hotel room, friend’s house, tent, trailer, camper, or a plastic sheet. Temporary shelters are for longer periods after a disaster that is few weeks, and can be tent, camp or a public mass shelter. Finally, housing which could be divided into temporary or permanent phases; denotes the return to normal daily activities. Shelter strategy in some communities differs from this and comprises three phases. Here emergency sheltering is not limited to one or a couple of days and may take several weeks. It is needed to have various sheltering programs in place. They could be activated in different situations depending on the types of damages and available resources. If not planned, choosing proper site for emergency or temporary shelters will be arranged within a limited time after a disaster. Moreover, lack of proper criteria for site selection can be led to undesirable consequences or people deny accepting the site. Some consequences include subsequent secondary disasters, lack of safety, cultural or climatic inappropriateness, social problems, delays linked to the procurement of shelters, finding sites, and lack of organizational services. Some available texts such as the Sphere project present the minimum standards of sheltering in disasters. But the question is “which criteria can be applied for site selection of emergency or temporary shelters in an earthquake affected area?” so the assessment of Salmas earthquake (1930), Lar (1960), Buin Zahra (1962), Rudbar and Manjil (1960), earthquake (2003) act. Characterized that Iranian cities have not integrate planning to in the context of dealing with potential crises.
study showed that several factors affect the Emergency Settlement Site Selections The natural dimension (the distance from the river, away from faults), The performance dimensions (distance from volatile sources such as high voltage, Privacy highways, etc.), since access (distance from the fire departments, educational, health, security, etc.), Security (such as maintaining ownership, protect property, ensure permanent settlements, etc.) and finally management measures (management of rescue, Refugee operations, Aid to refugees, providing space for health services, providing the opportunity to exploit the camps and etc.) Most play an effective role on Emergency Settlement Site Selections.
The current study aims at Assess Factors Affecting Emergency Settlement Site Selections, a Case Study of Urmia City. Research method is documentary and survey. According to the urmia’s master plan, firstly access networks, population density, fire station and etc., Based on field observations was marked on the map. Then urban experts were asked to identify their priorities on the basis of paired comparisons. Ultimately, proper Strategies have been recommended for the Assess Factors Affecting Emergency Settlement Site Selections, a Case Study of Urmia City. The study population was estimated using Morgan 45 and to analyze data TOPSIS model has been employed. According to gathered data, Emergency Settlement Site Selections Factors was prioritized.
Land-use planning is the general term used for a branch of urban planning encompassing various disciplines which seek to order and regulate land use in an efficient and ethical way, thus preventing land-use conflicts. Governments use land-use planning to manage the development of land within their jurisdictions. In doing so, the governmental unit can plan for the needs of the community while safeguarding natural resources. To this end, it is the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for land use, and economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt the best land-use options. Often one element of a comprehensive plan, a land-use plan provides a vision for the future possibilities of development in neighborhoods, cities, or any defined planning area. One of the most important issues of land use is Emergency Settlement Site Selections. Shelter is a critical determinant for survival in the initial stages of a disaster. Beyond survival, shelter is necessary to provide security and personal safety, protection from the climate and enhanced resistance to ill health and disease. It is also important for human dignity and to sustain family and community life as far as possible in difficult circumstances. Research findings show that Natural, access, management, security and Performance factors, respectively ranked first (0.102- weighted average), second (0.087- weighted average), third (0.075- weighted average), fourth (0.068- weighted average) and fifth (0.061- weighted average). According to the findings, some strategies have been recommended, which they need the serious care of urban managers and planners in the Uremia.
The results of this study showed that several factors affect the Emergency Settlement Site Selections The natural dimension (the distance from the river, away from faults), The performance dimensions (distance from volatile sources such as high voltage, Privacy highways, etc.), since access (distance from the fire departments, educational, health, security, etc.), Security (such as maintaining ownership, protect property, ensure permanent settlements, etc.) and finally management measures (management of rescue, Refugee operations, Aid to refugees, providing space for health services, providing the opportunity to exploit the camps and etc.) Most play an effective role on Emergency Settlement Site Selections.

The recent increase in the number of natural disasters, earthquake in particular, underlines the need to investigate the problem of emergency location. In this study, a new hybrid approach is presented for emergency location-allocation problem which incorporates GIS, system dynamics, Coburn and Spence model, and stochastic programming. In the proposed approach, first, the candidate places are identified based on a number of indices using GIS. Since the emergency location demand is considered as an uncertain parameter depending on different scenarios of the earthquake, in the next step, a combination of system dynamics and the casualty estimation model proposed by Coburn and Spence is used to estimate the demand. Then, proposing a stochastic location-allocation model, the demand is assigned to the candidate places determined by GIS. Finally, the minimax regret model is used to identify the final locations.

