The main purpose of banking regulation is promoting banks resilience in crisis and reducing banks risk. This occurs by the market and regulatory pressure. In this paper, we attempt to investigate the causal relationship between capital adequacy ratio (CAR) and risk, adequacy of capital requirement in controlling risk and explore bank's behavior in a different level of capital ratio. Using data of Iranian banks in period of 1389-1394 and simultaneous equation model (SEM), the results show that first, there is mutual causal relationship between risk and capital, second, besides the regulatory pressure, market discipline affect the changes of capital ratio, and finally low-capitalized bank adjust their capital slower than other banks.

Using Blundell and Bond generalized method of moments (GMM) system estimator, this study investigates the effect of degree of competition and capital requirements on the risk-taking of the Iranian banking system over the period 1385-1394. The results suggest that the first lag of degree of competition in the deposit market has a significant and positive effect on bank's risk-taking. But the increase in the degree of competition in the loan market, leads to bank's risk-taking reduction. Regarding the effect of capital to asset ratio on bank`s risk-taking, the results show a significant and negative effect on bank's risk-taking. Moreover, the results suggest that the increase in capital per unit of assets leads to reduction in bank's profitability. A decrease in bank's profitability due to increase in capital to asset ratio, leads to capital requirements inefficiency for mitigating bank's risk-taking.

T The financial soundness indicators reveal the significant signs of distress in the Iranian banking sector. An important question is whether the implementation of the countercyclical capital requirement rules in the form of the Basel III type-rules increases the stability of the banking sector in Iran. The literature on macroprudential policy in Iran lacks a model to study the effects of the countercyclical capital requirements rules on the ratio of capital to loans as an important indicator of the soundness of the banking sector in the presence of an adverse supply shock. Moreover, no study has investigated the impact of this macroprudential policy tool on the dynamics of consumption and investment in Iran. To fill these gaps, we develop and estimate a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. The model is estimated by the Bayesian method for three different capital requirements rules, namely (1) the constant capital requirements, (2) the countercyclical capital requirements rule that reacts to the ratio of loans to output, and (3) the countercyclical capital requirements rule that responds to economic growth. The results show that when a negative supply shock hits the economy, the implementation of the countercyclical capital requirements rule reduces the instability of the banking sector in Iran. Moreover, we find that the model with the countercyclical capital requirements rules results in more stable output, inflation, consumption, and investment. Furthermore, our results suggest that the countercyclical capital rule that reacts to economic growth enhances banking stability in Iran. These findings might have important policy implications for policymakers when implementing macroprudential policies in Iran.

The financial crisis of 2007-2009 led to the redoubled attention of international institutions to the issue of banking regulation. In this regard, the Basel Committee to exercise effective banking supervision reviewed and introduced new standards and requirements in the field of banking regulations, such as capital adequacy requirements, providing liquidity requirements, and leverage ratio. On the whole, studies show that capital ratios have significant and negative impacts on large European bank-retail-and-other-lending-growth in a context of deleveraging and “credit crunch” in Europe over the post-2008 financial crisis period. Additionally, liquidity indicators have positive but perverse effects on bank-lending growth, which supports the need to consider heterogeneous banks’ characteristics and behaviors when implementing new regulatory policies. In this article, by using the data of the Iranian banks during 2006-2018, the simultaneous effect of the new liquidity and capital regulations, inspired by the requirements of Basel Committee and based on the new instructions of the Central Bank, has been studied. In other words, the issue addressed in this paper is what conditions the simultaneous implementation of capital and liquidity requirements by banks will put them in. According to the results, liquidity requirements and capital requirements are complementary. Based on the results, the relationship between liquidity risk (Inverse of Net Stable Funding Ratio) and capital adequacy is positive. Therefore, with the increase of liquidity risk in banks, it will not be possible to establish capital requirements following the provisions of Basel III.

Principles of international investment law and treaties are more about protecting foreign investors. Therefore, in investment agreements that are signed between the host countries with the investors or their respective governments, the host country is obliged to provide the necessary investment support and any action contrary to the investment agreement is prohibited. In some cases, however, the protection of the public and fundamental interests of society requires the host country to take actions contrary to the provisions of the treaty, as encouraging and promoting investment should not be at the expense of the internal public interest. So the main challenge is how the public interest in host countries can have convergence with investment criteria? The most important findings of this study indicate that although there is no uniform procedure in this regard, but the new approach of most tribunals is that if the government's actions are based on reasonable criteria such as necessity, similar conditions and appropriateness, it is allowed. Of course this is achieved by providing a balanced interpretation of the requirements of international investment and creating a balance between the public interest of the host country and the requirements of the rules of international investment.