Severe earthquakes always disrupt people's lives by damaging the residential sector. In the process of disaster resettlement, after the emergency, shelter phase in the first weeks until permanent housing usually, takes one to two years, temporary housing is needed to resettle people and return them to normal life. Despite the effective role, this period has played in the process of community recovery. In past experiences especially urban disasters, have often been neglected and accompanied by economic, social, and environmental challenges.
The purpose of this study is to present a model of temporary housing through a comprehensive and systematic view of the constituent dimensions and its influencing factors. For this purpose, with the exploratory approach, and the qualitative method of the Grounded Theory, the temporary housing process in Sarpol-e zahab was studied simultaneously during the year and a half of the November 2017 earthquake. Research data were collected through participatory observation and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 78 key informants including officials, experts, local informants, and people. Theoretical and purposeful sampling continued until theoretical saturation and data were analyzed by MaxQDA software in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, extracting 33 axial issues and selecting the core issue as "Transitional settlement”, the final model is presented.
The findings of the study indicate that the topic of post disaster temporary housing is an easy and hard issue that, despite the prevailing assumption, has many complexities. The main challenge of "temporary housing" is related to its clear definition. The use of the word "housing" restricts the subject of physical dimension, during the period. The psychological, social and economic recovery of the affected is less addressed and the term "temporary" makes it less attentional. Therefore, the model of "transitional housing" seeks to better understand it by explaining the components of temporary housing and the factors, which affecting it. From a systemic perspective, the temporary accommodation process consists of the dimensions of "policy, planning and management of transitional settlement, designing and implementing temporary housing, and dismantling" that affected by three categories of "disaster conditions", "context characteristics" and "Intervening systems" such as "safety culture, crisis management system, emergency and permanent housing, donors, insurance, media and economic and political pressures". According to the results, the most fundamental strategies to improve future programs are to adopt a holistic and process-based approach transitional resettlement (from emergency to permanent) and pre-disaster planning in preparation phase that can enhance recovery and resilience of the community.

After any destructive disaster, emergency shelter is provided in the first few weeks. However, it takes more than one year the permanent housing to be prepared. So, in the meantime, "temporary housing" is provided to help people resume their life and routines. However, despite the effective role this period has played in the process of community recovery, in experiences especially urban disasters, have often been neglected and accompanied by economic, social, and environmental challenges. Researchers often attribute these challenges to the lack of pre-disaster planning and an appropriate model. Therefore, this study aims to present a temporary housing model based on the case study of Sarpol-e Zahab. Sarpol-E Zahab, located in the west of Iran, is the nearest city to the epicenter of 7.3 Richter earthquake on November 12, 2017, which suffered from 8316 residential units destroyed, and 11475 units semi-damaged. The government through two strategies of granting containers and rental assistance provided temporary housing. At the same time, large groups of charities, NGOs and some celebrities mobilized, and various plans were proposed by specialists. In addition, many affected households began to build shelters using salvaged or indigenous materials. Due to the complexity of urban issues, large number of population and tenants in Sarpol-e Zahab, the fear of frequent aftershocks, and the timeliness of reconstruction, this experience had many challenges and also worthful lessons to be learned.

Most previous studies were conducted after several years, examining a particular aspect, using deductive approach based on existing theories. Inversely, this research aims to study the subject coincidence with temporary housing period after 2017 earthquake in the city of Sarpol-e Zahab. It applied a systematic approach and qualitative-exploratory method of grounded theory, investigating from the perspective of different key informants to present the complexities of the temporary resettlement process in a model. Data were collected through extensive field studies and direct participatory observation of all temporary camps, and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 78 key persons including 13 officials, 19 experts, 40 local households, and 6 informants. The Theoretical sampling was done purposefully, and ended with theoretical saturation. The process of data analysis was done by MaxQDA software in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, extracting 33 axial issues and selecting the core issue as "Transitional settlement”, the final model presented (Fig.1). To achieve the reliability of research, audit techniques and continuous data comparisons were used during investigation and analysis. In addition, procedures and contents were shared with some participants and experts to be reviewed, controlled and refined.

The finding argues that the issue of “temporary housing” is an easy and complicated issue, and unlike the prevailing notion, it is not merely about providing a shelter, but there are many factors to address. The basic challenge seems to be related to its clear definition. The use of term of "housing" has often limited it to provision a house, and less attention has been given to psychological, social, and economic recovery of affected community. On the other hand, the word "temporary" makes this step inessential, as unlike emergency and permanent housing, it has not been addressed in the system of policy-making, planning and post disaster housing. While, based on findings, the temporary housing process is comprised of different components of "policy-making, strategies, financial aspect, allocation management, relocation, planning and design of temporary settlements, providing temporary housing, services and infrastructure, and dismantling". In addition, it is affected by three categories of factors: "disaster conditions", "contextual characteristics" and "intervening systems".
 
Fig. 1. Grounded Model of Transitional Settlement (Authors, 2019)

The concept of "transitional settlement" aims to emphasize the need to shift from temporary housing to residential complexes including housing, services and infrastructure, public spaces, and the diverse and changing needs of affected community during transitional period. The concept of “settlement” encompasses both strategies through management (such as granting rent assistants) and engineering (such as housing provision) for transitional housing. The word "transitional" also emphasizes the interrelationship between emergency, temporary and permanent resettlement measures. Based on findings, the most important suggestions to improve future plans are adopting a holistic and process-based approach to the issue of post disaster resettlement (from emergency shelter to permanent housing) and pre-disaster planning in the preparedness phase in order to promote community recovery and resilience.

This study presents a pattern for planning and evacuation and emergency sheltering management based on the risk of disasters and human and physical vulnerability, and thus it can be used for taking necessary actions in urban settlements and improve preparedness for dealing with disasters. In addition, the most important use of this study is in disaster situations such as earthquakes or floods where there is not enough time to plan and therefore this research would be very practical.

To accomplish this research, weak points of previous research about emergency sheltering was investigated and defined at first in order to specify the difference and novelty of the present work. Then, an AHP questionnaire was designed in order to determine the weight and importance of effective parameters which are efficient in the identification of proper places, and was distributed among experts. A model was prepared from the results with different parameters and concerning the rate and importance of each parameter. A conceptual/ mathematical pattern was established for various native and climate conditions.

This research showed that lack of proximity of the emergency shelters to the dangerous places, assurance of the neighborhood health issues (with 0/0072), and probable fire occurrence in that location (with 0/0063), are the most effective factors in selecting an appropriate location for emergency shelters which has been derived from the results of this hierarchical analysis. Also, choosing these factors from various aspects shows the high importance of the parameters and their effects in assessing the selected emergency shelters, which has not been considered comprehensively in other studies and research so far. In addition, the speed in choosing the most appropriate location in the shortest time from the existing alternatives and identifying the weaknesses of the locations is one of the most important outcomes of this research.

The model obtained in the Tehran Pars area was implemented as a case study and according to it, the parks of the Shohadaye Tehran Pars, Aralia, and Mehrnami were identified as the most suitable places for sheltering in disaster situations. The results of this model showed that the West of Tehranpars will face a shortage of space in the occurrence of future disasters.

Many countries in the world have experienced different sorts of disasters and consequently have suffered large losses of life and property. After disasters, there are three possible scenarios: in the first scenario, available (current) accommodation is not ruined, as a result no gap will be created; the second scenario declares that the current housing is ruined and the available gap will be filled by reconstruction of permanent housing, and the last scenario states that the current housing is ruined and the available gap will be filled by temporary shelters till the construction of permanent housings are fulfilled.Our country always has been exposed to different natural disasters. Temporary housing, in some disasters, has been considered as a separate stage in the reconstruction procedures based on the extent of damage, climatic conditions and duration of reconstruction period. Therefore, management of providing accommodation has been regarded as a prominent phase in post-disaster situations.In our country, providing accommodation after disasters has been described in three steps: The first step, providing emergency shelter, is the responsibility of the Red Crescent Society, the second stage, providing permanent housing, is specifically the duty of Housing Foundation and the last step is temporary housing.Although temporary housing has been considered as a step in the procedure of reconstruction for displaced people, regarding the resumption of normal life till the time of permanent housing construction, previous experiences declare that temporary housing has been underestimated as the link between emergency and permanent housing. While the crucial role of temporary housing in the procedure of affected residents’ recovery of normal life is so obvious, no definite operator, structure and procedure have been specified so far.This research has been led examining the previous temporary housing experiences in Iran aiming identification of the managerial and governmental gaps of emergency and permanent shelters. As the case study, data and documentations of temporary housing of 1990 Guilan-Zanjan, 2003 Bam, 2012 East Azerbaijan and 2017 Kermanshah earthquakes have been compiled. The data gathering procedure was accomplished in three phases: (1) studying documents and data in archives and libraries and the operations related to temporary housing; (2) Interviews with well-informed managers of the field; (3) in-field observation of the last two earthquakes. Temporary housing type, locating, preparing the infrastructures, delivering the built temporary units, maintenance and management of leaving the temporary housing have been covered here in this study.According to the performed research, the most prominent challenge in the temporary housing procedure in Iran is the lack of concrete definition of the term which results in unclear locating of temporary hosuing in the procedure of reconstruction, the lack of regulatory governing systems and lack of precise planning in a manner that not only there is no clear plans for providing homes in transition period, but also the role of different organizations are not clearly defined and responsibilities are decided based on the occurred situation.The lack of definition ends with chaos, lack of specified scope of responsibilities of each organization in temporary housing as well as lack of coordination between different organizations. Sometimes, items of importance are neglected like maintenance of temporary housing and providing washrooms in transition period.