Following the financial crisis of 2008-2007, the use of macroprudential measures to curb credit cycles became an economic policy in many countries. However, under certain conditions, the implementation of these policies may have negative effects on the output gap and price stability, which are the goals of monetary policy. In this paper, by designing a a closed dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model for the Iranian economy in the period 1369: 1 to 1399: 2 and macroprudential tools loan-to-value restrictions and countercyclical capital buffer and shocks including productivity, bank capital and monetary policy shocks is used and the conflicts (increasing variance ) resulting from the implementation of macroprudential policy on  monetary policy objectives was examined.The results show that with the occurrence of shocks, the implementation of loan-to-value ratio requirements does not conflict with production and inflation, and with more response of this tool, the variance of production and inflation reduced monotically, indicating a complementary relationship of this macroprudential tool with monetary policy objectives. Therefore a policymaker can use this macroprudential tool with less concern.However, the requirement of countercyclical capital buffer after the occurrence of these shocks is initially in conflict with price stabilization and output, which with a more severe reaction of this macroprudential tool reduces inflation and output fluctuations and reduces its adverse side effects. However, the exception is the variance of inflation in the monetary policy impulse, which increases with the intensification of the loan-to-value ratio, and with the intensification of countercyclical capital buffer,inflation is initially decreasing and after reaching its minimum value, it rises. . The results of this study can be useful for how macroprudential and monetary policies are organized and how to coordinate between these two policies.

International joint venture is one of the cooperation methods between firms which facilitate the formation of strategic alliance without a loss of corporate identity. Despite the high potential capacity of this method, a large number of joint ventures are unsuccessful and often fail in the implementation phase (Elmuti & Kathawala, 2001). The present study seeks to provide a model for key factors in successful implementation of international joint ventures, in order to help executives in the operation phase of their nominated strategy. To this end, firstly, we discuss the concept of international joint venture, strategic alliance and implementation of the strategy. Then, using qualitative research design and based on the experts' view, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with executives of automobile companies with a history of joint venture which were selected based on a theoretical sampling method. To analyze the collected data, MAXQDA software was employed. In conclusion, 8 main categories, 30 generic categories and 115 sub-categories out of 643 open codes were grouped, categorized and abstracted from the interviews. The key factors including: International joint venture strategy, joint venture requirements, corporate governance issues, establishing joint company, operation management, evaluation and feedback, continuation and environmental factors shape the conceptual model of this research.

Ranking the Value at Risk (VaR) models to reduce the opportunity cost of capital requirements is as important tool for evaluating the performance of these models. In this paper we used a new method to rank and test the predictive ability of models. This method allows the risk managers to interpret effectively risk and cost of capital allocation by considering the size of the punishment measure for VaR models. We applied this method for comparing the performance of existing parametric VaR models such as GARCH Models and Markov regime switching، for daily data of Tehran stock exchange index in period 2001-2012. The results confirm that FIEGARCH and EGARCH models have better performance than the GARCH and Markov model in predicting VaR for Tehran stock exchange index.

The liquidity crisis in 2008 sparked interest in the role of regulation that could promote resilience and stability in the banking system. While the Public Interest theory suggests that legal policies could discipline banking activities, the Private Interest theory predicts otherwise, which impairs banking performance. The conflicting theories warrant comprehensive research, especially for Islamic banks, as they emerge to gain their systemic importance. Given this, this study examines the role of banking regulation on liquidity risk management of banks in OIC countries from 2000 to 2014. The findings suggest that restrictions on banking activities and capital requirement pose a significant impact on liquidity risk. However, the marginal effect of regulatory capital is more pronounced in conventional banks compared to Islamic banks.

Financial crisis in the economic and financial systems in the world have always prompted researchers to identify their different causes, encourage them to perform pathology for this crisis and in the next step provoke them to face with them. In a crisis, the different components of the system due to defects in other components are impaired. Since the financial crisis is a phenomenon that occurs at a global level, therefore, countries try to do some precautionary measurement before the crisis emerges.
In this paper first we study the experiences of different countries and then the causes of the crisis in those countries are explained and their strategies and measurements that these countries have used are examined and finally we reviewed and ranked strategies for prevention of financial crises in these country by the Group Analytic Hierarchy Process (GAHP) method. Based on the results from the viewpoint of Iranian experts the best overall strategy for Iran's economy is strengthening of regulations, procedures and corporate governance and subsequently prevent fluctuations of the business cycle. In operational strategies, increasing the capital requirements of financial institutions, especially banks, have been considered as the first strategy and then risk management in financial institutions is of utmost importance.